Structure of the Liquid−Vapor Interface of Water−Methanol Mixtures as Seen from Monte Carlo Simulations

Real-time observation of dynamic structure of liquid-vapor interface at nanometer resolution in electron irradiated sodium chloride crystals

The dynamics and structure of the liquid and vapor interface has remained elusive for decades due to the lack of an effective tool for directly visualization beyond micrometer resolution. Here, we designed a simple liquid-cell for encapsulating the liquid state of sodium for transmission electron microscopic (TEM) observation. The real-time dynamic structure of the liquid-vapor interface was imaged and videoed by TEM on the sample of electron irradiated sodium chloride (NaCl) crystals, a well-studied sample with low melting temperature and quantum super-shells of clusters. The nanometer resolution images exhibit the fine structures of the capillary waves, composed of first-time observed three zones of structures and features, i.e. flexible nanoscale fibers, nanoparticles/clusters, and a low-pressure area that sucks the nanoparticles from the liquid to the interface. Although the phenomenons were observed based on irradiated NaCl crystals, the similarities of the phenomenons to predictions suggest our real-time ovserved  dynamic structure might be useful in validating long-debated theoretical models of the liquid-vapor interface, and enhancing our knowledge in understanding the non-equilibrium thermodynamics of the liquid-vapor interface to benefit future engineering designs in microfluidics.

The Influence of Sodium Iodide Salt on the Interfacial Properties of Aqueous Methanol Solution by a Combined Molecular Simulation and Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy Study

Understanding the influence of salt ions on the microscopic properties of liquid interfaces is of both fundamental and practical importance. A large number of previous experimental and theoretical investigations have explored the salt effects on the surfaces of either pure water or neat organic liquid. However, how the salt ions affect the interfacial structures of water/organic liquid mixtures has rarely been studied. Here, the molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG-VS) were carried out to investigate the influence of sodium iodide (NaI) on the air/liquid interfaces of the methanol-water mixtures. The SFG-VS spectral intensities were discovered to increase with the addition of 3 M NaI, while the center frequencies of the C-H stretching vibrations at high methanol concentrations showed a ∼2 cm^-1 blue shift compared with those obtained before adding NaI. The MD results indicated that Na⁺ and I^- can only affect Part I (near the bulk phase) but not Part II (near the gas phase) of the interfacial region. It was also found that the average orientations of interfacial methyl groups were constant and not effectively disturbed by the changes of methanol concentrations or the addition of NaI. It is therefore concluded that the changes of the SFG-VS intensities upon the addition of NaI salts were mainly caused by the increasing number of interfacial methanol molecules. Further analysis showed that the existence of NaI affects the surface tensions more for the interfaces with higher bulk methanol concentrations, which is in agreement with the SFG-VS results. It is noteworthy that the maximum number density of methanol molecules with the net nonzero orientations is reached near the Gibbs dividing surface, the reasons of which are worth further investigating.

Environmental chemistry at vapor/water interfaces: insights from vibrational sum frequency generation spectroscopy

The chemistry that occurs at surfaces has been an intense area of study for many years owing to its complexity and importance in describing a wide range of physical phenomena. The vapor/water interface is particularly interesting from an environmental chemistry perspective as this surface plays host to a wide range of chemistries that influence atmospheric and geochemical interactions. The application of vibrational sum frequency generation (VSFG), an inherently surface-specific, even-order nonlinear optical spectroscopy, enables the direct interrogation of various vapor/aqueous interfaces to elucidate the behavior and reaction of chemical species within the surface regime. In this review we discuss the application of VSFG to the study of a variety of atmospherically important systems at the vapor/aqueous interface. Chemical systems presented include inorganic ionic solutions prevalent in aqueous marine aerosols, small molecular solutes, and long-chain fatty acids relevant to fat-coated aerosols. The ability of VSFG to probe both the organization and reactions that may occur for these systems is highlighted. A future perspective toward the application of VSFG to the study of environmental interfaces is also provided.

