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Fuentes C, Choi J, Wahlgren M, Nilsson L. Charge and zeta-potential distribution in starch modified with octenyl succininc anhydride (OSA) determined using electrical asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (EAF4). Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.130570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Fu Q, Xie D, Ge J, Zhang W, Shan H. Negatively Charged Composite Nanofibrous Hydrogel Membranes for High-Performance Protein Adsorption. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193500. [PMID: 36234628 PMCID: PMC9565482 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibrous materials are considered as promising candidates for fabricating high-efficiency chromatography media, which are urgently needed in protein pharmaceuticals purification and biological research, yet still face several bottlenecks. Herein, novel negatively charged composite nanofibrous hydrogel membranes (NHMs) are obtained by a facile combination of electrospinning and surface coating modification. The resulting NHMs exhibit controllable morphologies and chemical structures. Benefitting from the combined effect of the stable framework of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanofiber and the function layer of negatively charged hydrogel, as well as good pore connectivity among nanofibers, NHMs exhibit a high protein adsorption capacity of around 1000 mg g-1, and are superior to the commercial cellulose fibrous adsorbent (Sartobind®) and the reported nanofibrous membranous adsorbents. Moreover, due to their relatively stable physicochemical and mechanical properties, NHMs possess comprehensive adsorption performance, favorable resistance to acid and solvents, good selectivity, and excellent regenerability. The designed NHMs composite adsorbents are expected to supply a new protein chromatography platform for effective protein purification in biopharmaceuticals and biochemical reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Fu
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Dandan Xie
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Jianlong Ge
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Haoru Shan
- School of Textile and Clothing, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Technical Fiber Composites for Safety and Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
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Separation and zeta-potential determination of proteins and their oligomers using electrical asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (EAF4). J Chromatogr A 2020; 1633:461625. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Yu M, Silva TC, van Opstal A, Romeijn S, Every HA, Jiskoot W, Witkamp GJ, Ottens M. The Investigation of Protein Diffusion via H-Cell Microfluidics. Biophys J 2019; 116:595-609. [PMID: 30736981 PMCID: PMC6383004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a microfluidics method, using a so-called H-cell microfluidics device, for the determination of protein diffusion coefficients at different concentrations, pHs, ionic strengths, and solvent viscosities. Protein transfer takes place in the H-cell channels between two laminarly flowing streams with each containing a different initial protein concentration. The protein diffusion coefficients are calculated based on the measured protein mass transfer, the channel dimensions, and the contact time between the two streams. The diffusion rates of lysozyme, cytochrome c, myoglobin, ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, and etanercept were investigated. The accuracy of the presented methodology was demonstrated by comparing the measured diffusion coefficients with literature values measured under similar solvent conditions using other techniques. At low pH and ionic strength, the measured lysozyme diffusion coefficient increased with the protein concentration gradient, suggesting stronger and more frequent intermolecular interactions. At comparable concentration gradients, the measured lysozyme diffusion coefficient decreased drastically as a function of increasing ionic strength (from zero onwards) and increasing medium viscosity. Additionally, a particle tracing numerical simulation was performed to achieve a better understanding of the macromolecular displacement in the H-cell microchannels. It was found that particle transfer between the two channels tends to speed up at low ionic strength and high concentration gradient. This confirms the corresponding experimental observation of protein diffusion measured via the H-cell microfluidics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Andries van Opstal
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Romeijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hayley A Every
- FeyeCon Development & Implementation, Weesp, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Witkamp
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Water Desalination and Reuse Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marcel Ottens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
