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Tanaka H, Kuwahata K, Tachikawa M, Udagawa T. Nuclear quantum and H/D isotope effects on aromaticity: path integral molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 38993110 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01331j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity is an important concept in organic chemistry, and thus, many theoretical and experimental studies have been conducted so far. However, the majority of theoretical studies have concentrated on the aromaticity of the stationary point structures. Herein, the influence of nuclear quantum fluctuation (nuclear quantum effects: NQEs) and thermal fluctuation on the aromaticity of benzene have been analyzed by path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulation. The PIMD simulations revealed that the NQEs affected not only the C-H bonds but also the C-C bonds. The HOMA and NICS calculations demonstrated that the aromaticity decreased due to the NQEs of carbon atoms, attributed to an increase in the contribution from specific vibrational modes strongly correlated with benzene's aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
| | - Kazuaki Kuwahata
- Graduate School of NanobioScience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Graduate School of NanobioScience, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
| | - Taro Udagawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.
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2
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Radenković S, Đorđević S, Nikolendžić M. Effect of Benzo-Annelation on Triplet State Energies in Polycyclic Conjugated Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400361. [PMID: 38488676 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
In a series of earlier studies, the effect of benzo-annelation was found to be a useful tool for tuning the aromaticity in polycyclic conjugated compounds to desired level. In this work we studied the (anti)aromaticity of benzo-annelated derivatives of three conjugated hydrocarbons (anthracene, fluoranthene and biphenylene) in their lowest lying singlet (S0) and triplet (T1) states by means of the energy effect (ef), harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), multicentre delocalization indices (MCI), magnetically induced current densities (MICDs) and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS). We showed that benzo-annelation is a topology-based effect which can be used to modify the T1 state excitation energies (E(T1)). A quantitative model was established being able to accurately predict the E(T1) based only on the numbers of angularly, linearly and geminally annelated benzene rings. In addition, it was demonstrated that the E(T1) can be directly related to the (anti)aromatic character of the central ring in the studied molecules in their S0 state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Slađana Đorđević
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
| | - Marijana Nikolendžić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia
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3
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Tubular Magnetic Shielding Scan (TMSS): A New Technique for Molecular Space Exploration. (i) The Case of Aromaticity of Benzene and [ n]Paracyclophanes. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:6614-6627. [PMID: 37501257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Both traditional and novel techniques were employed in this work for magnetic shielding evaluation to shed new light on the magnetic and aromaticity properties of benzene and 12 [n]paracyclophanes with n = 3-14. Density functional theory (DFT) with the B3LYP functional and all-electron Jorge-ATZP and x2c-TZVPPall-s basis sets was utilized for geometry optimization and magnetic shielding calculations, respectively. Additionally, the 6-311+G(d,p) basis set was incorporated for the purpose of comparing the magnetic shielding results. In addition to traditional evaluations such as NICS/NICSzz-Scan, and 2D-3D σiso(r)/σzz(r) maps, two new techniques were implemented: bendable grids (BGs) and cylindrical grids (CGs) of ghost atoms (Bqs). BGs allow for the recording of magnetic shielding from the bent ring levels of [n]pCPs, while CGs provide tubular magnetic shielding scan (TMSS) maps detailing the magnetic shielding from a cylindrical region above and below the ring frame. Our findings suggest that smaller [n]pCPs with n < 6 exhibit deviations in the magnetic shielding above and below the ring, indicating a broken electron delocalization under the ring. In contrast, larger [n]pCPs tend to behave similarly to benzene in terms of magnetic shielding. Moreover, we found that shorter polymethylene chains of [n]pCPs exhibit significantly higher magnetic shielding interactions with the ring. Both of the above techniques offer new and promising tools for characterizing nonplanar aromatic compounds, thereby contributing to a deeper understanding of their magnetic and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muntadar A H Al-Yassiri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Al-Jadirya, Baghdad 10071, Iraq
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4
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Varandas AJC. Carbon-[ n]Triangulenes and Sila-[ n]Triangulenes: Which Are Planar? J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37256705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using our recently suggested concept of a quasi-molecule ("tile") and, in the case of the planarity here at stake, its generalization to larger than tetratomics, we explain why carbon [n]triangulenes tend to be planar, while hybrids, where just a few or even all a- or b-type carbon atoms are silicon-substituted (sila-[n]triangulenes), tend to be planar/nonplanar when compared with the unsubstituted carbon-[n]triangulenes. Because other spin states of the parent carbon- and sila-[n]triangulenes tend to correlate with the same tiles, it is conjectured that no structural changes are expected to depend on their spin state. Other polycyclic and sila-compounds are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J C Varandas
- School of Physics and Physical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Espí rito Santo, 29075-910 Vitória, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Coimbra Chemistry Centre, University of Coimbra 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal
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5
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Synthesis of precisely functionalizable curved nanographenes via graphitization-induced regioselective chlorination in a mechanochemical Scholl Reaction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:803. [PMID: 36781875 PMCID: PMC9925806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While the synthesis of nanographenes has advanced greatly in the past few years, development of their atomically precise functionalization strategies remains rare. The ability to modify the carbon scaffold translates to controlling, adjusting, and adapting molecular properties. Towards this end, here, we show that mechanochemistry is capable of transforming graphitization precursors directly into chlorinated curved nanographenes through a Scholl reaction. The halogenation occurs in a regioselective, high-yielding, and general manner. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations suggest that graphitization activates specific edge-positions for chlorination. The chlorine atoms allow for precise chemical modification of the nanographenes through a Suzuki or a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction. The edge modification enables modulation of material properties. Among the molecules prepared, corannulene-coronene hybrids and laterally fully π-extended helicenes, heptabenzo[5]superhelicenes, are particularly noteworthy.
