1
|
Hadi H, Louis H, Gber TE, Ogungbemiro FO. Molecular modeling of the structural, electronic, excited state dynamic, and the photovoltaic properties of the oligomers of n-corannulene (n = 1-4). Heliyon 2023; 9:e20706. [PMID: 37860554 PMCID: PMC10582301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that n-corannulene oligomers (n = 1-4) have a variety of electronic and optical properties, including the ability to be tuned and the potential to be used as light-harvesting materials, there has not been a computational assessment of their structural, electronic, and optical properties. Herein, a computational evaluation of the concerned materials regarding their potent use in solar cell technology has been conducted via DFT/CAM-B3LYP and M062X/6-311+G level of theory. It was observed that the calculated 1st frequency of the n-Corannulene (n = 1-4) were 144.15, 106.36, 48.96 and 42.21 respectively. Notably, the computed cohesive energy value increased as the number of Corannulene units increases while the electronic characteristics revealed that the chemical activity of the structures increased as the number of oligomers rose. Both calculation techniques demonstrate that the number of n-Corannulene oligomers increases the HOMO energy while decreasing the LUMO energy based on the external electric field (EF) effect. The findings demonstrated that as EF intensity increases, the energy gap (Eg/eV = |EHOMO-ELUMO|) of these molecular systems decreases which can be attributed to a decrease in the electron transfer potential barrier. The 4-Corannulene systems showed the highest wave length of adsorption for the investigated compound at 546.18 nm, with the highest oscillator strength of 0.2708 and the lowest transition energy of 2.2700 eV, arising from S0-S1 (H-L) and the highest major percentage contribution of 93.34 % in comparison to the investigated compounds. We are hopeful that this research will help experimental researchers understand the potential of n-Corannulene, specifically 4-corannulene, as powerful material for a variety of applications ranging from solar cell, photovoltaic properties and many others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hadi
- Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry group, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam 603103, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Terkumbur E. Gber
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Festus O. Ogungbemiro
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Anafcheh M, Naderi F, Khodadadi Z, Ektefa F, Ghafouri R, Zahedi M. Computational study for the circular redox reaction of N 2O with CO catalyzed by fullerometallic cations C 60Fe + and C 70Fe<sup/>. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 72:50-57. [PMID: 28063311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We applied density functional calculations to study the circular redox reaction mechanism of N2O with CO catalyzed by fullerometallic cations C60Fe+ and C70Fe+. The on-top sites of six-membered rings (η6) of fullerene cages are the most preferred binding sites for Fe+ cation, and the hexagon to pentagon migration of Fe+ is unlikely under ambient thermodynamic conditions. The initial ion/molecule reaction, N2O rearrangement and N2 abstraction on the considered fullerometallic cations are easier than those on the bare Fe+ cation in the gas phase. Generally, our results indicate that fullerometallic ions, C60Fe+ and C70Fe+, are more favorable substrates for redox reaction of N2O with CO in comparison to the other previously studied carbon nanostructures such as graphene and nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Anafcheh
- Department of Chemistry, Alzahra University, Vanak, 19835-389, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Naderi
- Department of Chemistry, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khodadadi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ektefa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ghafouri
- Department of Applied Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mansour Zahedi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin, 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dang JS, Wang WW, Zhao X, Nagase S. Concave binding of cationic Li to quadrannulene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20773-20777. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02512b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Concave binding of cationic Li to quadrannulene and its influence on buckybowl functionalization are introduced using DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Shuang Dang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Wei-Wei Wang
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics & Department of Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi'an Jiaotong University
- Xi'an 710049
- China
| | - Shigeru Nagase
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8103
- Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang X, Ganteför G, Eichhorn B, Mayo D, Sawyer WH, Gill AF, Kandalam AK, Schnöckel H, Bowen K. Low oxidation state aluminum-containing cluster anions: Cp(∗)AlnH(-), n = 1-3. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:074305. [PMID: 27544103 DOI: 10.1063/1.4959847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new, low oxidation state, aluminum-containing cluster anions, Cp*AlnH(-), n = 1-3, were prepared via reactions between aluminum hydride cluster anions, AlnHm (-), and Cp*H ligands. These were characterized by mass spectrometry, anion photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory based calculations. Agreement between the experimentally and theoretically determined vertical detachment energies and adiabatic detachment energies validated the computed geometrical structures. Reactions between aluminum hydride cluster anions and ligands provide a new avenue for discovering low oxidation state, ligated aluminum clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Gerd Ganteför