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Saar KL, Peter Q, Müller T, Challa PK, Herling TW, Knowles TPJ. Rapid two-dimensional characterisation of proteins in solution. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:33. [PMID: 31636924 PMCID: PMC6799820 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic platforms provide an excellent basis for working with heterogeneous samples and separating biomolecular components at high throughput, with high recovery rates and by using only very small sample volumes. To date, several micron scale platforms with preparative capabilities have been demonstrated. Here we describe and demonstrate a microfluidic device that brings preparative and analytical operations together onto a single chip and thereby allows the acquisition of multidimensional information. We achieve this objective by using a free-flow electrophoretic separation approach that directs fractions of sample into an on-chip analysis unit, where the fractions are characterised through a microfluidic diffusional sizing process. This combined approach therefore allows simultaneously quantifying the sizes and the charges of components in heterogenous mixtures. We illustrate the power of the platform by describing the size distribution of a mixture comprising components which are close in size and cannot be identified as individual components using state-of-the-art solution sizing techniques on their own. Furthermore, we show that the platform can be used for two-dimensional fingerprinting of heterogeneous protein mixtures within tens of seconds, opening up a possibility to obtain multiparameter data on biomolecular systems on a minute timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadi L. Saar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Quentin Peter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | | | - Pavan K. Challa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
| | - Therese W. Herling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
| | - Tuomas P. J. Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, J J Thomson Ave, Cambridge, CB3 0HE UK
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6
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Insight into the fission mechanism by quantitative characterization of Drp1 protein distribution in the living cell. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8122. [PMID: 29802333 PMCID: PMC5970238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main players in the process of mitochondrial fragmentation is dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), which assembles into a helical ring-like structure on the mitochondria and facilitates fission. The fission mechanism is still poorly understood and detailed information concerning oligomeric form of Drp1, its cellular distribution and the size of the fission complex is missing. To estimate oligomeric forms of Drp1 in the cytoplasm and on the mitochondria, we performed a quantitative analysis of Drp1 diffusion and distribution in gene-edited HeLa cell lines. This paper provides an insight into the fission mechanism based on the quantitative description of Drp1 cellular distribution. We found that approximately half of the endogenous GFP-Drp1 pool remained in the cytoplasm, predominantly in a tetrameric form, at a concentration of 28 ± 9 nM. The Drp1 mitochondrial pool included many different oligomeric states with equilibrium distributions that could be described by isodesmic supramolecular polymerization with a Kd of 31 ± 10 nM. We estimated the average number of Drp1 molecules forming the functional fission complex to be approximately 100, representing not more than 14% of all Drp1 oligomers. We showed that the upregulated fission induced by niclosamide is accompanied by an increase in the number of large Drp1 oligomers.
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Chernysheva MG, Badun GA, Shnitko AV, Petrova VI, Ksenofontov AL. Lysozyme-surfactant adsorption at the aqueous-air and aqueous-organic liquid interfaces as studied by tritium probe. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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8
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Kalwarczyk T, Sozanski K, Ochab-Marcinek A, Szymanski J, Tabaka M, Hou S, Holyst R. Motion of nanoprobes in complex liquids within the framework of the length-scale dependent viscosity model. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 223:55-63. [PMID: 26189602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper deals with the recent phenomenological model of the motion of nanoscopic objects (colloidal particles, proteins, nanoparticles, molecules) in complex liquids. We analysed motion in polymer, micellar, colloidal and protein solutions and the cytoplasm of living cells using the length-scale dependent viscosity model. Viscosity monotonically approaches macroscopic viscosity as the size of the object increases and thus gives a single, coherent picture of motion at the nano and macro scale. The model includes interparticle interactions (solvent-solute), temperature and the internal structure of a complex liquid. The depletion layer ubiquitously occurring in complex liquids is also incorporated into the model. We also discuss the biological aspects of crowding in terms of the length-scale dependent viscosity model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kalwarczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Sozanski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ochab-Marcinek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jedrzej Szymanski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Tabaka
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sen Hou
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland; State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, China
| | - Robert Holyst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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9
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Sun X, Su X, Wu J, Hinds BJ. Electrophoretic transport of biomolecules through carbon nanotube membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:3150-6. [PMID: 21338104 PMCID: PMC3779524 DOI: 10.1021/la104242p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrophoretic transport of proteins across electrochemically oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) membranes has been investigated. A small charged protein, lysozyme, was successfully pumped across MWCNT membranes by an electric field while rejecting larger bovine serum albumin (BSA). Transport of lysozome was reduced by a factor of about 30 in comparison to bulk mobility and consistent with the prediction for hindered transport. Mobilities between 0.33 and 1.4 × 10(-9) m(2) V(-1) s(-1) were observed and are approximately 10-fold faster than comparable ordered nanoporous membranes and consistent with continuum models. For mixtures of BSA and lysozyme, complete rejection of BSA is seen with electrophoretic separations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruce J. Hinds
