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Ossola R, Jönsson OM, Moor K, McNeill K. Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yields in Environmental Waters. Chem Rev 2021; 121:4100-4146. [PMID: 33683861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Singlet oxygen (1O2) is a reactive oxygen species produced in sunlit waters via energy transfer from the triplet states of natural sensitizers. There has been an increasing interest in measuring apparent 1O2 quantum yields (ΦΔ) of aquatic and atmospheric organic matter samples, driven in part by the fact that this parameter can be used for environmental fate modeling of organic contaminants and to advance our understanding of dissolved organic matter photophysics. However, the lack of reproducibility across research groups and publications remains a challenge that significantly limits the usability of literature data. In the first part of this review, we critically evaluate the experimental techniques that have been used to determine ΦΔ values of natural organic matter, we identify and quantify sources of errors that potentially explain the large variability in the literature, and we provide general experimental recommendations for future studies. In the second part, we provide a qualitative overview of known ΦΔ trends as a function of organic matter type, isolation and extraction procedures, bulk water chemistry parameters, molecular and spectroscopic organic matter features, chemical treatments, wavelength, season, and location. This review is supplemented with a comprehensive database of ΦΔ values of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Ossola
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oskar Martin Jönsson
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kyle Moor
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, 84322 Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Kristopher McNeill
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Srinivasan K, Subramanian K, Murugan K, Benelli G, Dinakaran K. Fluorescence quenching of MoS 2 nanosheets/DNA/silicon dot nanoassembly: effective and rapid detection of Hg 2+ ions in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10567-10576. [PMID: 29460246 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination of aquatic sites represents a serious risk for human health and the environment. Therefore, effective and rapid monitoring of Hg in aqueous samples is a challenge of timely importance nowadays. In the present study, a rapid and sensitive mercury sensor based on the fluorescence quenching of MoS2 nanosheets/DNA/silicon dot nanoassembly has been developed for the efficient detection of mercury(II) in aquatic environments. In this process, silicon dots were synthesized through one-step high-temperature calcinations and thermomagnesium reduction method at 900 °C using rice husk as a silicon source, which demonstrates superior photophysical properties and excitation-dependent fluorescence behavior. The interaction between MoS2 nanosheets/DNA/silicon dot nanoassembly and Hg2+ ions was studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy. The addition of Hg2+ ions to the assay solution induced the detachment of fluorescent probe from the surface of MoS2 nanosheets. Thus, the fluorescent probes sustained its fluorescence intensity. The developed sensor was tested on various concentrations of Hg2+ ions ranging from 0 to 1000 nM as well as on various metal ions. In addition, MoS2 nanosheets/DNA/silicon dot nanoassembly fluorescent Hg sensor efficiently detected the presence of Hg2+ ions in real-time water samples, which was comparably detected by the conventional atomic absorbance spectrometer (AAS). Overall, our results highlighted the high reliability of the present approach for environmental monitoring of Hg2+ ions, if compared to that of the customary method with a lowest detection limit of 0.86 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kadarkarai Murugan
- Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, 632115, India
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Cádiz Bedini AP, Klingebiel B, Luysberg M, Carius R. Sonochemical synthesis of hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanoparticles from liquid trisilane at ambient temperature and pressure. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 39:883-888. [PMID: 28733019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon nanoparticles (Si-NPs) are increasing in relevance in diverse fields of scientific and nanotechnological inquiry, where currently some of the most important areas of research involve energy storage and biomedical applications. The present article is concerned with a curious and scalable method for the preparation of discrete, unoxidized, hydrogenated, and amorphous Si-NPs of tunable size in the range of 1.5-50nm. Using ultrasound generated with a conventional ultrasonic horn, the "fusion" of Si-NPs is demonstrated at ambient temperature and pressure by sonicating solutions containing readily available, semiconductor-grade purity trisilane (Si3H8). The only requirement for the synthesis is that it be carried out in an inert atmosphere such as that of a N2-filled glove box. Various spectroscopic techniques and electron microscopy images are used to show that the size of the Si-NPs can be controlled by varying the amplitude of the ultrasonic waves or the concentration of trisilane in the solution. Moreover, sustained ultrasonic irradiation is found to yield highly porous Si-NP agglomerates that may find use in applications requiring non-crystalline nanoscopic high specific surface area morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Cádiz Bedini