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6
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George G, Stasyuk OA, Voityuk AA, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Aromaticity controls the excited-state properties of host-guest complexes of nanohoops. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:1221-1229. [PMID: 36537223 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
π-Conjugated organic molecules have exciting applications as materials for batteries, solar cells, light-emitting diodes, etc. Among these systems, antiaromatic compounds are of particular interest because of their smaller HOMO-LUMO energy gap compared to aromatic compounds. A small HOMO-LUMO gap is expected to facilitate charge transfer in the systems. Here we report the ground and excited-state properties of two model nanohoops that are nitrogen-doped analogs of recently synthesized [4]cyclodibenzopentalenes - tetramers of benzene-fused aromatic 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole ([4]DHPP) and antiaromatic pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole ([4]PP). Their complexes with C60 fullerene show different behavior upon photoexcitation, depending on the degree of aromaticity. [4]DHPP acts as an electron donor, whereas [4]PP is a stronger electron acceptor than C60. The ultrafast charge separation combined with the slow charge recombination that we found for [4]PP⊃C60 indicates a long lifetime of the charge transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- G George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - O A Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - A A Voityuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - A J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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7
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Pedersen J, Mikkelsen KV. A benchmark study of aromaticity indexes for benzene, pyridine and the diazines - I. Ground state aromaticity. RSC Adv 2022; 12:2830-2842. [PMID: 35425306 PMCID: PMC8979194 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00093h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different aromaticity indexes are benchmarked for benzene, pyridine and the diazines in their ground states. A basis set study was performed using the Pople style, Karlsruhe and Dunning's correlation consistent basis sets. Ten different DFT functionals, including LSDA, PBE, PBE0, B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, wB97XD, M06-2X, SOGGA11X, M11 and MN15 were benchmarked by comparison with CCSD, CASSCF and MP2. Large out-of-plane imaginary frequencies were observed for some of the optimized structures at the correlated wavefunction level of theory. It was found that the DFT functionals in general predict the para-delocalization index, multicenter index and aromatic fluctuation index to be approximately 70%, 50% and 45% larger, respectively, compared to the CCSD method. Comparisons of the DFT functionals showed that the wB97XD, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X functionals performed the best. Furthermore, the basis set dependence of the DFT functionals was found to be large for the electron sharing indexes. Based on these findings, it is recommended to perform ground state calculations of aromaticity indexes at the wB97XD, CAM-B3LYP or M06-2X level of theory utilizing a simple basis set of triple-ζ quality. Five different aromaticity indexes are benchmarked for benzene, pyridine and the diazines in their ground states.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK-2100 Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen DK-2100 Denmark
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Manassir M, Pakiari AH. Valence non-Lewis density as an approach to describe and measure aromaticity of organic and inorganic molecules. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 110:108062. [PMID: 34775218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.108062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Based on the linear combination of atomic orbital-molecular orbital by the natural bond orbitals (NBO) theory, the attractive donor-acceptor superposition interaction between filled (Lewis-type) and vacant (non-Lewis-type) orbitals provide a general mechanism for quantal energy lowering. This interaction has a direct impact on the quantity of the second-order stabilization energy. Therefore, the valence non-Lewis density (VNLD) index, the electron density of unoccupied valence nonbonding and antibonding orbitals, is introduced as an approach to describe and measure aromaticity. This index is based on the frontier orbital concept. To investigate the validity of the proposed aromaticity index, we selected several test sets of organic and inorganic molecules such as different ring sizes in cyclic and heterocyclic hydrocarbons, and all-metal and semimetal clusters, and compared our findings with previous aromaticity analysis. According to the results, VNLD values are well correlated and anticipated the order of aromaticity with the formerly introduced criteria. Furthermore, VNLD reveals that the rings with π-sextet electrons localized in a ring are more aromatic than the other rings, thus, it is in line with Clar's rule. Our proposed aromaticity index has advantages such as, easy to obtain from NBO analysis, and does not require reference molecules which made it more applicable for realizing the aromaticity order in many organic and inorganic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Manassir
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Ali H Pakiari
- Chemistry Department, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
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9
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Zhang X, Shi H, Zhuang G, Wang S, Wang J, Yang S, Shao X, Du P. A Highly Strained All‐Phenylene Conjoined Bismacrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering Zhejiang University of Technology 18 Chaowang Road Hangzhou Zhejiang Province 310032 China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui Province 230026 China
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10
