1
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Li L, Prindle CR, Shi W, Nuckolls C, Venkataraman L. Radical Single-Molecule Junctions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18182-18204. [PMID: 37555594 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Radicals are unique molecular systems for applications in electronic devices due to their open-shell electronic structures. Radicals can function as good electrical conductors and switches in molecular circuits while also holding great promise in the field of molecular spintronics. However, it is both challenging to create stable, persistent radicals and to understand their properties in molecular junctions. The goal of this Perspective is to address this dual challenge by providing design principles for the synthesis of stable radicals relevant to molecular junctions, as well as offering current insight into the electronic properties of radicals in single-molecule devices. By exploring both the chemical and physical properties of established radical systems, we will facilitate increased exploration and development of radical-based molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Claudia R Prindle
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Wanzhuo Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Colin Nuckolls
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Latha Venkataraman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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2
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Chen X, Chen H, Fraser Stoddart J. The Story of the Little Blue Box: A Tribute to Siegfried Hünig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202211387. [PMID: 36131604 PMCID: PMC10099103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The tetracationic cyclophane, cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene), also known as the little blue box, constitutes a modular receptor that has facilitated the discovery of many host-guest complexes and mechanically interlocked molecules during the past 35 years. Its versatility in binding small π-donors in its tetracationic state, as well as forming trisradical tricationic complexes with viologen radical cations in its doubly reduced bisradical dicationic state, renders it valuable for the construction of various stimuli-responsive materials. Since the first reports in 1988, the little blue box has been featured in over 500 publications in the literature. All this research activity would not have been possible without the seminal contributions carried out by Siegfried Hünig, who not only pioneered the syntheses of viologen-containing cyclophanes, but also revealed their rich redox chemistry in addition to their ability to undergo intramolecular π-dimerization. This Review describes how his pioneering research led to the design and synthesis of the little blue box, and how this redox-active host evolved into the key component of molecular shuttles, switches, and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of ChemistryNorthwestern University2145 Sheridan RoadEvanstonIllinois 60208USA
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular ScienceDepartment of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation CenterHangzhou311215China
- School of ChemistryUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW 2052Australia
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3
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Ahmed J, Mandal SK. Phenalenyl Radical: Smallest Polycyclic Odd Alternant Hydrocarbon Present in the Graphene Sheet. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11369-11431. [PMID: 35561295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyl, a zigzag-edged odd alternant hydrocarbon unit can be found in the graphene nanosheet. Hückel molecular orbital calculations indicate the presence of a nonbonding molecular orbital (NBMO), which originates from the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) arising from 13 carbon atoms of the phenalenyl molecule. Three redox states (cationic, neutral radical, and anionic) of the phenalenyl-based molecules were attributed to the presence of this NBMO. The cationic state can undergo two consecutive reductions to result in neutral radical and anionic states, stepwise, respectively. The phenalenyl-based radicals were found as crucial building blocks and attracted the attention of various research fields such as organic synthesis, material science, computation, and device physics. From 2012 onward, a strategy was devised using the cationic state of phenalenyl-based molecules and in situ generated phenalenyl radicals, which created a new domain of catalysis. The in situ generated phenalenyl radicals were utilized for the single electron transfer (SET) process resulting in redox catalysis. This emerging range of applications rejuvenates the more than six decades-old phenalenyl chemistry. This review captures such developments ranging from fundamental understanding to multidirectional applications of phenalenyl-based radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasimuddin Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Swadhin K Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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4
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Xiang Q, Sun Z. Doublet Open-Shell Graphene Fragments. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200251. [PMID: 35438845 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances on neutral delocalized radical species based on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with fused hexagonal rings, herein defined as doublet open-shell graphene fragments, are summarized in this review. A few simple yet useful theoretical approaches for structural analysis and molecular design were introduced at first. Then, based on the number of fused hexagonal rings, molecular systems with different size, symmetry and edge structure were discussed with emphasis on those isolated in the crystalline form. Their unique self-association behavior, chemical reactivity and physical properties were summarized and discussed, and insights on their functions and potential applications were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Tianjin University, Institute of Molecular Plus, CHINA
| | - Zhe Sun
- Tianjin University, Institute of molecular plus, No. 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, 300072, Tianjin, CHINA
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5
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Dong X, Sun Q, Feng Z, Ruan H, Tang S, Liu M, Zhao Y, Su Y, Wang X. Room‐Temperature
Reversible
σ‐Dimerization
of a Phenalenyl Radical. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Quanchun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Zhongtao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Huapeng Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Shuxuan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Min Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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6
