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Gupta R, Bansal RK. A DFT investigation of the retro-ene reactions of β-hydroxyacetylenes: concerted or stepwise mechanism. Struct Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-019-01410-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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2
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van Zeist WJ, Koers AH, Wolters LP, Bickelhaupt FM. Reaction Coordinates and the Transition-Vector Approximation to the IRC. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 4:920-8. [PMID: 26621233 DOI: 10.1021/ct700214v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of a reaction profile or potential energy surface (PES) associated with the reaction path (defined as the path of steepest descent from the saddle point) depends on the choice of reaction coordinate onto which the intrinsic reaction coordinate is projected. This provides one with the freedom, but also the problem, of choosing the optimal perspective (i.e., the optimal reaction coordinate) for revealing what is essential for understanding the reaction. Here, we address this issue by analyzing a number of different reaction coordinates for the same set of model reactions, namely, prototypical oxidative addition reactions of C-X bonds to palladium. We show how different choices affect the appearance of the PES, and we discuss which qualities make a particular reaction coordinate most suitable for comparing and analyzing the reactions. Furthermore, we show how the transition vector (i.e., the normal mode associated with a negative force constant that leads from the saddle point to the steepest descent paths) can serve as a useful and computationally much more efficient approximation (designated TV-IRC) for full IRC computations, in the decisive region around the transition state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan van Zeist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton H Koers
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lando P Wolters
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling, Scheikundig Laboratorium der Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Zhao L, Li SJ, Fang DC. A Theoretical Study of Ene Reactions in Solution: A Solution-Phase Translational Entropy Model. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3711-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhao
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jun Li
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
| | - De-Cai Fang
- College of Chemistry; Beijing Normal University; Beijing 100875 P.R. China
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4
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Huang G, Xia Y, Sun C, Li J, Lee D. Theoretical Studies on the Mechanism of the C–H Amination of Silyl Cyclopropenes by Azodicarboxylates. J Org Chem 2013; 78:988-95. [PMID: 23298372 DOI: 10.1021/jo302466z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genping Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials
Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- College of Chemistry and Materials
Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunrui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jingwei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Daesung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago,
Illinois 60607, United States
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5
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Sun C, Li J, Lee D, Huang G, Xia Y. Formal C-H amination of cyclopropenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10990-2. [PMID: 23034696 DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel C(sp(3))-H amination of trimethylsilyl-substituted cyclopropenes is described. This C-H amination proceeds via a tandem regioselective ene reaction between cyclopropenes and azodicarboxylate to generate a hydrazodicarboxylate intermediate followed by its site-selective allylic transposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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6
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Yamada T, Udagawa T, Sakai S. Driving force of metallo (Mg-H and Mg-Cl)-ene reaction mechanisms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:3799-805. [PMID: 20358073 DOI: 10.1039/b925166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential-energy surfaces of the metallo-ene reactions of allyl-MgH and allyl-MgCl with ethylene were studied using ab initio molecular-orbital (MO) methods. The concerted path and the stepwise path of the metallo-ene reactions of allyl-MgH and allyl-MgCl with ethylene were identified and it was determined that the energy barriers on concerted paths of the metallo-ene reactions of allyl-MgH and allyl-MgCl with ethylene are lower than those on the stepwise paths. Furthermore, the concerted path of the metallo-ene reaction of allyl-MgCl with ethylene is more favorable than that of the allyl-MgH reaction system. The reaction mechanisms were analyzed using a CiLC method on the basis of CASSCF MOs. The driving force for the concerted path reactions arises from the migration process of the metal. The difference between the reactivity of allyl-MgH and allyl-MgCl can be explained with the reaction mechanism on the basis of the driving force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Sheshenev AE, Baird MS, Bolesov IG, Shashkov AS. Stereo- and regiocontrol in ene-dimerisation and trimerisation of 1-trimethylsilyl-3-phenylcyclopropene. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Ji H, Li L, Xu X, Ham S, Hammad LA, Birney* DM. Multiphoton Infrared Initiated Thermal Reactions of Esters: Pseudopericyclic Eight-Centered cis-Elimination. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 131:528-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ja804812c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Xiaolian Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Sihyun Ham
