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Li J, Léonce E, Coutellier C, Boutin C, Chighine K, Rivron C, Davidson A, Berthault P. Integrated Stopped-Flow Device for the Study of Porous Materials Using Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR. Anal Chem 2024; 96:9430-9437. [PMID: 38819299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
A simple, low-cost, and efficient device is proposed for the study of porous materials via NMR using small gas probes. Mainly built through additive manufacturing and being equipped with a radiofrequency solenoid microcoil, it only requires tiny quantities of sample and/or gas and is particularly suited for hyperpolarized xenon. The performances of this device have been accessed on a commercial sample of MCM-41 exhibiting multiporosity. Both the delivery mode of hyperpolarized xenon and the stopped-flow system are judged as efficient according to 2D 129Xe self-diffusion and EXSY experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Estelle Léonce
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Corentin Coutellier
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Céline Boutin
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Kévin Chighine
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Charles Rivron
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Davidson
- Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7197, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Berthault
- NIMBE, CEA, CNRS, Université de Paris Saclay, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Wang F, Li Q, Wu F, Chu X, Zhu F, Zhao P, Liu B, Xiao G. Catalytic upgradation of crude glycerol to produce bio-based aromatics over hierarchical MFI zeolite: Effect of bimodal hierarchical porosity enhancement and porosity-acidity interaction. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Ma Y, Yu L, Li H, Zhang S, Wang Z, Wang Y, Chen J. Insights into the microstructure and interconnectivity of porosity in porous starch by hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 163:1618-1623. [PMID: 32750478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR measurements are utilized to explore porous structures of porous starch (PS) successfully. Some micropores resided inside the mesopore walls of PS were detected by variable temperature (VT) HP 129Xe NMR, and the pore sizes of micropores were also estimated using the empirical relationship. Furthermore, the interconnectivity of pores was investigated in detail by two-dimensional (2D) exchange spectroscopy (EXSY). The exchange process of xenon from microporosity within pore walls to the free gas space was occurred at the mixing time of ≥12 ms at 173 K, which indicated the well interconnectivity between micropores and mesopores. This study not only exhibits a new approach for investigation of pores and hollows of PS, but also provides a better understanding of porous structures for rational design in adsorbing functional compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China.
| | - Liyue Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Shenggui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Zhipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, Gansu, China
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Location determination of metal nanoparticles relative to a metal-organic framework. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3462. [PMID: 31371708 PMCID: PMC6671962 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been intensively studied in recent decades, while investigations on the location of guest metal NPs relative to host MOF particles remain challenging and very rare. In this work, we have developed several characterization techniques, including high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM) tomography, hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopy and positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), which are able to determine the specific location of metal NPs relative to the MOF particle. The fine PdCu NPs confined inside MIL-101 exhibit excellent catalytic activity, absolute selectivity and satisfied recyclability in the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol in pure water. As far as we know, the determination for the location of metal NPs relative to MOF particles and pore structure information of metal NPs/MOF composites by 129Xe NMR and PAS techniques has not yet been reported. While metal nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been intensively studied, the determination of the location of guest metal NPs relative to host MOF particles remains challenging. Here the authors develop several techniques to determine the specific location of metal NPs relative to the MOF particles.
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Insight into the deactivation mode of methanol-to-olefins conversion over SAPO-34: Coke, diffusion, and acidic site accessibility. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Gu J, Tian S, Ning P. Hydrothermal stability of different zeolites in supercritical water: Implication for synthesis of supported catalysts by supercritical water impregnation. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-018-0084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Nikolaou P, Mikhaylov DM, Goodson BM, Branca RT, Lu GJ, Shapiro MG, Telkki VV, Zhivonitko VV, Koptyug IV, Salnikov OG, Kovtunov KV, Bukhtiyarov VI, Rosen MS, Barlow MJ, Safavi S, Hall IP, Schröder L, Chekmenev EY. NMR Hyperpolarization Techniques of Gases. Chemistry 2017; 23:725-751. [PMID: 27711999 PMCID: PMC5462469 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin polarization can be significantly increased through the process of hyperpolarization, leading to an increase in the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments by 4-8 orders of magnitude. Hyperpolarized gases, unlike liquids and solids, can often be readily separated and purified from the compounds used to mediate the hyperpolarization processes. These pure hyperpolarized gases enabled many novel MRI applications including the visualization of void spaces, imaging of lung function, and remote detection. Additionally, hyperpolarized gases can be dissolved in liquids and can be used as sensitive molecular probes and reporters. This Minireview covers the fundamentals of the preparation of hyperpolarized gases and focuses on selected applications of interest to biomedicine and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Aaron M Coffey
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Panayiotis Nikolaou
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | | | - Boyd M Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Technology Center, Carbondale, IL, 62901, USA
| | - Rosa T Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - George J Lu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail G Shapiro
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | | | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg G Salnikov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr., 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- MGH/A.A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Michael J Barlow
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Shahideh Safavi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Ian P Hall
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Leif Schröder
- Molecular Imaging, Department of Structural Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Physics, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center (VICC), Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Zhang M, Xu S, Wei Y, Li J, Chen J, Wang J, Zhang W, Gao S, Li X, Wang C, Liu Z. Methanol conversion on ZSM-22, ZSM-35 and ZSM-5 zeolites: effects of 10-membered ring zeolite structures on methylcyclopentenyl cations and dual cycle mechanism. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08884h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The different behaviors of retained organic species and their reaction routes in three 10-membered ring zeolites are presented.