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Zhang X, Shi H, Zhuang G, Wang S, Wang J, Yang S, Shao X, Du P. A Highly Strained All-Phenylene Conjoined Bismacrocycle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17368-17372. [PMID: 33945657 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the precise synthesis of a 3D highly strained all-phenylene bismacrocycle, termed conjoined (1,4)[10]cycloparaphenylenophane (SCPP[10]). This structure consists of a twisted benzene ring which is bridged twice by phenylene units anchored in two para-positions. The conjoined structure of SCPP[10] was confirmed in real space at the atomic scale by scanning tunneling microscopy. Theoretical calculations indicate that this bismacrocycle has a very high strain energy of 110.59 kcal mol-1 and the largest interphenylene torsion angle of 46.07° caused by multiple repulsive interactions. Furthermore, a 1:2 host-guest complex of SCPP[10] and [6,6]-phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester was investigated, which represents the first peanut-shaped 1:2 host-guest complex based on bismacrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Hong Shi
- Department of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Guilin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310032, China
| | - Shengda Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Xiang Shao
- Department of Chemical Physics, CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
| | - Pingwu Du
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering,iChEM, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230026, China
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Vu KB, Le Phuc Nhi T, Vu VV, Tung Ngo S. How do magnetic, structural, and electronic criteria of aromaticity relate to HOMO – LUMO gap? An evaluation for graphene quantum dot and its derivatives. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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12
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Zhao Y, Xie Q, Sun T, Wu J, Zhu J. Predicting an Antiaromatic Benzene Ring in the Ground State Caused by Hyperconjugation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:4309-4314. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiashun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfacesCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM)Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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13
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Vidhya V, Austine A, Arivazhagan M. Quantum chemical determination of molecular geometries and spectral investigation of 4-ethoxy-2, 3-difluoro benzamide. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02365. [PMID: 31844688 PMCID: PMC6895590 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the application of density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP with various basis sets which provide the relationship between the structural and spectral properties of 4-ethoxy-2, 3-difluoro benzamide (4EDFB). A Complete vibrational analysis has been performed at the density functional theory (DFT) method with various basis sets in the ground state. The results of vibrational wave numbers are in good agreement with the experimental spectra (Infrared and Raman). Energy gap of the molecule is evaluated using frontier molecular orbital energies (HOMO-LUMO). The frontier energy gap value reveals the chemical reactivity and intermolecular charge transfer occur within the molecule. Global chemical descriptors provide the local and global softness and local reactivity parameters used to identify the nucleophilic and electrophilic behavior of a specific site within the compound. The dimer structure is performed to evaluate the intermolecular hydrogen bond (O-H-O). The title molecule is capable of receiving second harmonic generation (SHG) is due to high value of hyperpolarizability indicates the NLO activity of the molecule. Apart from NLO entities, aromaticity and the molecular electrostatic potential surface (MEP) explain the hydrogen bonding and provide the reactive behavior of the molecule. The Mulliken population analysis leads to redistribution of electron density in the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Vidhya
- Department of Physics, Trichy Engineering College, Trichy, 621132, India
| | - A. Austine
- PG&Research Department of Physics, A.A.Government Arts College, Musiri, 621211, India
| | - M. Arivazhagan
- PG&Research Department of Physics, Government Arts College, Trichy, 620022, India
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14
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Szymanski S, Majerz I. Aromaticity and Electron Density of Hypericin. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2106-2115. [PMID: 31348658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the substituents on the geometry of the central ring system of hypericin has been analyzed. Substitution that causes flattening of the hypericin central rings is connected with introducing the aromatic character of the empty rings. All the hypericin rings have an aromatic character illustrated by the Harmonic Oscillator Measure of Aromaticity (HOMA), Nucleus Independent Chemical Shift (NICS), Fluctuation Index (FLU), and Ellipticity Index (EL) indices. Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analyses performed on 7,14-dihydrophenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene, its substituted analogues, and hypericin show an influence of this substitution on electron density of the central rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Szymanski
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 211a , 50-556 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Irena Majerz
- Faculty of Pharmacy , Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 211a , 50-556 Wroclaw , Poland
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15