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Chen X, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry Nankai University 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology Anhui University Hefei 230601 China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Charlotte L. Stern
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - J. Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- School of Chemistry University of New South Wales Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center Hangzhou 311215 China
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7
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Cui ZH, Wang MH, Lischka H, Kertesz M. Unexpected Charge Effects Strengthen π-Stacking Pancake Bonding. JACS AU 2021; 1:1647-1655. [PMID: 34723268 PMCID: PMC8549058 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phenalenyls (PLYs) are important synthons in many functional and electronic materials, which often display favorable molecule-to-molecule overlap for electron or hole transport. They also serve as a prototype for π-stacking pancake bonding based on two-electron multicenter bonding (2e/mc). Unexpected near-doubling of the binding energy is obtained for the positively charged PLY2 + dimer with an effect similar to that seen for the positively charged olympicenyl (OPY) radical dimer. This charge effect is reversed for the perfluorinated (PF) dimers, and the negatively charged perfluorinated (PF) dimers PF-PLY2 - and PF-OPY2 - become strongly bound. Long-range interactions reflect these differences. Also surprising is that in this case the pancake bonding corresponds to single-electron (1e/mc) or a three-electron (3e/mc) multicenter bonding in contrast to the 2e/mc bonding that occurs for the neutral radical dimers. The strong preference for a large intermolecular overlap is maintained in these charged dimers. Importantly, the preference for π-bonding in the charged dimers compared to σ-bonding is strongly enhanced relative to the neutral PLY dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology
for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Meng-hui Wang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Key Laboratory of Physics and Technology
for Advanced Batteries (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
- A
School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry
Department and Institute of Soft Matter, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227, United States
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8
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Martin J, Pascazio L, Menon A, Akroyd J, Kaiser K, Schulz F, Commodo M, D’Anna A, Gross L, Kraft M. π-Diradical Aromatic Soot Precursors in Flames. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12212-12219. [PMID: 34338507 PMCID: PMC8361428 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Soot emitted from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels contributes to global warming and causes human disease. The mechanism by which soot nanoparticles form within hydrocarbon flames is still an unsolved problem in combustion science. Mechanisms proposed to date involving purely chemical growth are limited by slow reaction rates, whereas mechanisms relying on solely physical interactions between molecules are limited by weak intermolecular interactions that are unstable at flame temperatures. Here, we show evidence for a reactive π-diradical aromatic soot precursor imaged using non-contact atomic force microscopy. Localization of π-electrons on non-hexagonal rings was found to allow for Kekulé aromatic soot precursors to possess a triplet diradical ground state. Barrierless chain reactions are shown between these reactive sites, which provide thermally stable aromatic rim-linked hydrocarbons under flame conditions. Quantum molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate physical condensation of aromatics that survive for tens of picoseconds. Bound internal rotors then enable the reactive sites to find each other and become chemically cross-linked before dissociation. These species provide a rapid, thermally stable chain reaction toward soot nanoparticle formation and could provide molecular targets for limiting the emission of these toxic combustion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob
W. Martin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Laura Pascazio
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Angiras Menon
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Jethro Akroyd
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 138602 Singapore
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- IBM
Research − Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Schulz
- IBM
Research − Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Mario Commodo
- Istituto
di Scienze e Tecnologie per l’Energia e la Mobilità
Sostenibile, CNR, P.le
Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli, Federico II P.le V. Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM
Research − Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Markus Kraft
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, CB3 0AS Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridge
Centre for Advanced Research and Education in Singapore, 138602 Singapore
- Nanyang
Technological University, 639798 Singapore
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9
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Chen XY, Mao H, Feng Y, Cai K, Shen D, Wu H, Zhang L, Zhao X, Chen H, Song B, Jiao Y, Wu Y, Stern CL, Wasielewski MR, Stoddart JF. Radically Enhanced Dual Recognition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25454-25462. [PMID: 34342116 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Complexation between a viologen radical cation (V.+ ) and cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) diradical dication (CBPQT2(.+) ) has been investigated and utilized extensively in the construction of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) and artificial molecular machines (AMMs). The selective recognition of a pair of V.+ using radical-pairing interactions, however, remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we report the efficient encapsulation of two methyl viologen radical cations (MV.+ ) in a size-matched bisradical dicationic host - namely, cyclobis(paraquat-2,6-naphthalene)2(.+) , i.e., CBPQN2(.+) . Central to this dual recognition process was the choice of 2,6-bismethylenenaphthalene linkers for incorporation into the bisradical dicationic host. They provide the space between the two bipyridinium radical cations in CBPQN2(.+) suitable for binding two MV.+ with relatively short (3.05-3.25 Å) radical-pairing distances. The size-matched bisradical dicationic host was found to exhibit highly selective and cooperative association with the two MV.