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. (B. J. Hinds)
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Feller BE, Kellis JT, Cascão-Pereira LG, Robertson CR, Frank CW. Interfacial biocatalysis on charged and immobilized substrates: the roles of enzyme and substrate surface charge. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:250-263. [PMID: 21128607 DOI: 10.1021/la103079t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme charge ladder was used to examine the role of electrostatic interactions involved in biocatalysis at the solid-liquid interface. The reactive substrate consisted of an immobilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) multilayer prepared using a layer-by-layer technique. The zeta potential of the BSA substrate and each enzyme variant was measured to determine the absolute charge in solution. Enzyme adsorption and the rate of substrate surface hydrolysis were monitored for the enzyme charge ladder series to provide information regarding the strength of the enzyme-substrate interaction and the rate of interfacial biocatalysis. First, each variant of the charge ladder was examined at pH 8 for various solution ionic strengths. We found that for positively charged variants the adsorption increased with the magnitude of the charge until the surface became saturated. For higher ionic strength solutions, a greater positive enzyme charge was required to induce adsorption. Interestingly, the maximum catalytic rate was not achieved at enzyme saturation but at an invariable intermediate level of adsorption for each ionic strength value. Furthermore, the maximum achievable reaction rate for the charge ladder was larger for higher ionic strength values. We propose that diffusion plays an important role in interfacial biocatalysis, and for strong enzyme-substrate interaction, the rate of diffusion is reduced, leading to a decrease in the overall reaction rate. We investigated the effect of substrate charge by varying the solution pH from 6.1 to 8.7 and by examining multiple ionic strength values for each pH. The same intermediate level of adsorption was found to maximize the overall reaction rate. However, the ionic strength response of the maximum achievable rate was clearly dependent on the pH of the experiment. We propose that this observation is not a direct effect of pH but is caused by the change in substrate surface charge induced by changing the pH. To prove this hypothesis, BSA substrates were chemically modified to reduce the magnitude of the negative charge at pH 8. Chemical modification was accomplished by the amidation of aspartic and glutamic acids to asparagine and glutamine. The ionic strength response of the chemically modified substrate was considerably different than that for the native BSA substrate at an identical pH, consistent with the trend based on substrate surface charge. Consequently, for substrates with a low net surface charge, the maximum achievable catalytic rate of the charge ladder was relatively independent of the solution ionic strength over the range examined; however, at high net substrate surface charge, the maximum rate showed a considerable ionic strength dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob E Feller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5025, United States
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11
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Gapiński J, Szymański J, Wilk A, Kohlbrecher J, Patkowski A, Hołyst R. Size and shape of micelles studied by means of SANS, PCS, and FCS. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9304-9314. [PMID: 20345164 DOI: 10.1021/la100181d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C(12)E(6)) micelles at concentrations up to 10% have been studied in their isotropic phase (10-48 degrees C) by means of small angle neutron scattering (SANS) and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). The SANS data obtained at low temperatures could be unequivocally interpreted as a result of scattering from a suspension of compact globular micelles with the shape of a triaxial ellipsoid or a short end-capped elliptical rod. Different models have been applied to analyze the SANS data obtained at higher temperatures: (i) elongated rod-like micelles with purely sterical interactions, (ii) compact globular micelles with a weak attractive potential, and (iii) globular micelles influenced by the critical phenomena in the whole temperature range studied. The good quality of the experimental data indicated model (i) as the best fit for our data. The diffusion coefficients obtained from the PCS measurements have been compared to the diffusion coefficients calculated for the rod-like micelles--results of the SANS data analysis. A good agreement was achieved using the solvent viscosity, in agreement with the theoretical predictions for sterically interacting globular colloidal particles. Finally, the SANS results obtained at 24 degrees C were compared to the micelle self-diffusion coefficients previously measured by means of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) at this temperature. The good agreement obtained after scaling the data with solution viscosity supports the validity of the generalized Stokes-Einstein relation in sterically interacting systems: the product of the colloidal particle self-diffusion coefficient and the macroscopic viscosity remains constant in a broad range of concentrations. It has been concluded that the FCS technique in combination with simple viscosity measurements might serve as a tool for estimating the micellar size and shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Gapiński
- Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 85 61-614 Poznań, Poland.