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - Loubna A. Hammad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
| | - David M. Birney*
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061
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9
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Sakai S, Hikida T. Theoretical studies of metallo (Li and Na)-ene reaction mechanisms. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10985-92. [PMID: 18839936 DOI: 10.1021/jp806506g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The reaction mechanisms of allyl-lithium and allyl-sodium with ethylene were studied by ab initio molecular orbital (MO) methods. The reaction mechanisms were analyzed by a CiLC-IRC method on the basis of ab initio CASSCF MOs. The ene reaction pathways of allyl-Li and allyl-Na with ethylene were located. The complex between allyl-metal and ethylene for both systems is found in the first step of the reaction, and then the metal migration and new C-C bond formation occur synchronously through the transition state. The complexation energies are -13.2 and -9.6 kcal/mol for Li and Na systems, respectively. The activation energy barriers from the reactants are 3.5 kcal/mol for the Li system and 2.0 kcal/mol for the Na system at the MRMP2 calculation level. These barriers are significantly lower than that of the ene reaction of propene with ethylene as the parent reaction. The CiLC-IRC analysis shows that the reaction of allyl-metal with ethylene is a concerted ene reaction mechanism, not a metal catalysis and/or a stepwise reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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Ashirov RV, Shamov GA, Lodochnikova OA, Litvynov IA, Appolonova SA, Plemenkov VV. Tetramerization of 3-Methyl-cyclopropene-3-carbonitrile: A Novel CN-Alder-ene Reaction. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5985-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo8005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Ashirov
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Grigory A. Shamov
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Lodochnikova
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - I. A. Litvynov
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Appolonova
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly V. Plemenkov
- Department of Chemistry, RSU Immanuil Kant, Universitetskaya ul., 2, Kaliningrad 236040, Russia, Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science, Lobackevsky ul. 2/31, Kazan 420111, Russia, Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry at Kazan Science Centre, Russian Academy of Science Arbuzov ul., 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia, and FSUE “Antidope Centre”, 105005 Moscow, Russia
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11
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Sakai S, Yamada T. Theoretical studies on the photochemical reaction mechanisms of o-xylylene. Effects of phenyl group for electrocyclic reaction mechanism. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3861-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b800375k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Wakayama H, Sakai S. Theoretical Analysis of Concerted and Stepwise Mechanisms of Diels−Alder Reactions of Butadiene with Silaethylene and Disilene. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:13575-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074391g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Wakayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Shogo Sakai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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13
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Güell M, Martín N, Altable M, Filippone S, Martín-Domenech A, Solà M. Theoretical Study of the Reaction Mechanisms Involved in the Thermal Intramolecular Reactions of 1,6-Fullerenynes. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:5253-8. [PMID: 17523605 DOI: 10.1021/jp0705368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Substitution of a H atom by an alkyl group on the terminal carbon of the alkyne moiety of 1,6-fullerenynes has a strong impact on the products of the reaction undergone by this species after thermal treatment. While the reaction of 1,6-fullerenynes bearing an unsubstituted alkyne moiety results in the cycloaddition of the alkyne group to the fullerene double bond leading to cyclobutene-fused derivatives, the presence of an alkyl substituent leads to the formation of allenes. In the present work, we have performed an exhaustive theoretical analysis of all possible reaction mechanisms leading to cyclobutene-fused derivatives and allenes to offer an explanation of the reactivity differences observed. The results obtained show that formation of cyclobutene-fused derivatives occurs through a stepwise diradical reaction mechanism, while allene formation proceeds through a concerted way involving an uncommon intramolecular ene process. For the 1,6-fullerenynes bearing a substituted alkyne, the ene reaction path leading to allenes has an energy barrier somewhat lower than the stepwise diradical mechanism for the cyclobutene-fused derivative formation, thus explaining the outcome of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Güell
- Institut de Química Computacional and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Criteria for pericyclic and pseudopericyclic character of electrocyclization of (Z)-1,2,4,6-heptatetraene and (2Z)-2,4,5-hexatriene-1-imine. Theor Chem Acc 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-007-0312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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