+ in MeCN at room temperature. The formation of the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex - namely, [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) - in MeCN was confirmed by VT 1 H NMR, as well as by EPR spectroscopy. The solid-state superstructure of [(MV)2 ⊂CBPQN]4( .+) reveals an uneven distribution of the binding distances (3.05, 3.24, 3.05 Å) between the three different V.+ , suggesting that localization of the radical-pairing interactions has a strong influence on the packing of the two MV.+ inside the bisradical dicationic host. Our findings constitute a rare example of binding two radical guests with high affinity and cooperativity using host-guest radical-pairing interactions. Moreover, they open up possibilities of harnessing the tetrakisradical tetracationic inclusion complex as a new, orthogonal and redox-switchable recognition motif for the construction of MIMs and AMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Haochuan Mao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yuanning Feng
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kang Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dengke Shen
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Xingang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Hongliang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Charlotte L Stern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Michael R Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, China
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10
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Minkin VI, Starikov AG, Starikova AA. Acene-Linked Zethrenes and Bisphenalenyls: A DFT Search for Organic Tetraradicals. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6562-6570. [PMID: 34310142 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are of special interest due to their promising nonlinear optical and magnetic properties. A series of acene-linked zethrenes and bisphenalenyls comprising from five to nine benzene rings in the linker group have been computationally studied by the DFT UB3LYP/6-311++G(d,p) quantum-chemical modeling of their electronic structure, possible spin states, and exchange interactions. The zethrenes with octacene and nonacene linkers as well as bisphenalenyls comprising heptacene, octacene, and nonacene linker groups have been revealed to possess tetraradicaloid nature, which makes them promising building blocks for organic optoelectronic and spintronic devices. The results obtained open a way of constructing tetraradicaloid organic molecules characterized by the presence of two types of paramagnetic centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir I Minkin
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey G Starikov
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
| | - Alyona A Starikova
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Southern Federal University, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
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11
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Xiang Q, Xu J, Guo J, Dang Y, Xu Z, Zeng Z, Sun Z. Unveiling the Hidden σ-Dimerization of a Kinetically Protected Olympicenyl Radical. Chemistry 2021; 27:8203-8213. [PMID: 33783053 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The σ-dimer of a kinetically protected olympicenyl radical, which evaded the experimental detection, was revealed by conversion into biolympicenylidene with E-configuration in a regioselective manner. The complicated stereochemistry and energetics of the σ-dimers derived from C2v symmetry and uneven spin distribution of the olympicenyl radical were revealed by the theoretical calculations, and the energetic preference of π-dimer over σ-dimer by a minute gap was disclosed. The E-biolympicenylidene, a polycyclic ene structure previously considered as reactive intermediate in the phenalenyl radical system, exhibited exceptional stability, which allowed for a detailed investigation on its singlet diradical character and physical properties by means of X-ray crystallography, UV-vis-NIR absorption/emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry, and assisted by theoretical calculations. The E-biolympicenylidene showed high resistance towards both thermal and photochemical ring-cyclization reactions, which was attributed to high activation energies for the rate-determining electrocyclization operated on both disrotatory and conrotatory mode, as well as a small spin density at the bonding sites for the radical-radical coupling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Xiang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- Health Science Platform, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zhanqiang Xu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
| | - Zebing Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
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12
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Brown JT, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Effects of structural variations on π-dimer formation: long-distance multicenter bonding of cation-radicals of tetrathiafulvalene analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:25054-25065. [PMID: 33118569 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04891g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The multicenter (pancake) bonding between cation-radicals of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene, TMTSF+˙, tetramethyltetrathiafulvalene, TMTTF+˙, and bis(ethylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene, ET+,˙ was compared to that of tetrathiafulvalene, TTF+˙. To minimize counter-ion effects, the cation-radical salts with weakly coordinating anions (WCA), tetrakis(3,5-trifluoromethylphenyl)borate, dodecamethylcarborane and hexabromocarborane were prepared. Solid-state (X-ray and EPR) measurements revealed diamagnetic π-dimers in the TMTSF and ET salts and the separate monomers in the TTF salts with all WCAs, while TMTTF existed as a dimer in one and a monomer in two salts. The variable-temperature UV-Vis studies of these salts in solution showed that the thermodynamics of formation of the π-bonded dimers of TMTTF+˙ was close to that of TTF+˙, while TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ showed a higher propensity for π-dimerization. These data indicated that the replacement of sulfur with heavier selenium or insertion of ethylenedithia-substituents into the TTF core increases the π-dimers' stability. Yet, computational analysis indicated that the weakly covalent component of π-bonding decreases in the order TTF > TMTTF > TMTSF > ET. The higher stability of the π-dimers of TMTSF+˙ and ET+˙ cation-radicals was related to a decrease of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic counter-parts and an increase of dispersion components in these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA.
