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Suwankaisorn B, Aroonratsameruang P, Kuhn A, Wattanakit C. Enantioselective recognition, synthesis, and separation of pharmaceutical compounds at chiral metallic surfaces. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300557. [PMID: 38233349 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The development of new pharmaceutical compounds is challenging because most of them are based on enantiopure chiral molecules, which exhibit unique properties for therapy. However, the synthesis of pharmaceutical compounds in the absence of a chiral environment naturally leads to a racemic mixture. Thus, to control their synthesis, an asymmetric environment is required, and chiral homogeneous catalysts are typically used to synthesize enantiopure pharmaceutical compounds (EPC). Nevertheless, homogeneous catalysts are difficult to recover after the reaction, generating additional problems and costs in practical processes. Thus, the development of chiral heterogeneous catalysts is a timely topic. In a more general context, such chiral materials cannot only be used for synthesis, but also to recognize and separate enantiomers. In the frame of these different challenges, we give in this review a short introduction to strategies to extrinsically and intrinsically modify heterogeneous metal matrixes for the enantioselective synthesis, recognition, and separation of chiral pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banyong Suwankaisorn
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo.1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand, 21210
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, 16, avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Ponart Aroonratsameruang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo.1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand, 21210
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo.1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand, 21210
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, 16, avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Chularat Wattanakit
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo.1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong, Thailand, 21210
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Shukla N, Gellman AJ. Chiral metal surfaces for enantioselective processes. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:939-945. [PMID: 32747699 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chiral surfaces are critical components of enantioselective heterogeneous processes such as those used to prepare enantiomerically pure pharmaceuticals. While the majority of chiral surfaces in practical use are based on achiral materials whose surfaces have been modified with enantiomerically pure chiral adsorbates, there are many inorganic materials with valuable surface properties that could be rendered enantiospecific, if their surfaces were intrinsically chiral. This Perspective discusses recent developments in the fabrication of intrinsically chiral surfaces exhibiting enantiospecific adsorption, surface chemistry and electron emission. We propose possible paths to the scalable fabrication of high-surface-area, enantiomerically pure surfaces and discuss opportunities for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Shukla
- Institute for Complex Engineered Systems, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew J Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- W.E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Dutta S, Gellman AJ. Enantiomer surface chemistry: conglomerate versus racemate formation on surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:7787-7839. [PMID: 29165467 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00555e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Research on surface chirality is motivated by the need to develop functional chiral surfaces for enantiospecific applications. While molecular chirality in 3D has been the subject of study for almost two centuries, many aspects of 2D chiral surface chemistry have yet to be addressed. In 3D, racemic mixtures of chiral molecules tend to aggregate into racemate (molecularly heterochiral) crystals much more frequently than conglomerate (molecularly homochiral) crystals. Whether chiral adsorbates on surfaces preferentially aggregate into heterochiral rather than homochiral domains (2D crystals or clusters) is not known. In this review, we have made the first attempt to answer the following question based on available data: in 2D racemic mixtures adsorbed on surfaces, is there a clear preference for homochiral or heterochiral aggregation? The current hypothesis is that homochiral packing is preferred on surfaces; in contrast to 3D where heterochiral packing is more common. In this review, we present a simple hierarchical scheme to categorize the chirality of adsorbate-surface systems. We then review the body of work using scanning tunneling microscopy predominantly to study aggregation of racemic adsorbates. Our analysis of the existing literature suggests that there is no clear evidence of any preference for either homochiral or heterochiral aggregation at the molecular level by chiral and prochiral adsorbates on surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soham Dutta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Abstract