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Bryan Eichhorn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Dennis Mayo
- EOD Technology Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head, Maryland 20640, USA
| | - William H Sawyer
- Department of Physics, West Chester University of PA, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, USA
| | - Ann F Gill
- Department of Physics, West Chester University of PA, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, USA
| | - Anil K Kandalam
- Department of Physics, West Chester University of PA, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, USA
| | - Hansgeorg Schnöckel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kit Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reisi-Vanani A, Rahimi S, Kokhdan SN, Ebrahimpour-Komleh H. Computational study of the gas phase reaction of hydrogen azide and corannulene: A DFT study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
6
|
Lanza M, Simon A, Ben Amor N. Electronic Spectroscopy of [FePAH](+) Complexes in the Region of the Diffuse Interstellar Bands: Multireference Wave Function Studies on [FeC6H6](+). J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:6123-30. [PMID: 25850680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The low-energy states and electronic spectrum in the near-infrared-visible region of [FeC6H6](+) are studied by theoretical approaches. An exhaustive exploration of the potential energy surface of [FeC6H6](+) is performed using the density functional theory method. The ground state is found to be a (4)A1 state. The structures of the lowest energy states ((4)A2 and (4)A1) are used to perform multireference wave function calculations by means of the multistate complete active space with perturbation at the second order method. Contrary to the density functional theory results ((4)A1 ground state), multireference perturbative calculations show that the (4)A2 state is the ground state. The vertical electronic spectrum is computed and compared with the astronomical diffuse interstellar bands, a set of near-infrared-visible bands detected on the extinction curve in our and other galaxies. Many transitions are found in this domain, corresponding to d → d, d → 4s, or d → π* excitations, but few are allowed and, if they are, their oscillation strengths are small. Even though some band positions could match some of the observed bands, the relative intensities do not fit, making the contribution of the [Fe-C6H6](+) complexes to the diffuse interstellar bands questionable. This work, however, lays the foundation for the studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) complexed to Fe cations that are more likely to possess d → π* and π → π* transitions in the diffuse interstellar bands domain. PAH ligands indeed possess a larger number of π and π* orbitals, respectively, higher and lower in energy than those of C6H6, which are expected to lead to lower energy d → π* and π → π* transitions in [FePAH](+) than in [FeC6H6](+) complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lanza
- †LOMC - UMR 6294, CNRS-Université du Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre, France
| | - Aude Simon
- ‡Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques UMR5626, IRSAMC, CNRS/Université P. Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31 062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Nadia Ben Amor
- ‡Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques UMR5626, IRSAMC, CNRS/Université P. Sabatier, 118 Rte de Narbonne, 31 062 Toulouse Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Josa D, González-Veloso I, Rodríguez-Otero J, Cabaleiro-Lago EM. Tailoring buckybowls for fullerene recognition. A dispersion-corrected DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:6233-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05406g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The shape of a buckybowl plays a fundamental role in the enhancement of fullerene recognition. Compounds whose structure possesses flaps at the rim of the bowl show an enhanced ability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Josa
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Rúa Jenaro de la Fuente
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Iván González-Veloso
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Rúa Jenaro de la Fuente
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Otero
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Rúa Jenaro de la Fuente
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Enrique M. Cabaleiro-Lago
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Ciencias
- Universidade de Santiago de Compostela
- Campus de Lugo
- Av. Alfonso X El Sabio
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sánchez-Lozano M, Estévez CM, Hermida-Ramón JM. Theoretical design of molecular grippers for anion recognition based on subporphyrazines and subphthalocyanines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:6108-17. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55491k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Subphthalocyanines are used as frameworks to build chromogenic grippers for anion capture, even in solvents like water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Sánchez-Lozano
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Estévez
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jose M. Hermida-Ramón
- Departamento de Química Física
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de Vigo
- 36310 Vigo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
|
11
|
García-Novo P, Campo-Cacharrón A, Cabaleiro-Lago EM, Rodríguez-Otero J. Interaction between anions and substituted molecular bowls. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:104-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22823d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
12
|