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13
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Zhao L, Kaiser RI, Lu W, Ahmed M, Oleinikov AD, Azyazov VN, Mebel AM, Howlader AH, Wnuk SF. Gas phase formation of phenalene via 10π-aromatic, resonantly stabilized free radical intermediates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15381-15388. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02216k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
1H-Phenalene can be synthesized via the reaction of the 1-naphthyl radical with methylacetylene and allene under high temperature conditions prevalent in carbon-rich circumstellar environments and combustion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Ralf I. Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Hawaii at Manoa
- Honolulu
- USA
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Artem D. Oleinikov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Valeriy N. Azyazov
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Lebedev Physical Institute
| | - Alexander M. Mebel
- Department of Physics
- Samara National Research University
- Samara 443086
- Russian Federation
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
| | - A. Hasan Howlader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Stanislaw F. Wnuk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
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14
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Rogachev AY, Zhu Y, Zhou Z, Liu S, Wei Z, Petrukhina MA. Dimerization of indenocorannulene radicals: imposing stability through increasing strain and curvature. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00686f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One-electron reduction of bowl-shaped indenocorannulene affords a new stable dimeric dianion, as confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy, and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yikun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
| | - Shuyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- Illinois Institute of Technology
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Zheng Wei
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
| | - Marina A. Petrukhina
- Department of Chemistry
- University at Albany
- State University of New York
- Albany
- USA
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15
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Abstract
How does edge modification affect spin distribution in open-shell graphene fragments? We investigated this effect by analyzing spin-delocalization in benzo[cd]-triangulene, a spin 1/2 graphene fragment composed of seven benzenoid rings fused in a hybrid zigzag/armchair fashion. Six rings of this system form the core of Clar's hydrocarbon triangulene, to which an additional ring is annulated in the zigzag region. The singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of this hydrocarbon radical resembles both SOMOs of triangulene, but the spin density is distributed over the core in a nonuniform fashion. The uneven spin distribution is reflected in the reactivity-reaction with oxygen occurs selectively at a position with the highest spin density-and correlates nicely with relative stabilities of the corresponding Clar resonance structures. The spin distribution is different from that of a topologically similar compound composed of the same number of sp2 carbon atoms but featuring six rings only, illustrating the impact of subtle structural changes on spin-density distribution. This compound was characterized by means of UV-vis and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography. The experimental results are supported by density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , D-97074 Würzburg , Germany.,Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Michal Juríček
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry , University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190 , CH-8057 Zurich , Switzerland
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16
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Zhong R, Gao F, Xu H, Su Z. Strong Pancake 2e/12c Bond in π‐Stacking Phenalenyl Derivatives Avoiding Bond Conversion. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:1879-1884. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong‐Lin Zhong
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical ChemistryJilin University Changchun 130023 P. R. China
| | - Feng‐Wei Gao
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Environmental EngineeringChangchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Hong‐Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Zhong‐Min Su
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Department of ChemistryNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
- School of Chemistry & Environmental EngineeringChangchun University of Science and Technology Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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17
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Stekovic D, Bag P, Shankhari P, Fokwa BPT, Itkis ME. Effect of Substitution on the Hysteretic Phase Transition in a Bistable Phenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Molecular Conductor. Chemistry 2019; 25:4166-4174. [PMID: 30588670 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ability to tune the physical properties of bistable organic functional materials by means of chemistry can facilitate their development for molecular electronic switching components. The butylamine-containing biphenalenyl boron neutral radical, [Bu]2 B, crystalline compound has recently attracted significant attention by displaying a hysteretic phase transition accompanied by simultaneous bistability in magnetic, electrical, and optical properties close to room temperature. In this report, substitutional doping was applied to [Bu]2 B by crystallizing solid solutions of bistable [Bu]2 B and its non-radical-containing counterpart [Bu]2 Be. With increasing doping degree, the hysteretic phase transition is gradually suppressed in terms of reducing the height, but conserves the width of the hysteresis loop as observed through magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity measurements. At the critical doping level of about 6 %, the abrupt transformation of the crystal structure to that of the pure [Bu]2 Be crystal packing was observed, accompanied by a complete collapse of the hysteresis loop. Further study of the structure-properties relationships of bistable neutral radical conductors based on the [Bu]2 B host can be conducted utilizing a variety of biphenalenyl-based molecular conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Stekovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pradip Bag
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Pritam Shankhari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Boniface P T Fokwa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Mikhail E Itkis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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18