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12
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Chung WK, Evans ST, Freed AS, Keba JJ, Baer ZC, Rege K, Cramer SM. Utilization of lysozyme charge ladders to examine the effects of protein surface charge distribution on binding affinity in ion exchange systems. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:759-768. [PMID: 19678624 DOI: 10.1021/la902135t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A lysozyme library was employed to study the effects of protein surface modification on protein retention and to elucidate preferred protein binding orientations for cation exchange chromatography. Acetic anhydride was used as an acetylating agent to modify protein surface lysine residues. Partial acetylation of lysozyme resulted in the formation of a homologous set of modified proteins with varying charge densities and distribution. The resulting protein charge ladder was separated on a cation exchange column, and eluent fractions were subsequently analyzed using capillary zone electrophoresis and direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The ion exchange separation showed a significant degree of variation in the retention time of the different variants. Several fractions contained coelution of variants, some with differing net charge. In addition, several cases were observed where variants with more positive surface charge eluted from the column prior to variants with less positive charge. Enzymatic digest followed by mass spectrometry was performed to determine the sites of acetylation on the surface of the variants eluting in various fractions. Electrostatic potential maps of these variants were then generated to provide further insight into the elution order of the variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Keen Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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Zhong Q, Jin M. Nanoscalar structures of spray-dried zein microcapsules and in vitro release kinetics of the encapsulated lysozyme as affected by formulations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:3886-3894. [PMID: 19415929 DOI: 10.1021/jf803951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sustained release of antimicrobials may be a viable solution to enhance the bioavailability during the shelf life of food products. In this work, spray-drying was used to encapsulate a model antimicrobial of lysozyme in corn zein. The effects of zein/lysozyme (20:1 to 4:1) and zein/thymol (1:0 to 4:1) ratios on the microstructures of microcapsules and in vitro release profiles of the encapsulated lysozyme were investigated. In all cases, less lysozyme was released at higher pH, resulting from stronger molecular attraction between zein and lysozyme. Nanoscalar matrix structures of microcapsules were correlated with release characteristics of the encapsulated lysozyme. At intermediate zein/lysozyme (10:1) and zein/thymol (50:1) ratios, microcapsules had a continuous matrix structure and showed sustained release (11.1-65.3%) of lysozyme at pH 6 over 49 days. This work may be developed into practical food grade delivery systems of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Zhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
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14
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Holyst R, Bielejewska A, Szymański J, Wilk A, Patkowski A, Gapiński J, Żywociński A, Kalwarczyk T, Kalwarczyk E, Tabaka M, Ziębacz N, Wieczorek SA. Scaling form of viscosity at all length-scales in poly(ethylene glycol) solutions studied by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and capillary electrophoresis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9025-32. [DOI: 10.1039/b908386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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FUJIWARA K, HIROKAWA S, AOKI M. Optical Parameter Dependence of Fluorescence Correlation Spectrometry without Using Magnification Tools. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:1237-9. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kitao FUJIWARA
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Shun HIROKAWA
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Motohide AOKI
- School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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