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Bonhomme C, Gervais C, Laurencin D. Recent NMR developments applied to organic-inorganic materials. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 77:1-48. [PMID: 24411829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this contribution, the latest developments in solid state NMR are presented in the field of organic-inorganic (O/I) materials (or hybrid materials). Such materials involve mineral and organic (including polymeric and biological) components, and can exhibit complex O/I interfaces. Hybrids are currently a major topic of research in nanoscience, and solid state NMR is obviously a pertinent spectroscopic tool of investigation. Its versatility allows the detailed description of the structure and texture of such complex materials. The article is divided in two main parts: in the first one, recent NMR methodological/instrumental developments are presented in connection with hybrid materials. In the second part, an exhaustive overview of the major classes of O/I materials and their NMR characterization is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bonhomme
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Christel Gervais
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, UMR CNRS 7574, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, Collège de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Danielle Laurencin
- Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier, UMR5253, CNRS UM2 UM1 ENSCM, CC1701, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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Xie S, Liu S, Gao N, Li X, Gao Y, Liu K, Xu L. Interzeolite conversion of zeolite MCM-49 into zeolite ZSM-35 in cyclohexylamine–hexamethyleneimine–Na2O–H2O containing systems. NEW J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj01532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Zhang W, Xu S, Han X, Bao X. In situsolid-state NMR for heterogeneous catalysis: a joint experimental and theoretical approach. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:192-210. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15009j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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The Crystallization Process of MCM-49/ZSM-35 Composite Zeolites in a Mixed-Amine System. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1088.2010.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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An overview of recent development in composite catalysts from porous materials for various reactions and processes. Int J Mol Sci 2010; 11:2152-87. [PMID: 20559508 PMCID: PMC2885100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms11052152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysts are important to the chemical industry and environmental remediation due to their effective conversion of one chemical into another. Among them, composite catalysts have attracted continuous attention during the past decades. Nowadays, composite catalysts are being used more and more to meet the practical catalytic performance requirements in the chemical industry of high activity, high selectivity and good stability. In this paper, we reviewed our recent work on development of composite catalysts, mainly focusing on the composite catalysts obtained from porous materials such as zeolites, mesoporous materials, carbon nanotubes (CNT), etc. Six types of porous composite catalysts are discussed, including amorphous oxide modified zeolite composite catalysts, zeolite composites prepared by co-crystallization or overgrowth, hierarchical porous catalysts, host-guest porous composites, inorganic and organic mesoporous composite catalysts, and polymer/CNT composite catalysts.
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Gotoh K, Ueda T, Eguchi T, Kawabata K, Yamamoto K, Murakami Y, Hayakawa S, Ishida H. Pore Structure of Hard Carbon Made from Phenolic Resin Studied by129Xe NMR. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2009. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.82.1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Xu S, Zhang W, Liu X, Han X, Bao X. Enhanced In situ Continuous-Flow MAS NMR for Reaction Kinetics in the Nanocages. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:13722-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja904304h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianchun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiuwen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinhe Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, and Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Itani L, Liu Y, Zhang W, Bozhilov KN, Delmotte L, Valtchev V. Investigation of the Physicochemical Changes Preceding Zeolite Nucleation in a Sodium-Rich Aluminosilicate Gel. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10127-39. [DOI: 10.1021/ja902088f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lama Itani
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
| | - Yong Liu
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
| | - Krassimir N. Bozhilov
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
| | - Luc Delmotte
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
| | - Valentin Valtchev
- Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse, LRC 7228 CNRS, Université de Haute Alsace, 3 rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, France, State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China, Central Facility for Advanced Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, and Laboratoire Catalyse et Spectrochimie, ENSICAEN, Université de Caen, CNRS, 6 boulevard du Maréchal Juin, 14050
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