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Lee J, Head-Gordon M. Distinguishing artificial and essential symmetry breaking in a single determinant: approach and application to the C60, C36, and C20 fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4763-4778. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07613h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The existence of a generalized Hartree–Fock solution in C60 has led to controversy on whether C60 is polyradicaloid (or strongly correlated). We attempt to end the controversy with κ-OOMP2 which removes the illusion of this artificial symmetry breaking. We conclude that C60 is not strongly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
| | - Martin Head-Gordon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
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19
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Nishiuchi T, Aibara S, Kubo T. Synthesis and Properties of a Highly Congested Tri(9-anthryl)methyl Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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20
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Nishiuchi T, Aibara S, Kubo T. Synthesis and Properties of a Highly Congested Tri(9-anthryl)methyl Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:16516-16519. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Nishiuchi
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Seito Aibara
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry; Graduate School of Science; Osaka University; 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
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21
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Kertesz M. Pancake Bonding: An Unusual Pi‐Stacking Interaction. Chemistry 2018; 25:400-416. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University 37th and O Streets NW Washington, DC 20057-1227 USA
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22
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Bonanno NM, Poddutoori PK, Sato K, Sugisaki K, Takui T, Lough AJ, Lemaire MT. Reversible Solution π-Dimerization and Long Multicenter Bonding in a Stable Phenoxyl Radical. Chemistry 2018; 24:14906-14910. [PMID: 30040151 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Reversible solution π-dimerization is observed in the stable neutral phenoxyl radical 2,6-bis-(8-quinolylamino)-4-(tert-butyl)phenoxyl baqp and is spectroscopically characterized. This behavior, not previously observed for π-extended phenoxyl radicals, is relevant to the formation of long multicenter bonding in the π-dimer at low temperature akin to previously reported phenalenyl radicals. Our experimental data are supported in a quantitative manner by results from density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations. Our theoretical results indicate that the solution dimer features strong bonding interactions between the two phenoxyl rings but that the stability of the dimer is also related to dispersion interactions between the flanking nearly parallel quinolyl rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico M Bonanno
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St.Catharines, Ontario, L2S3A1, Canada
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Kazunobu Sato
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Sugisaki
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Takeji Takui
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan.,Research Support Department/University Research Administrator Centre, University Administration Division, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, 558-8585, Japan
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Martin T Lemaire
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St.Catharines, Ontario, L2S3A1, Canada
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23
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Broere DLJ, Mercado BQ, Bill E, Lancaster KM, Sproules S, Holland PL. Alkali Cation Effects on Redox-Active Formazanate Ligands in Iron Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9580-9591. [PMID: 29629752 PMCID: PMC6116910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent interactions of organic moieties with Lewis acidic alkali cations can greatly affect structure and reactivity. Herein, we describe the effects of interactions with alkali-metal cations within a series of reduced iron complexes bearing a redox-active formazanate ligand, in terms of structures, magnetism, spectroscopy, and reaction rates. In the absence of a crown ether to sequester the alkali cation, dimeric complexes are isolated wherein the formazanate has rearranged to form a five-membered metallacycle. The dissociation of these dimers is dependent on the binding mode and size of the alkali cation. In the dimers, the formazanate ligands are radical dianions, as shown by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and analysis of metrical parameters. These experimental measures are complemented by density functional theory calculations that show the spin density on the bridging ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L J Broere
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Brandon Q Mercado
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion , Stiftstrasse 34-36 , D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| | - Kyle M Lancaster
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Stephen Sproules
- WestCHEM, School of Chemistry , University of Glasgow , Glasgow G12 8QQ , United Kingdom
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry , Yale University , New Haven , Connecticut 06520 , United States
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24
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Mou Z, Kertesz M. Sigma‐ versus Pi‐Dimerization Modes of Triangulene. Chemistry 2018; 24:6140-6147. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Soft Matter Georgetown University Washington DC 20057 USA
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25
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Mou Z, Kertesz M. Pancake Bond Orders of a Series of π‐Stacked Triangulene Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Chemistry Department Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
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26
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Mou Z, Kertesz M. Pancake Bond Orders of a Series of π‐Stacked Triangulene Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:10188-10191. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Chemistry Department Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Chemistry Department Georgetown University 37th and O Streets, NW Washington DC 20057-1227 USA
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27
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Fumanal M, Novoa JJ, Ribas-Arino J. Origin of Bistability in the Butyl-Substituted Spirobiphenalenyl-Based Neutral Radical Material. Chemistry 2017; 23:7772-7784. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Current address: Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique; Institut de Chimie UMR7177; CNRS-Université de Strasbourg; 1 Rue Blaise Pascal BP 296/R8 67007 Strasbourg France