In the present review we survey the main advances made in recent years on the understanding of chemical chirality at solid surfaces. Chirality is an important topic, made particularly relevant by the homochiral nature of the biochemistry of life on Earth, and many chiral chemical reactions involve solid surfaces. Here we start our discussion with a description of surface chirality and of the different ways that chirality can be bestowed on solid surfaces. We then expand on the studies carried out to date to understand the adsorption of chiral compounds at a molecular level. We summarize the work published on the adsorption of pure enantiomers, of enantiomeric mixtures, and of prochiral molecules on chiral and achiral model surfaces, especially on well-defined metal single crystals but also on other flat substrates such as highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. Several phenomena are identified, including surface reconstruction and chiral imprinting upon adsorption of chiral agents, and the enhancement or suppression of enantioselectivity seen in some cases upon adsorption of enantiomixtures of chiral compounds. The possibility of enhancing the enantiopurity of adsorbed layers upon the addition of chiral seeds and the so-called "sergeants and soldiers" phenomenon are presented. Examples are provided where the chiral behavior has been associated with either thermodynamic or kinetic driving forces. Two main approaches to the creation of enantioselective surface sites are discussed, namely, via the formation of supramolecular chiral ensembles made out of small chiral adsorbates, and by adsorption of more complex chiral molecules capable of providing suitable chiral environments for reactants by themselves, via the formation of individual adsorbate:modifier adducts on the surface. Finally, a discussion is offered on the additional effects generated by the presence of the liquid phase often required in practical applications such as enantioselective crystallization, chiral chromatography, and enantioselective catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry and UCR Center for Catalysis, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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Gellman AJ, Huang Y, Koritnik AJ, Horvath JD. Structure-sensitive enantiospecific adsorption on naturally chiral Cu(hkl) R&S surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:034001. [PMID: 27845932 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/29/3/034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The desorption kinetics of a chiral compound, R-3-methylcyclohexanone (R-3MCHO), have been measured on both enantiomers of seven chiral Cu(hkl) R&S surfaces and on nine achiral Cu single crystal surfaces with surface structures that collectively span the various regions of the stereographic triangle. The naturally chiral surfaces have terrace-step-kink structures formed by all six possible combinations of the three low Miller index microfacets. The chirality of the kink sites is defined by the rotational orientation of the (1 1 1), (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) microfacets forming the kink. R-3MCHO adsorbs reversibly on these Cu surfaces and temperature programmed desorption has been used to measure its desorption energetics from the chiral kink sites. The desorption energies from the R- and S-kink sites are enantiospecific, [Formula: see text], on the chiral surfaces. The magnitude of the enantiospecificity is [Formula: see text] ≈ 1 kJ mol-1 on all seven chiral surfaces. However, the values of [Formula: see text] are sensitive to elements of the surface structure other than just their sense of chirality as defined by the rotational orientation of the low Miller index microfacets forming the kinks; [Formula: see text] changes sign within the set of surfaces of a given chirality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. W.E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Ting ECM, Popa T, Paci I. Surface-site reactivity in small-molecule adsorption: A theoretical study of thiol binding on multi-coordinated gold clusters. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:53-61. [PMID: 26925352 PMCID: PMC4734309 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adsorption of organic molecules on metal surfaces has a broad array of applications, from device engineering to medical diagnosis. The most extensively investigated class of metal-molecule complexes is the adsorption of thiols on gold. RESULTS In the present manuscript, we investigate the dependence of methylthiol adsorption structures and energies on the degree of unsaturation at the metal binding site. We designed an Au20 cluster with a broad range of metal site coordination numbers, from 3 to 9, and examined the binding conditions of methylthiol at the various sites. CONCLUSION We found that despite the small molecular size, the dispersive interactions of the backbone are a determining factor in the molecular affinity for various sites. Kink sites were preferred binding locations due to the availability of multiple surface atoms for dispersive interactions with the methyl groups, whereas tip sites experienced low affinity, despite having low coordination numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis C M Ting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Tatiana Popa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Irina Paci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
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Reinicker AD, Therrien AJ, Lawton TJ, Ali R, Sykes ECH, Gellman AJ. Influence of step faceting on the enantiospecific decomposition of aspartic acid on chiral Cu surfaces vicinal to Cu{111}. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11263-11266. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The crystallographic orientation of chiral step facets created by l-aspartic acid adsorption dictates enantioselectivity on chiral surfaces vicinal to Cu{111}.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. D. Reinicker
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
| | | | - T. J. Lawton
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | - R. Ali
