Molecular Structure of Chloro-dodecafluorosubphthalocyanato Boron(III) by Gas-Phase Electron Diffraction and Quantum Chemical Calculations

Polar columnar assemblies of subphthalocyanines

In this small review article, we provide an overview of the different self-assembled systems and materials created so far by rationally organizing fluorosubphthalocyanines in a non-centrosymmetric fashion, which allows access to novel polarly ordered liquid crystalline materials that can be aligned in the presence of electric fields and that exhibit permanent or switchable ([Formula: see text] ferroelectric) polarization.

Fluorinated boron subphthalocyanines: Lewis acid based templating chemistry facilitates random halide exchange, and fluoride versus chloride affects the basic photophysical properties and the solid-state arrangement

A sub-group of the phthalocyanine family, the boron subphthalocyanines (BsubPcs), have robust chemistry and can be readily modified at the axial and peripheral positions to tune their physical properties.

Tomás Torres’ research in a nutshell

This review, dedicated to Professor Tomás Torres on the occasion of his 65th birthday, offers an overview of the main achievements in his research career. Having a strong background in organic chemistry, he and his group have constantly devoted much effort to the development of synthetic methods towards novel systems based on phthalocyanines and other porphyrinoid analogues. Not less important, the founding of solid collaborations with other prominent scientists has led to study the physicochemical properties of these [Formula: see text]-conjugated dyes, and to evaluate their potential application in multidisciplinary areas such as self-assembly, nanochemistry, optoelectronics and biomedicine.

Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical subphthalocyanine dimers containing a hydroquinone bridge

Three novel hydroquinone-based symmetrically and unsymmetrically substituted subphthalocyanine (SubPc) dimers have been synthesized through the axial substitution of the macrocycle. The mono SubPc hydroquinone derivative (Hq-SubPc) first prepared acts as a nucleophile which replaces the chlorine atom of the second SubPc molecule to form the dimer. The dimers were obtained by reacting hydroquinone and the respective SubPcs in a 1:1 molar ratio in toluene at 180 °C in a pressure vessel. This new approach allowed stoichiometric quantities of reactants to be utilized. All dimers were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence and mass spectral analysis.

Phthalocyanines, subphthalocyanines and porphyrins for energy and electron transfer applications

The importance and complexity of energy and electron transfer reactions in biological and artificial light energy conversion systems have prompted the preparation and photophysical study of donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular models. This article aims to highlight the efforts of Portuguese and Spanish research groups on the design, synthesis and photophysical study of molecular and supramolecular donor-acceptor systems based on phthalocyanines, subphthalocyanines and porphyrins.

Synthesis of low-symmetry subphthalocyanines with diverse functionalization patterns

We report here on the synthesis, isolation and characterization of unsymmetrically substituted subphthalocyanines obtained from the mixed condensation of 4,5-substituted phthalonitriles and/or 4-substituted phthalonitriles in the presence of BCl 3. Compared to phthalocyanines, it is clear that the cone-shaped structure of subphthalocyanines facilitates the isolation of the different regioisomers formed by regular laboratory chromatographic techniques. However, we demonstrate that some factors, such as the solubility of the regioisomers formed or the intermolecular interactions between side chains, can sometimes impede their complete separation. We also show that the structural assignment of each regioisomeric compound can be performed by careful analysis of its 1 H NMR spectra and, in some cases, with the help of NOE NMR experiments and molecular modeling.

Molecular structures of chloro(phthalocyaninato)-aluminum(III) and -gallium(III) as determined by gas electron diffraction and quantum chemical calculations: quantum chemical calculations on fluoro(phthalocyaninato)-aluminum(III) and -gallium(III), chloro(tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazole)porphyrazinato)-aluminum(III) and -gallium(III) and comparison with their X-ray structures

The molecular structures of chloro(phthalocyaninato)aluminum(III) (ClPcAl) and chloro(phthalocyaninato)gallium(III) (ClPcGa) have been determined by using the gas electron diffraction (GED) method and augmented by quantum chemical calculations. The molecular structures of fluoro(phthalocyaninato)aluminum(III) (FPcAl), fluoro(phthalocyaninato) gallium(III) (FPcGa), chloro(tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazole)porphyrazinato)aluminum(III) (ClTTDPzAl), and chloro(tetrakis(1,2,5-thiadiazole)porphyrazinato)gallium(III) (ClTTDPzGa) have been optimized at the level B3LYP with basis sets 6-31G*, 6-311++G**, and cc-pVTZ, and the structures have been compared with those obtained by X-ray diffraction. Vibrational frequencies have been calculated for all six molecules at all basis sets combinations, except B3LYP/cc-pVTZ. These calculations predict that all molecules have C 4 v symmetry with the metal atom above the plane defined by the four inner cavity N atoms and an almost planar macrocycle. The most important structure parameters (GED|B3LYP/cc-pVTZ) are h (height of the metal atom above the inner cavity) h = 50.3(32)|44.9 pm, r(Al-Cl) = 214.5(16)|217.4 pm, r(Al-N) = 197.6(9)|198.7 pm, angle(Cl-Al-N) = 104.8(9)|103.1 degrees, angle(Al-N-C) = 124.2(7)|125.9 degrees for ClPcAl, and the corresponding values for ClPcGa are h = 53.1(28)|50.2 pm, r(Ga-Cl) = 218.9(14)|222.3 pm, r(Ga-N) = 200.6(8)|202.6 pm, angle(Cl-Ga-N) = 105.4(8)|104.3 degrees, angle(Ga-N-C) = 123.8(8)|125.0 degrees. Parenthesized values are estimated error limits defined as 2.5(sigma(2)(lsq) + (0.001 x r)(2))(1/2) for distances and 2.5sigma(lsq) for angles. The title compounds are all flexible molecules with about five vibrational frequencies below 100 cm(-1).