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB; Facultat de Química; Universitat de Barcelona; Av. Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
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28
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O'Connor GD, Chan B, Sanelli JA, Cergol KM, Dryza V, Payne RJ, Bieske EJ, Radom L, Schmidt TW. Hydrogen-adduction to open-shell graphene fragments: spectroscopy, thermochemistry and astrochemistry. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1186-1194. [PMID: 28451259 PMCID: PMC5369534 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We apply a combination of state-of-the-art experimental and quantum-chemical methods to elucidate the electronic and chemical energetics of hydrogen adduction to a model open-shell graphene fragment. The lowest-energy adduct, 1H-phenalene, is determined to have a bond dissociation energy of 258.1 kJ mol-1, while other isomers exhibit reduced or in some cases negative bond dissociation energies, the metastable species being bound by the emergence of a conical intersection along the high-symmetry dissociation coordinate. The gas-phase excitation spectrum of 1H-phenalene and its radical cation are recorded using laser spectroscopy coupled to mass-spectrometry. Several electronically excited states of both species are observed, allowing the determination of the excited-state bond dissociation energy. The ionization energy of 1H-phenalene is determined to be 7.449(17) eV, consistent with high-level W1X-2 calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard D O'Connor
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 439 386 109
| | - Bun Chan
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
- Graduate School of Engineering , Nagasaki University , Bunkyo 1-14 , Nagasaki 852-8521 , Japan
| | - Julian A Sanelli
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Katie M Cergol
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Viktoras Dryza
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Evan J Bieske
- School of Chemistry , The University of Melbourne , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Leo Radom
- School of Chemistry , The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry , UNSW Sydney , NSW 2052 , Australia . ; Tel: +61 439 386 109
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29
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Cui Y, Cheng L. The nature of the multicenter bonding in π-[TCNE] 22− dimer: 4c/2e, 12c/2e, or 20c/2e? RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09023d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Composition of the 20c–2e bonding orbital in the π-[TCNE]22− dimer, and the partial occupancy numbers C1, C2 and N in the 20c–2e bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Anhui University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials
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30
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An insight on the aromatic changes in closed shell icosagen, tetrel, and pnictogen phenalenyl derivatives. Struct Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-016-0882-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Zhong RL, Xu HL, Li ZR. The polar 2e/12c bond in phenalenyl-azaphenalenyl hetero-dimers: Stronger stacking interaction and fascinating interlayer charge transfer. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:054304. [PMID: 27497558 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Lin Zhong
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Institute of Functional Material Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, People’s Republic of China
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32
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Aromatic changes in isoelectronic derivatives of phenalenyl radicals by central carbon replacement. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Hao J, Rheingold AL, Kavand M, van Schooten KJ, Boehme C, Capdevila‐Cortada M, Novoa JJ, Wöss E, Knör G, Miller JS. The Tetracyanopyridinide Dimer Dianion, σ‐[TCNPy]
2
2−. Chemistry 2016; 22:12312-5. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Hao
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California San Diego La Jolla CA 92093-0358 USA
| | - Marzieh Kavand
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Kipp J. van Schooten
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Christoph Boehme
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0830 USA
| | - Marçal Capdevila‐Cortada
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química Física and IQTCUB Facultat de Química Universitat de Barcelona 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Eva Wöss
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Günther Knör
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Johannes Kepler University Linz Altenbergerstrasse 69 4040 Linz Austria
| | - Joel S. Miller
- Material Research Science and Engineering Center Department of Chemistry University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0850 USA
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34
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Uchida K, Mou Z, Kertesz M, Kubo T. Fluxional σ-Bonds of the 2,5,8-Trimethylphenalenyl Dimer: Direct Observation of the Sixfold σ-Bond Shift via a π-Dimer. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4665-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Mou
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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35
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Fulara J, Chakraborty A, Maier JP. Electronic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates: The Fluorenylium, Phenalenylium, and Benz[f]indenylium Cations and Their Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:3424-7. [PMID: 26845059 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201511230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Three vibrationally resolved absorption systems commencing at 538, 518, and 392 nm were detected in a 6 K neon matrix after mass-selected deposition of C13 H9 (+) ions (m/z=165) produced from fluorene in a hot-cathode discharge ion source. The benz[f]indenylium (BfI(+) : 538 nm), fluorenylium (FL9(+) : 518 nm), and phenalenylium (PHL(+) : 392 nm) cations are the absorbing molecules. Two electronic systems corresponding to neutral species are apparent at 490 and 546 nm after irradiation of the matrix with λ<260 nm photons and were assigned to the FL9 and BfI radicals, respectively. The strongest peak at 518 nm is the origin of the 2 (1) B2 ←X̃ (1) A1 absorption of FL9(+) , and the 490 nm band is the 2 (2) A2 ←X̃ (2) B1 origin of FL9. The electronic systems commencing at 538 nm and 546 nm were assigned to the 1 (1) A1 ←X̃ (1) A1 and 1 (2) A2 ←X̃ (2) A2 transitions of BfI(+) and BfI. The 392 nm band is the 1 (1) E'←X̃ (1) A1 ' transition of PHL(+). The electronic spectra of C13 H9 (+) /C13 H9 were assigned on the basis of the vertical excitation energies calculated with SAC-CI and MS-CASPT2 methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fulara