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Narsaria AK, Hamlin TA, Lammertsma K, Bickelhaupt FM. Dual Activation of Aromatic Diels-Alder Reactions. Chemistry 2019; 25:9902-9912. [PMID: 31111976 PMCID: PMC6771859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The unusually fast Diels–Alder reactions of [5]cyclophanes were analyzed by DFT at the BLYP‐D3(BJ)/TZ2P level of theory. The computations were guided by an integrated activation‐strain and Kohn–Sham molecular orbital analysis. It is revealed why both [5]metacyclophane and [5]paracyclophane exhibit a significant rate enhancement compared to their planar benzene analogue. The activation strain analyses revealed that the enhanced reactivity originates from 1) predistortion of the aromatic core resulting in a reduced activation strain of the aromatic diene, and/or 2) enhanced interaction with the dienophile through a distortion‐controlled lowering of the HOMO–LUMO gap within the diene. Both of these physical mechanisms and thus the rate of Diels–Alder cycloaddition can be tuned through different modes of geometrical distortion (meta versus para bridging) and by heteroatom substitution in the aromatic ring. Judicious choice of the bridge and heteroatom in the aromatic core enables effective tuning of the aromatic Diels–Alder reactivity to achieve activation barriers as low as 2 kcal mol−1, which is an impressive 35 kcal mol−1 lower than that of benzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush K Narsaria
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koop Lammertsma
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525, AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Costa A, López‐Castillo A. Polyazulenes and Polynaphthalenes: Prediction and Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Costa
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos, SP 13560-970 Brazil
| | - A. López‐Castillo
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos, SP 13560-970 Brazil
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17
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Tzeli D, Kozielewicz P, Zloh M, Antonow D, Tsoungas PG, Petsalakis ID. Naphthalene Peri Annelated N,N- and N,O-Heterocycles: The Effect of Heteroatom-Guided Peri
-Fusion on Their Structure and Reactivity Profiles-A Theoretical Endoscopy. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Demeter Tzeli
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave.; Athens 116 35 Greece
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Karoliska Institutet; Dept of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet, Solnavägen 9; 17165 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mire Zloh
- Dept of Pharmacy; School of Life & Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Hertfordshire; AL10 9AB, U K
| | - Dyeison Antonow
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq); Brazil
| | - Petros G. Tsoungas
- Department of Biochemistry; Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vas.Sofias Ave., Athens; GR-11521 Greece
| | - Ioannis D. Petsalakis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute; National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave.; Athens 116 35 Greece
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18
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Durbeej B, Wang J, Oruganti B. Molecular Photoswitching Aided by Excited-State Aromaticity. Chempluschem 2018; 83:958-967. [PMID: 31950720 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Central to the development of optoelectronic devices is the availability of efficient synthetic molecular photoswitches, the design of which is an arena where the evolving concept of excited-state aromaticity (ESA) is yet to make a big impact. The aim of this minireview is to illustrate the potential of this concept to become a key tool for the future design of photoswitches. The paper starts with a discussion of challenges facing the use of photoswitches for applications and continues with an account of how the ESA concept has progressed since its inception. Then, following some brief remarks on computational modeling of photoswitches and ESA, the paper describes two different approaches to improve the quantum yields and response times of switches driven by E/Z photoisomerization or photoinduced H-atom/proton transfer reactions through simple ESA considerations. It is our hope that these approaches, verified by quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, will help stimulate the application of the ESA concept as a general tool for designing more efficient photoswitches and other functional molecules used in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Durbeej
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jun Wang
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Baswanth Oruganti
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, IFM, Linköping University, SE-581 83, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, GITAM Institute of Science (GIS), GITAM University, Visakhapatnam-, 530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
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19
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El Bakouri O, Postils V, Garcia-Borràs M, Duran M, Luis JM, Calvello S, Soncini A, Matito E, Feixas F, Solà M. Metal Cluster Electrides: A New Type of Molecular Electride with Delocalised Polyattractor Character. Chemistry 2018; 24:9853-9859. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Miquel Duran
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Simone Calvello
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea; Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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20
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Majerz I, Dziembowska T. Aromaticity of benzene derivatives: an exploration of the Cambridge Structural Database. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION B-STRUCTURAL SCIENCE CRYSTAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIALS 2018; 74:148-151. [DOI: 10.1107/s2052520618000987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) index, one of the most popular aromaticity indices for solid-state benzene rings in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD), has been analyzed. The histograms of HOMA for benzene, for benzene derivatives with one formyl, nitro, amino or hydroxy group as well as the histograms for the derivatives with two formyl, nitro, amino or hydroxy groups inortho,metaandparapositions were investigated. The majority of the substituted benzene derivatives in the CSD are characterized by a high value of HOMA, indicating fully aromatic character; however, the distribution of the HOMA value from 1 to about 0 indicates decreasing aromaticity down to non-aromatic character. Among the benzene derivatives investigated, a significant decrease in aromaticity can be related to compounds with diamino and dinitro groups in themetaposition.