- IEK-5: Photovoltaics, Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Klingebiel
- IEK-5: Photovoltaics, Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Martina Luysberg
- PGI-5: Microstructure Research and Ernst Ruska-Center for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Carius
- IEK-5: Photovoltaics, Jülich Research Centre, Wilhelm-Johnen-Str., 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Okamoto H, Sugiyama Y, Nakano H. Synthesis and Modification of Silicon Nanosheets and Other Silicon Nanomaterials. Chemistry 2011; 17:9864-87. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Reipa V, Purdum G, Choi J. Measurement of nanoparticle concentration using quartz crystal microgravimetry. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16112-7. [PMID: 20961086 DOI: 10.1021/jp103861m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Various nanoscale items (e.g., nanoparticles and nanotubes) have been actively investigated due to their unique physicochemical properties. A common issue encountered in such studies is accurate expression of nanoparticle concentration. Given the critical importance of the dose-response relationship, we present the use of quartz crystal microgravimetry (QCM) to accurately measure nanoparticle concentration in a colloidal suspension. Application of a small drop of the nanoparticle suspension in a volatile solvent to the crystal surface leaves a dry nanoparticle residue after solvent evaporation after which the shift in the crystal resonant frequency is recorded. The instrument was calibrated using a set of serial dilutions of Si and Ag nanopowder in methanol, rhodamine B in methanol, and ferrocene in cyclohexane. Using QCM, a linear response for nanoparticle concentrations up to 1300 μg/mL was determined. The developed method was used to determine the concentrations of size-selected, octyl-terminated Si nanocrystal samples with median diameters in the range 1.1-14.8 nm and also to calculate size-dependent nanocrystal extinction coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytas Reipa
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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Fan J, Chu PK. Group IV nanoparticles: synthesis, properties, and biological applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2010; 6:2080-98. [PMID: 20730824 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the emerging roles of group IV nanoparticles including silicon, diamond, silicon carbide, and germanium are summarized and discussed from the perspective of biologists, engineers, and medical practitioners. The synthesis, properties, and biological applications of these new nanomaterials have attracted great interest in the past few years. They have gradually evolved into promising biomaterials due to their innate biocompatibility; toxic ions are not released when they are used in vitro or in vivo, and their wide fluorescence spectral regions span the near-infrared, visible, and near-ultraviolet ranges. Additionally, they generally have good resistance against photobleaching and have lifetimes on the order of nanoseconds to microseconds, which are suitable for bioimaging. Some of the materials possess unique mechanical, chemical, or physical properties, such as ultrachemical and thermal stability, high hardness, high photostability, and no blinking. Recent data have revealed the superiority of these nanoparticles in biological imaging and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Fan
- Department of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
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Zope RR, Baruah T, Richardson SL, Pederson MR, Dunlap BI. Optical excitation energies, Stokes shift, and spin-splitting of C24H72Si14. J Chem Phys 2010; 133:034301. [PMID: 20649324 DOI: 10.1063/1.3459056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As an initial step toward the synthesis and characterization of sila-diamondoids, such as sila-adamantane (Si(10)H(16),T(d)), the synthesis of a fourfold silylated sila-adamantane molecule (C(24)H(72)Si(14),T(d)) has been reported in literature [Fischer et al., Science 310, 825 (2005)]. We present the electronic structure, ionization energies, quasiparticle gap, and the excitation energies for the Si(14)(CH(3))(24) and the exact silicon analog of adamantane Si(10)H(16) obtained at the all-electron level using the delta-self-consistent-field and transitional state methods within two different density functional models: (i) Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof generalized gradient approximation and (ii) fully analytic density functional (ADFT) implementation with atom dependent potential. The ADFT is designed so that molecules separate into atoms having exact atomic energies. The calculations within the two models agree well, to within 0.25 eV for optical excitations. The effect of structural relaxation in the presence of electron-hole-pair excitations is examined to obtain its contribution to the luminescence Stokes shift. The spin-influence on exciton energies is also determined. Our calculations indicate overall decrease in the absorption, emission, quasiparticle, and highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gaps, ionization energies, Stokes shift, and exciton binding energy when passivating hydrogens in the Si(10)H(16) are replaced with electron donating groups such as methyl (Me) and trimehylsilyl (-Si(Me)(3)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra R Zope
- NSF CREST Center for Nanomaterials Characterization Science and Process Technology, Howard University, School of Engineering, 2300 Sixth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20059, USA.