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników, 32/46, 02-668, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arghya Chakraborty
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John P Maier
- Departement Chemie, Universität Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 80, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
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Uchida K, Ito S, Nakano M, Abe M, Kubo T. Biphenalenylidene: Isolation and Characterization of the Reactive Intermediate on the Decomposition Pathway of Phenalenyl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2399-410. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Soichi Ito
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department
of Materials Engineering and Science, Graduate School of Engineering
Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Manabu Abe
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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37
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Koo JY, Yakiyama Y, Lee GR, Lee J, Choi HC, Morita Y, Kawano M. Selective Formation of Conductive Network by Radical-Induced Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1776-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Koo
- The
Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yumi Yakiyama
- The
Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Gil Ryeong Lee
- The
Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Hee Cheul Choi
- Center
for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Cheongam-ro, Pohang 790-784, Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Yasushi Morita
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Yachigusa 1247, Yakusa, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
| | - Masaki Kawano
- The
Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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38
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Fulara J, Chakraborty A, Maier JP. Electronic Characterization of Reaction Intermediates: The Fluorenylium, Phenalenylium, and Benz[f
]indenylium Cations and Their Radicals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201511230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fulara
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
- Institute of Physics; Polish Academy of Sciences; Al. Lotników, 32/46 02-668 Warsaw Poland
| | - Arghya Chakraborty
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - John P. Maier
- Departement Chemie; Universität Basel; Klingelbergstrasse 80 4056 Basel Switzerland
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39
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University
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Trujillo C, Sánchez-Sanz G. A Study of π-π Stacking Interactions and Aromaticity in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon/Nucleobase Complexes. Chemphyschem 2015; 17:395-405. [PMID: 26663678 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We analysed the interactions and aromaticity electron-density delocalisation observed in π-π complexes between the phenalenyl radical and acenaphthylene, and the DNA and RNA nucleobases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil). Interaction energies are obtained at the M06-2X/6-311++G(2df,p) computational level for gas phase and PCM-water conditions. For both the phenalenyl radical and acenaphthylene, the complexes formed with guanine are the most stable ones. Atoms in molecules and natural bond orbital results reveal weak π-π interactions between both interacting moieties, characterized by bond critical points between C⋅⋅⋅C and C⋅⋅⋅N atoms. Nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS) indicate the retention of the aromatic character of the monomers in the outer region of the complex. The fluctuation indexes reveal a loss of electron delocalisation upon complexation for all cases except guanine complexes. Nevertheless, the interface region shows large negative NICS values, which is not associated with an increase of the aromaticity or electron-density delocalisation, but with magnetic couplings of both molecules, leading to an unrealistic description of the aromatic behaviour in that region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trujillo
- School of Chemistry, Trinity Biomedical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, 152-160 Pearse Street, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Goar Sánchez-Sanz
- School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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42
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43
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Fumanal M, Mota F, Novoa JJ, Ribas-Arino J. Unravelling the Key Driving Forces of the Spin Transition in π-Dimers of Spiro-biphenalenyl-Based Radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:12843-55. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b04053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fumanal
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Mota
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan J. Novoa
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribas-Arino
- Departament de Química
Física and IQTCUB, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Avinguda Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Bag P, Itkis ME, Stekovic D, Pal SK, Tham FS, Haddon RC. Band Structure Engineering by Substitutional Doping in Solid-State Solutions of [5-Me-PLY(O,O)]2B(1-x)Be(x) Radical Crystals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:10000-8. [PMID: 26235568 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the substitutional doping of solid-state spiro-bis(5-methyl-1,9-oxido-phenalenyl)boron radical ([2]2B) by co-crystallization of this radical with the corresponding spiro-bis(5-methyl-1,9-oxido-phenalenyl)beryllium compound ([2]2Be). The pure compounds crystallize in different space groups ([2]2B, P1̅, Z = 2; [2]2Be, P2₁/c, Z = 4) with distinct packing arrangements, yet we are able to isolate crystals of composition [2]2B(1-x)Be(x), where x = 0-0.59. The phase transition from the P1̅ to the P2₁/c space group occurs at x = 0.1, but the conductivities of the solid solutions are enhanced and the activation energies reduced for values of x = 0-0.25. The molecular packing is driven by the relative concentration of the spin-bearing ([2]2B) and spin-free ([2]2Be) molecules in the crystals, and the extended Hückel theory band structures show that the progressive incorporation of spin-free [2]2Be in the lattice of the [2]2B radical (overall bandwidth, W = 1.4 eV, in the pure compound) leads to very strong narrowing of the bandwidth, which reaches a minimum at [2]2Be (W = 0.3 eV). The results provide a graphic picture of the structural transformations undergone by the lattice, and at certain compositions we are able to identify distinct structures for the [2]2B and [2]2Be molecules in a single crystalline phase.