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21
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Szczepanik DW, Andrzejak M, Dominikowska J, Pawełek B, Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H, Solà M. The electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB) applied for quantifying aromaticity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:28970-28981. [PMID: 29063082 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06114e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study the recently developed electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB) is used to define a new measure of aromaticity in molecular rings. The relationships between bond-length alternation, electron delocalization and diatropicity of the induced ring current are investigated for a test set of representative molecular rings by means of correlation and principal component analyses involving the most popular aromaticity descriptors based on structural, electronic, and magnetic criteria. Additionally, a qualitative comparison is made between EDDB and the magnetically induced ring-current density maps from the ipsocentric approach for a series of linear acenes. Special emphasis is given to the comparative study of the description of cyclic delocalization of electrons in a wide range of organic aromatics in terms of the kekulean multicenter index KMCI and the newly proposed EDDBk index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz W Szczepanik
- K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Marcin Andrzejak
- K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Justyna Dominikowska
- Department of Theoretical and Structural Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90-236 Łódź, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawełek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Cracow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz M Krygowski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Quìmica Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurelia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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22
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Casademont-Reig I, Woller T, Contreras-García J, Alonso M, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Matito E. New electron delocalization tools to describe the aromaticity in porphyrinoids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:2787-2796. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There are several possible pathways in the macrocycle of large porphyrinoids and, among aromaticity indices, only AVminis capable of recognizing the most aromatic one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont-Reig
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris
- UMR 7616 Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique
- CNRS
- UMR 7616
- Paris
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- Pleinlaan 2
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
| | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea
- Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
- and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)
- P.K. 1072
- 20080 Donostia
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23
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Antić M, Furtula B, Radenković S. Aromaticity of Nonplanar Fully Benzenoid Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3616-3626. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marija Antić
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Boris Furtula
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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24
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Abstract
Ring-current diamagnetism of a polycyclic π-system is closely associated with thermodynamic stability due to the individual circuits. Magnetic resonance energy (MRE), derived from the ring-current diamagnetic susceptibility, was explored in conjunction with graph-theoretically defined topological resonance energy (TRE). For many aromatic molecules, MRE is highly correlative with TRE with a correlation coefficient of 0.996. For all π-systems studied, MRE has the same sign as TRE. The only trouble with MRE may be that some antiaromatic and non-alternant species exhibit unusually large MRE-to-TRE ratios. This kind of difficulty can in principle be overcome by prior geometry-optimisation or by changing spin multiplicity. Apart from the semi-empirical resonance-theory resonance energy, MRE is considered as the first aromatic stabilisation energy (ASE) defined without referring to any hypothetical polyene reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Aihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shizuoka University, Oya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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25
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Szczepanik DW, Solà M, Andrzejak M, Pawełek B, Dominikowska J, Kukułka M, Dyduch K, Krygowski TM, Szatylowicz H. The role of the long-range exchange corrections in the description of electron delocalization in aromatic species. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:1640-1654. [PMID: 28436535 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we address the role of the long-range exchange corrections in description of the cyclic delocalization of electrons in aromatic systems at the density functional theory level. A test set of diversified monocyclic and polycyclic aromatics is used in benchmark calculations involving various exchange-correlation functionals. A special emphasis is given to the problem of local aromaticity in acenes, which has been a subject of long-standing debate in the literature. The presented results indicate that the noncorrected exchange-correlation functionals significantly overestimate cyclic delocalization of electrons in heteroaromatics and aromatic systems with fused rings, which in the case of acenes leads to conflicting local aromaticity predictions from different criteria. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Faculty of Chemistry, K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computational i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marcin Andrzejak
- Faculty of Chemistry, K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
| | - Barbara Pawełek
- Institute of Botany, Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, Cracow, 30-387, Poland
| | - Justyna Dominikowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Theoretical and Structural Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, Lodz, 90-236, Poland
| | - Mercedes Kukułka