Carrazana-García JA, Rodríguez-Otero J, Cabaleiro-Lago EM. DFT Study of the Interaction between Alkaline Cations and Molecular Bowls Derived from Fullerene. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2774-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109654e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A. Carrazana-García
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo. Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n 27002 Lugo (Spain)
| | - Jesús Rodríguez-Otero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Avda. das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela (Spain)
| | - Enrique M. Cabaleiro-Lago
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela. Campus de Lugo. Avda. Alfonso X El Sabio s/n 27002 Lugo (Spain)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Josa D, Otero JR, Cabaleiro Lago EM. A DFT study of substituent effects in corannulene dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21139-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp23021b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
15
|
Filatov AS, Petrukhina MA. Probing the binding sites and coordination limits of buckybowls in a solvent-free environment: Experimental and theoretical assessment. Coord Chem Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
16
|
Wong BM. Noncovalent interactions in supramolecular complexes: A study on corannulene and the double concave buckycatcher. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:51-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
17
|
Jayapal P, Sundararajan M, Rajaraman G, Venuvanalingam P, Kalagi R, Gadre SR. Is corannulene a better diene or dienophile? A DFT analysis. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
18
|
Amaya T, Sakane H, Hirao T. A Concave-Bound CpFe Complex of Sumanene as a Metal in a π Bowl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
19
|
Amaya T, Sakane H, Hirao T. A Concave-Bound CpFe Complex of Sumanene as a Metal in a π Bowl. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:8376-9. [PMID: 17907258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Amaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Simon A, Joblin C. Thermochemistry and Infrared Spectroscopy of Neutral and Cationic Iron−Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Complexes of Astrophysical Interest: Fundamental Density Functional Theory Studies. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:9745-55. [PMID: 17850049 DOI: 10.1021/jp072506a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports extensive calculations on the structural, thermodynamic, and mid-infrared spectroscopic properties of neutral and cationic model iron-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) complexes of astrophysical interest for three PAHs of increasing size, namely, naphthalene (C10H8), pyrene (C16H10), and coronene (C24H12). Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations were performed using hybrid Hartree-Fock/density functional theory (DFT) methods. The use of DFT methods is mandatory in terms of computational cost and efficiency to describe the electronic and vibrational structures of such large organometallic unsaturated species that present several low-energy isomers of different structures and electronic and spin states. The calculated structures for the low-energy isomers of the model Fe-PAH and Fe-PAH+ complexes are presented and discussed. Iron-PAH binding energies are extracted, and the consequences of the coordination of iron on the infrared spectra of neutral and cationic PAHs are shown with systematic effects on band intensities and positions being demonstrated. The first results are discussed in terms of astrophysical implications. This work is the first step of an ongoing effort in our group to understand the photophysics and spectroscopy of iron-PAH complexes in the conditions of the interstellar medium using a synergy between observations, laboratory experiments, and theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aude Simon
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements, UMR 5187, Université Toulouse 3, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 9 Av. du Colonel Roche, 31028 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu YT, Siegel JS. Aromatic Molecular-Bowl Hydrocarbons: Synthetic Derivatives, Their Structures, and Physical Properties. Chem Rev 2006; 106:4843-67. [PMID: 17165677 DOI: 10.1021/cr050554q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 643] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, No. 1 Ta-Hsueh Road, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Petrukhina MA, Sevryugina Y, Rogachev AY, Jackson EA, Scott LT. Corannulene: A Preference for exo-Metal Binding. X-ray Structural Characterization of [Ru2(O2CCF3)2(CO)4·(η2-C20H10)2]. Organometallics 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/om060350f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222-0100, and Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860
| | - Yulia Sevryugina
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222-0100, and Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860
| | - Andrey Yu. Rogachev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222-0100, and Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860
| | - Edward A. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222-0100, and Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860
| | - Lawrence T. Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, New York 12222-0100, and Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467-3860
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jena P, Castleman AW. Clusters: a bridge across the disciplines of physics and chemistry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10560-9. [PMID: 16835306 PMCID: PMC1636021 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601782103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- *Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|