- Department of Chemistry
- Tufts University
- Medford
- USA
| | | | - A. J. Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Pittsburgh
- USA
- W.E. Scott Institute of Energy Innovation
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Yun Y, Gellman AJ. Enantiospecific Adsorption of Amino Acids on Naturally Chiral Cu{3,1,17}R&S Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6055-6063. [PMID: 25933641 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase equilibrium adsorption of D- and L-serine (Ser) mixtures and D- and L-phenylalanine (Phe) mixtures has been studied on the naturally chiral Cu{3,1,17}(R&S) surfaces. (13)C labeling of the l enantiomers (*L-Ser and *L-Phe) has enabled mass spectrometric enantiodiscrimination of the species desorbing from the surface following equilibrium adsorption. On the Cu{3,1,17}(R&S) surfaces, both equilibrium adsorption and the thermal decomposition kinetics of the D and *L enantiomers exhibit diastereomerism. Following exposure of the surfaces to D/*L mixtures, the relative equilibrium coverages of the two enantiomers are equal to their relative partial pressures in the gas phase, θ(D)/θ(*L) = P(D)/P(*L). This implies that adsorption is not measurably enantiospecific. The decomposition kinetics of Ser are enantiospecific whereas those of Phe are not. Comparison of these results with those for aspartic acid, alanine, and lysine suggests that enantiospecific adsorption on the naturally chiral Cu surfaces occurs for those amino acids that have side chains with functional groups that allow strong interactions with the surface. There is no apparent correlation between amino acids that exhibit enantiospecific adsorption and those that exhibit enantiospecific decomposition kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongju Yun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Andrew J Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Adsorption-induced auto-amplification of enantiomeric excess on an achiral surface. Nat Chem 2015; 7:520-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gellman AJ, Huang Y, Feng X, Pushkarev VV, Holsclaw B, Mhatre BS. Superenantioselective Chiral Surface Explosions. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:19208-14. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408659v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Gellman
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, US Department
of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennyslvania 15236, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Xu Feng
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Pushkarev
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Brian Holsclaw
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Bharat S. Mhatre
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes
Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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Clegg ML, Morales de la Garza L, Karakatsani S, King DA, Driver SM. Chirality in Amino Acid Overlayers on Cu Surfaces. Top Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-011-9758-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tadich A, Riley J, Thomsen L, Cowie BCC, Gladys MJ. Determining the orientation of a chiral substrate using full-hemisphere angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 107:175501. [PMID: 22107533 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.175501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chiral interfaces and substrates are of increasing importance in the field of enantioselective chemistry. To fully understand the enantiospecific interactions between chiral adsorbate molecules and the chiral substrate, it is vital that the chiral orientation of the substrate is known. In this Letter we demonstrate that full-hemisphere angle-resolved photoemission permits straightforward identification of the orientation of a chiral surface. The technique can be applied to any solid state system for which photoemission measurements are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tadich
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
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Huang Y, Gellman AJ. Enantiospecific Adsorption of (R)-3-Methylcyclohexanone on Naturally Chiral Surfaces Vicinal to Cu(110). Top Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-011-9756-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Chiral surfaces serve as media for enantioselective chemical processes. Their chirality is dictated by atomic- and molecular-level structure, and their enantioselectivity is determined by their enantiospecific interactions with chiral adsorbates. This Perspective describes three types of chiral metal surfaces: those modified by adsorption of chiral molecules, those templated by chiral lattices of adsorbed species, and those that are naturally chiral. A new paper in this issue of ACS Nano offers insight into the intermolecular interactions that govern chiral templating of surfaces. This Perspective then outlines three major challenges to the field of chiral surface science: development of methods for detection of enantiospecific interactions and enantioselective surface chemistry, preparation of high-area chiral metal surfaces, and the development of a fundamental, predictive-level understanding of the origin of enantioselectivity on chiral surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gellman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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Enantiospecific Adsorption of (R)-3-Methylcyclohexanone on Naturally Chiral Cu(531) R&S Surfaces. Catal Letters 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-008-9600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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