- Faculty of Chemistry, K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
| | - Karol Dyduch
- Faculty of Chemistry, K. Gumiński Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, Cracow, 30-060, Poland
| | - Tadeusz M Krygowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Crystallography, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw, 02-093, Poland
| | - Halina Szatylowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, Warsaw, 00-664, Poland
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona Girona, Spain
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27
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Preethalayam P, Krishnan KS, Thulasi S, Chand SS, Joseph J, Nair V, Jaroschik F, Radhakrishnan KV. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Pentafulvenes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:3930-3989. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Preethanuj Preethalayam
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - K. Syam Krishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Sreeja Thulasi
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - S. Sarath Chand
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Jomy Joseph
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - Vijay Nair
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Florian Jaroschik
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims CNRS (UMR 7312) and Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims 51687 Cedex 2, France
| | - K. V. Radhakrishnan
- Organic
Chemistry Section, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Trivandrum 695 019, Kerala, India
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28
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Fantuzzi F, de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. The Nature of the Chemical Bond from a Quantum Mechanical Interference Perspective. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - David Wilian Oliveira de Sousa
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Departmento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Avenida Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A-412
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29
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Radenković S, Antić M, Savić ND, Glišić BĐ. The nature of the Au–N bond in gold(iii) complexes with aromatic nitrogen-containing heterocycles: the influence of Au(iii) ions on the ligand aromaticity. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj02634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic character of nitrogen-containing rings is decreased upon gold(iii) coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Marija Antić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Nada D. Savić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Biljana Đ. Glišić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science
- R. Domanovića 12
- P. O. Box 60
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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30
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Strain or electronic effects? MP2 and DFT aromaticity investigation in small ring annulated benzene. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Majerz I, Dziembowska T. Aromaticity and Through-Space Interaction between Aromatic Rings in [2.2]Paracyclophanes. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:8138-8147. [PMID: 27690255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The HOMA index calculated for [2.2]paracyclophanes in the solid state reveals a slight decrease of aromaticity. Interactions between aromatic rings of [2.2]paracyclophane have been investigated using AIM and NCI analysis in both crystal and optimized [2.2]paracyclophane structures. AIM analysis showed that the C···C bond path between the two aromatic rings is present only in few [2.2]paracyclophanes. The NCI approach visualized the dispersion and repulsive interactions between the aromatic rings of every [2.2]paracyclophane. Combination of AIM and the NCI approach is necessary for determining and identifying nonbonded interactions in [2.2]paracyclophanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Majerz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University , Borowska 211a, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Dziembowska
- Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Protection, West Pomeranian University of Technology , 70-061, Szczecin, Poland
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32
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El Bakouri O, Poater J, Feixas F, Solà M. Exploring the validity of the Glidewell–Lloyd extension of Clar’s π-sextet rule: assessment from polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1970-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Electron density analysis of bent aromatic molecules: intramolecular interactions in small paracyclophanes. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1960-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Fowler PW, Myrvold W, Jenkinson D, Bird WH. Perimeter ring currents in benzenoids from Pauling bond orders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11756-64. [PMID: 26762560 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07000g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is shown that the ring currents in perimeter hexagonal rings of Kekulean benzenoids, as estimated within the Randić conjugated-circuit model, can be calculated directly without tedious pairwise comparison of Kekulé structures or Kekulé counting for cycle-deleted subgraphs. Required are only the Pauling bond orders of perimeter bonds and the number of Kekulé structures of the benzenoid, both readily available from the adjacency matrix of the carbon skeleton. This approach provides easy calculation of complete current maps for benzenoids in which every face has at least one bond on the perimeter (as in the example of cata-condensed benzenoids), and allows qualitative evaluation of the main ring-current contributions to (1)H chemical shifts in general benzenoids. A combined Randić-Pauling model for correlation of ring current and bond length through bond order is derived and shown to be consistent with resilience of current under bond alternation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Fowler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - Wendy Myrvold
- Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
| | - Daniel Jenkinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, UK.
| | - William H Bird
- Department of Computer Science, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 3P6, Canada.