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Chen S, Xu HL, Sun SL, Zhao L, Su ZM. Superalkali atoms bonding to the phenalenyl radical: structures, intermolecular interaction and nonlinear optical properties. J Mol Model 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2750-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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46
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Cui ZH, Gupta A, Lischka H, Kertesz M. Concave or convex π-dimers: the role of the pancake bond in substituted phenalenyl radical dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:23963-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03759j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
π-stacking phenalenyl radical dimers are overwhelmingly convex (a) and not concave (b) due to electron sharing at the SOMO centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Abhinav Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Texas Tech University
- Lubbock
- USA
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry
- Georgetown University
- Washington
- USA
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47
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Mou Z, Uchida K, Kubo T, Kertesz M. Evidence of σ- and π-Dimerization in a Series of Phenalenyls. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18009-22. [DOI: 10.1021/ja509243p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Mou
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Takashi Kubo
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
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48
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Pal SK, Bag P, Itkis ME, Tham FS, Haddon RC. Enhanced Electrical Conductivity in a Substitutionally Doped Spiro-bis(phenalenyl)boron Radical Molecular Solid. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:14738-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja508903z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sushanta K. Pal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Pradip Bag
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Mikhail E. Itkis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Fook S. Tham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Robert C. Haddon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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49
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Nocton G, Lukens WW, Booth CH, Rozenel SS, Medling SA, Maron L, Andersen RA. Reversible sigma C-C bond formation between phenanthroline ligands activated by (C5Me5)2Yb. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:8626-41. [PMID: 24852897 DOI: 10.1021/ja502271q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and associated magnetic properties of the 1,10-phenanthroline adducts of Cp*2Yb are dramatically different from those of the 2,2'-bipyridine adducts. The monomeric phenanthroline adducts are ground state triplets that are based upon trivalent Yb(III), f(13), and (phen(•-) ) that are only weakly exchange coupled, which is in contrast to the bipyridine adducts whose ground states are multiconfigurational, open-shell singlets in which ytterbium is intermediate valent ( J. Am. Chem. Soc 2009 , 131 , 6480 ; J. Am. Chem. Soc 2010 , 132 , 17537 ). The origin of these different physical properties is traced to the number and symmetry of the LUMO and LUMO+1 of the heterocyclic diimine ligands. The bipy(•-) has only one π*1 orbital of b1 symmetry of accessible energy, but phen(•-) has two π* orbitals of b1 and a2 symmetry that are energetically accessible. The carbon pπ-orbitals have different nodal properties and coefficients and their energies, and therefore their populations change depending on the position and number of methyl substitutions on the ring. A chemical ramification of the change in electronic structure is that Cp*2Yb(phen) is a dimer when crystallized from toluene solution, but a monomer when sublimed at 180-190 °C. When 3,8-Me2phenanthroline is used, the adduct Cp*2Yb(3,8-Me2phen) exists in the solution in a dimer-monomer equilibrium in which ΔG is near zero. The adducts with 3-Me, 4-Me, 5-Me, 3,8-Me2, and 5,6-Me2-phenanthroline are isolated and characterized by solid state X-ray crystallography, magnetic susceptibility and LIII-edge XANES spectroscopy as a function of temperature and variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Nocton
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique , Palaiseau, France
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50
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Cui ZH, Lischka H, Beneberu HZ, Kertesz M. Rotational Barrier in Phenalenyl Neutral Radical Dimer: Separating Pancake and van der Waals Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:5539-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ja412862n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-hua Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227, United States
| | - Hans Lischka
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Habtamu Z. Beneberu
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of the District of Columbia, Washington, DC 20008, United States
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1227, United States
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