Interfacial structure, thermodynamics, and electrostatics of aqueous methanol solutions via molecular dynamics simulations using charge equilibration models

We present results from molecular dynamics simulations of methanol-water solutions using charge equilibration force fields to explicitly account for nonadditive electronic interaction contributions to the potential energy. We study solutions across the concentration range from 0.1 to 0.9 methanol mole fraction. At dilute concentrations, methanol density is enhanced at the liquid-vapor interface, consistent with previous molecular dynamics and experimental studies. Interfacial thickness exhibits a monotonic increase with increasing methanol mole fraction, while surface tensions display monotonic decrease with methanol concentration, in qualitative agreement with experimental data and previous molecular dynamics predictions using polarizable force fields. In terms of interfacial structure, in keeping with predictions of traditional force fields, there is a unique preferential orientation of methanol molecules at the interface. Moreover, there is a free energetic preference for methanol molecules at the interface as evidenced by potential of mean force calculations. The pmf calculations suggest an interfacial state with 0.8 kcal/mol stability relative to the bulk, again in qualitative agreement with previous simulation and experimental studies. Interfacial potentials based on double integration of total charge density range from -610 to -330 mV over the dilute to concentrated regimes, respectively. The preponderance of methanol at the interface at all mole fractions gives rise to a dominant methanol contribution to the total interfacial potential. Interestingly, there is a transition of the water surface potential contribution from negative to positive upon the transition from methanol mole fraction of 0.1 to 0.2. The dipole and quadrupole contributions to the water component of the total interfacial potential are effectively of equal magnitude and opposite sign, thus cancelling one another. We compute the in-plane component of the dielectric permittivity along the interface normal. We observe a nonmonotonic behavior of the methanol in-plane dielectric permittivity that tracks the methanol density profiles at low methanol mole fractions. At higher methanol mole fractions, the total in-plane permittivity is dominated by methanol and displays a monotonic decrease from bulk to vapor. We finally probe the nature of hydration of water in the bulk versus interfacial regions for methanol mole fractions of 0.1 and 0.2. In the bulk, methanol perturbs water structure so as to give rise to water hydrogen bond excesses. Moreover, we observe negative hydrogen bond excess in the vicinity of the alkyl group, as reported by Zhong et al. for bulk ethanol-water solutions using charge equilibration force fields, and positive excess in regions hydrogen bonding to nearest-neighbor methanol molecules. Within the interfacial region, water and methanol density reduction lead to concomitant water hydrogen bond deficiencies (negative hydrogen-bond excess).

Adsorption of Octyl Cyanide at the Free Water Surface as Studied by Monte Carlo Simulation

Monte Carlo simulations of the adsorption layer of octyl cyanide have been performed on the canonical (N, V, T) ensemble at 300 K. The systems simulated cover the range of octyl cyanide surface densities from 0.27 to 7.83 mumol/m2. The surface density value at which the saturation of the adsorption layer occurs is estimated to be 1.7 mumol/m2. At low surface densities, the main driving force of the adsorption is found to be the formation of hydrogen bonds between the water and octyl cyanide molecules, whereas at higher surface concentrations, the dipole-dipole attraction between the neighboring adsorbed octyl cyanide molecules becomes more important. At low surface concentrations, the water-octyl cyanide hydrogen bonds prefer tilted alignments relative to the interface; however, in the case of the saturated adsorption layer, the number of such hydrogen bonds is maximized, leading to the preference of these bonds for the orientation perpendicular to the interface. Contrary to nonionic surfactants of multiple hydrogen bonding abilities (e.g., 1-octanol, C8E3), the increasing surface concentration of octyl cyanide was not found to lead to considerable competition of the molecules for positions of optimal arrangement. As a consequence, the energy and geometry of the water-octyl cyanide hydrogen bonds are found to be insensitive to the octyl cyanide surface concentration.

Determination of the Adsorption Isotherm of Methanol on the Surface of Ice. An Experimental and Grand Canonical Monte Carlo Simulation Study

The adsorption isotherm of methanol on ice at 200 K has been determined both experimentally and by using the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo computer simulation method. The experimental and simulated isotherms agree well with each other; their deviations can be explained by a small (about 5 K) temperature shift in the simulation data and, possibly, by the non-ideality of the ice surface in the experimental situation. The analysis of the results has revealed that the saturated adsorption layer is monomolecular. At low surface coverage, the adsorption is driven by the methanol-ice interaction; however, at full coverage, methanol-methanol interactions become equally important. Under these conditions, about half of the adsorbed methanol molecules have one hydrogen-bonded water neighbor, and the other half have two hydrogen-bonded water neighbors. The vast majority of the methanols have a hydrogen-bonded methanol neighbor, as well.