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35
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Sun G, Duan XX, Liu CG. The effect of Li doping on the nonlinear optical properties of [2.2]paracyclophane. J Mol Model 2016; 22:21. [PMID: 26733484 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-015-2879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The similar molecules [2.2]paracyclophane (22PCP) and 1,1,2,2,9,9,10,10-octafluoro[2.2]paracyclophane (8F22PCP) have both generated considerable synthetic interest since they were first prepared. In this work, the nonlinear optical properties of 22PCP, 8F22PCP, and the related Li-doped systems 22PCP-Li and 8F22PCP-Li (which have a Li atom above 22PCP and 8F22PCP, respectively) were investigated. An analysis of natural bond orbital charges showed that there is greater charge transfer from the Li atom to the benzene rings in 8F22PCP-Li than in 22PCP-Li. The variation in the calculated nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) value as a function of the distance from the lower benzene ring towards the upper benzene ring was found to be W-shaped for both 22PCP and 22PCP-Li. Moreover, whereas all of the NICS values of 22PCP and 22PCP-Li were markedly negative, all of the NICS values of 8F22PCP and 8F22PCP-Li were either positive or only moderately negative. Calculations of the electro-optical properties of these systems showed that the first hyperpolarizability of 22PCP-Li was noticeably larger than that of 8F22PCP-Li. According to the two-level model, the larger first hyperpolarizability of 22PCP-Li is due to its smaller transition energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- Chemistry and Biology Academy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi-Xin Duan
- Chemistry and Biology Academy, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Guang Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Dianli University, Jilin, 132012, People's Republic of China
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Castro AC, Osorio E, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Matito E, Tiznado W, Merino G. Scalar and Spin-Orbit Relativistic Corrections to the NICS and the Induced Magnetic Field: The case of the E12(2-) Spherenes (E = Ge, Sn, Pb). J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 6:2701-5. [PMID: 26616070 DOI: 10.1021/ct100304c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Can relativistic effects modify the NICS and the B(ind) values? In this manuscript we evaluate the relativistic corrections incorporated via the zeroth-order regular approximation to the calculations of nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the induced magnetic field (B(ind)) in the E12(2-) spherenes (E = Ge, Sn, Pb). We found that both electron delocalization descriptors are strongly affected by the relativistic corrections. For instance, for plumbaspherene, the difference in values from the nonrelativistic to the relativity-included calculation is almost 40 ppm! Our results show that the changes observed in the NICS and B(ind) values in the title cages are a consequence of the treatment of the relativistic effects. If these effects are included as scalar or spin-orbit calculations, then we can establish the next trend: Ge12(2-) is a nonaromatic species, Sn12(2-) is a low aromatic species, and Pb12(2-) is strongly aromatic, according to calculated NICS and B(ind) values. Thus, any prediction of electron delocalization in molecules containing heavy elements without considering an adequate treatment for relativistic effects may lead to an erroneous chemical interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abril Carolina Castro
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Edison Osorio
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eduard Matito
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Química, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Col. Noria Alta s/n C.P. 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, México, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago-Chile, and Institute of Physics, University of Szczecin, 70-451 Szczecin, Poland
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Reisi-Vanani A, Rezaei AA. Evaluation of the aromaticity of non-planar and bowl-shaped molecules by NICS criterion. J Mol Graph Model 2015; 61:85-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
This review describes the current state of magnetic criteria of aromaticity. The introduction contains the fundamentals of ring currents in aromatic and antiaromatic systems, followed by a brief description of experimental and computational tools: NMR, diamagnetic susceptibility exaltation, current density analyses (CDA) and nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS). This is followed by more comprehensive chapters: NMR - focusing on the work of R. Mitchell - NICS and CDA - describing the progress and development of the methods to their current state and presenting some examples of representative work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational Quantum Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Cardozo TM, Fantuzzi F, Nascimento MAC. The non-covalent nature of the molecular structure of the benzene molecule. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 16:11024-30. [PMID: 24779029 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55256j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The benzene molecule is one of the most emblematic systems in chemistry, with its structural features being present in numerous different compounds. We have carried out an analysis of the influence of quantum mechanical interference on the geometric features of the benzene molecule, showing that many of the characteristics of its equilibrium geometry are a consequence of non-covalent contributions to the energy. This result implies that quasi-classical reasoning should be sufficient to predict the defining aspects of the benzene structure such as its planarity and equivalence of its bond lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Messias Cardozo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149, A412, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 21.941-909, Brazil.