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Eyre RJ, Goss JP, MacLeod RM, Briddon PR. Stability of singly hydrated silanone on silicon quantum dot surfaces: density functional simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4495-502. [DOI: 10.1039/b719684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lehtonen O, Sundholm D, Vänskä T. Computational studies of semiconductor quantum dots. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:4535-50. [DOI: 10.1039/b804212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rivelino R, de Brito Mota F. Band gap and density of states of the hydrated C60 fullerene system at finite temperature. NANO LETTERS 2007; 7:1526-31. [PMID: 17508768 DOI: 10.1021/nl070308p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We examine the electronic properties of the hydrated C60 fullerene under ambient conditions using a sequential Monte Carlo/density functional theory scheme. In this procedure, the average electronic properties of the first hydration shell of C60 equilibrate for ca. 40 uncorrelated configurations of the fullerene aqueous solution. We obtain a systematic red-shift of 0.8 eV in the band gap of the hydrated system, which is mainly attributed to the thermal fluctuations of the aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rivelino
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Eckhoff DA, Stuart JN, Sutin JDB, Sweedler JV, Gratton E. Capillary electrophoresis of ultrasmall carboxylate functionalized silicon nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:081103. [PMID: 16964993 DOI: 10.1063/1.2345366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis is used to separate ultrasmall ( approximately 1 nm) carboxylate functionalized Si nanoparticles (Si-np-COO(-)) prepared via hydrosilylation with an omega-ester 1-alkene. The electropherograms show a monodisperse Si core size with one or two carboxylate groups added to the surface. On-column detection of their laser-induced fluorescence demonstrates that the individual Si-np-COO(-) have narrow emissions (full width at half maximum = 30-40 nm) with a nearly symmetric lineshape. Preparative scale electrophoresis should be a viable route for purification of the Si-np-COO(-) for further study and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean A Eckhoff
- Department of Physics and Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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Lehtonen O, Sundholm D. Bright luminescence from silane substituted and bridged silicon nanoclusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2006; 8:4228-32. [PMID: 16971991 DOI: 10.1039/b606643g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations show that silicon nanoclusters (Si-NC) capped by linear silane groups have large oscillator strengths of the same magnitude as reported in recent experimental studies. We propose a mechanism where linear silanes attached to the Si-NC surface affect the optical properties enhancing the oscillator strengths and thereby accounting for the bright luminescence observed in the blue region of the visible spectrum. The anisotropic emission seen experimentally can also be explained by the presence of the silane groups on the cluster surface. The excitation energies are found to be only slightly affected by the silanes, whereas the oscillator strengths increase with the length of the silane chain and are significantly larger than obtained for unsubstituted Si-NCs. In TDDFT studies of Si-NC dimers interconnected by a linear silane bridge, we obtained large oscillator strengths indicating that such structures could be useful light sources for optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olli Lehtonen
- Department of Engineering Physics and Mathematics, Helsinki University of Technology, PO Box 2200, FIN-02015, HUT, Espoo, Finland
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Rogozhina EV, Eckhoff DA, Gratton E, Braun PV. Carboxyl functionalization of ultrasmall luminescent silicon nanoparticles through thermal hydrosilylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b509868h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rao BCNR, Govindaraj A, Vivekchand SRC. Inorganic nanomaterials: current status and future prospects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1039/b516174f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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