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Radenković S, Tošović J, Đurđević Nikolić J. Local Aromaticity in Naphtho-Annelated Fluoranthenes: Can the Five-Membered Rings Be More Aromatic Than the Six-Membered Rings? J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4972-82. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- Faculty
of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Tošović
- Faculty
of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đurđević Nikolić
- Faculty
of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Feixas F, Matito E, Poater J, Solà M. Quantifying aromaticity with electron delocalisation measures. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:6434-51. [PMID: 25858673 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aromaticity cannot be measured directly by any physical or chemical experiment because it is not a well-defined magnitude. Its quantification is done indirectly from the measure of different properties that are usually found in aromatic compounds such as bond length equalisation, energetic stabilisation, and particular magnetic behaviour associated with induced ring currents. These properties have been used to set up the myriad of structural-, energetic-, and magnetic-based indices of aromaticity known to date. The cyclic delocalisation of mobile electrons in two or three dimensions is probably one of the key aspects that characterise aromatic compounds. However, it has not been until the last decade that electron delocalisation measures have been widely employed to quantify aromaticity. Some of these new indicators of aromaticity such as the PDI, FLU, ING, and INB were defined in our group. In this paper, we review the different existing descriptors of aromaticity that are based on electron delocalisation properties, we compare their performance with indices based on other properties, and we summarise a number of applications of electronic-based indices for the analysis of aromaticity in interesting chemical problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, 17071 Girona, Spain.
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Tejchman W, Proniewicz LM, Zborowski KK. Molecular properties of selenomaltols: new interesting ligands for bioactive metal complexes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Tejchman
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biology; Pedagogical University of Cracow; 2 Podchorążych St. 30-084 Kraków Poland
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On the Reactivity of RSnCl and RSiMe
3
{R = 4‐
t
Bu‐2,6‐[P(O)(O
i
Pr)
2
]
2
C
6
H
2
} towards BF
3
·OEt
2
: Competing Lewis Acidities. Eur J Inorg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Reisi-Vanani A, Faghih S. Nucleus-Independent Chemical Shift Criterion for Aromaticity in Some of the Corannulene Derivatives as Carbon Nanostructure: Effect of Substituent Groups on Aromaticity. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.948966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Torres-Vega JJ, Vásquez-Espinal A, Ruiz L, Fernández-Herrera MA, Alvarez-Thon L, Merino G, Tiznado W. Revisiting Aromaticity and Chemical Bonding of Fluorinated Benzene Derivatives. ChemistryOpen 2015; 4:302-7. [PMID: 26246992 PMCID: PMC4522180 DOI: 10.1002/open.201402110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The electron delocalization of benzene (C6H6) and hexafluorobenzene (C6F6) was analyzed in terms of the induced magnetic field, nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS), and ring current strength (RCS). The computed out-of-plane component of the induced magnetic field at a distance (r) greater than or equal to 1.0 Å above the ring center correlates well (R (2)>0.99) with the RCS value. According to these criteria, fluorination has two effects on the C6 skeleton; concomitantly, the resonant effects diminish the π electron delocalization and the inductive effects decrease the charge density at the ring center and therefore reduce the magnitude of the paratropic current generated in this region. The equilibrium between both effects decreases aromaticity in the fluorinated benzene derivatives. These results can be extrapolated to determine the aromaticity of any derivative within the series of fluorinated benzene derivatives (C6H(6-n)F n , where n=1-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Torres-Vega
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lina Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - María A Fernández-Herrera
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, CP., 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico
| | - Luis Alvarez-Thon
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 220, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, CP., 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275, Santiago, Chile
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Radenković S, Kojić J, Petronijević J, Antić M. Effect of Benzo-Annelation on Local Aromaticity in Heterocyclic Conjugated Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:11591-601. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507309m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja
Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kojić
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja
Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petronijević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja
Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marija Antić
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, 12 Radoja
Domanovića, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Schaffroth M, Gershoni-Poranne R, Stanger A, Bunz UHF. Tetraazaacenes Containing Four-Membered Rings in Different Oxidation States. Are They Aromatic? A Computational Study. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11644-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jo502297w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schaffroth
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Amnon Stanger
- Schulich
Faculty of Chemistry and The Lise Meitner-Minerva Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
of Advanced Materials (CAM), Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer
Feld 225, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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