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Wang W, Lindemann WR, Anderson NA, Kohn J, Vaknin D, Murthy NS. Iodination of PEGylated Polymers Counteracts the Inhibition of Fibrinogen Adsorption by PEG. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14615-14622. [PMID: 36394992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol), PEG, known to inhibit protein adsorption, is widely used on the surfaces of biomedical devices when biofilm formation is undesirable. Poly(desaminotyrosyl-tyrosine ethyl ester carbonate), PDTEC, PC for short, has been a promising coating polymer for insertion devices, and it has been anticipated that PEG plays a similar role if it is copolymerized with PC. Earlier studies show that no fibrinogen (Fg) is adsorbed onto PC polymers with PEG beyond the threshold weight percentage. This is attributed to the phase separation of PEG. Further, iodination of the PC units in the PC polymer, (I2PC), has been found to counteract this Fg-repulsive effect by PEG. In this study, we employ surface-sensitive X-ray techniques to demonstrate the surface affinity of Fg toward the air-water interface, particularly in the presence of self-assembled PC-based film, in which its constituent polymer units are assumed to be much more mobile as a free-standing film. Fg is found to form a Gibbs monolayer with its long axis parallel to the aqueous surface, thus maximizing its interactions with hydrophobic interfaces. It influences the amount of insoluble, surface-bound I2PC likely due to the desorption of the formed Fg-I2PC complex and/or the penetration of Fg onto the I2PC film. The results show that the phase behavior at the liquid-polymer interface shall be taken into account for the surface behavior of bulk polymers surrounded by tissue. The ability of PEG units rearranging into a protein-blocking layer, rather than its mere presence in the polymer, is the key to antifouling characteristics desired for polymeric coating on insertion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wang
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames National Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | - William R Lindemann
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames National Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | - Nathaniel A Anderson
- Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Ames National Laboratory, U.S. DOE, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | - Joachim Kohn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey08854, United States
| | - David Vaknin
- Ames National Laboratory and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | - N Sanjeeva Murthy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey08854, United States
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2
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Du F, Zhang L, Shen W. The internal flow in an evaporating human blood plasma drop. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 609:170-178. [PMID: 34894551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The internal flow in an evaporating blood plasma sessile drop is different from that in a water drop. The presence of plasma protein molecules, which are adsorbed on the plasma-air interface, suppresses the Marangoni flow on the interface and makes natural convection visible. The coexistence of natural convection and capillary flow is responsible for the characteristic peripheral convex dried pattern of the plasma drop. EXPERIMENTS (1) To observe the real-time internal flow in an evaporating plasma drop. (2) To investigate the mechanism of natural convection in the evaporating plasma drop. (3) To study the suppression of Marangoni flow caused by different plasma proteins. (4) To investigate the synergy of natural convection and capillary flow in material transport in the evaporating plasma drop. FINDING (1) Natural convection in the evaporating plasma drop is observed and supported by numerical simulations. (2) The suppression of Marangoni convection by the plasma proteins is the original cause for its internal flow to be different from that in a water drop. (3) Different plasma proteins have different suppression efficiencies to the Marangoni convection. (4) Interaction between the capillary flow and natural convection determines the material transport mechanism of the evaporating plasma drop and its desiccation pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Du
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Rd, VIC 3800, Australia.
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3
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Stamboroski S, Joshi A, Noeske PLM, Köppen S, Brüggemann D. Principles of Fibrinogen Fiber Assembly In Vitro. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000412. [PMID: 33687802 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrinogen nanofibers hold great potential for applications in wound healing and personalized regenerative medicine due to their ability to mimic the native blood clot architecture. Although versatile strategies exist to induce fibrillogenesis of fibrinogen in vitro, little is known about the underlying mechanisms and the associated length scales. Therefore, in this manuscript the current state of research on fibrinogen fibrillogenesis in vitro is reviewed. For the first time, the manifold factors leading to the assembly of fibrinogen molecules into fibers are categorized considering three main groups: substrate interactions, denaturing and non-denaturing buffer conditions. Based on the meta-analysis in the review it is concluded that the assembly of fibrinogen is driven by several mechanisms across different length scales. In these processes, certain buffer conditions, in particular the presence of salts, play a predominant role during fibrinogen self-assembly compared to the surface chemistry of the substrate material. Yet, to tailor fibrous fibrinogen scaffolds with defined structure-function-relationships for future tissue engineering applications, it still needs to be understood which particular role each of these factors plays during fiber assembly. Therefore, the future combination of experimental and simulation studies is proposed to understand the intermolecular interactions of fibrinogen, which induce the assembly of soluble fibrinogen into solid fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephani Stamboroski
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Wiener Strasse 12, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Arundhati Joshi
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Paul-Ludwig Michael Noeske
- Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Technology and Advanced Materials (IFAM), Wiener Strasse 12, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Bremerhaven, An der Karlstadt 8, Bremerhaven, 27568, Germany
| | - Susan Köppen
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group, Faculty of Production Engineering and Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Dorothea Brüggemann
- Institute for Biophysics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen, 28359, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
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4
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De Zotti M, Corvi G, Gatto E, Di Napoli B, Mazzuca C, Palleschi A, Placidi E, Biondi B, Crisma M, Formaggio F, Toniolo C, Venanzi M. Controlling the Formation of Peptide Films: Fully Developed Helical Peptides are Required to Obtain a Homogenous Coating over a Large Area. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1688-1696. [PMID: 31943881 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The influence of conformational dynamics on the self-assembly process of a conformationally constrained analogue of the natural antimicrobial peptide Trichogin GA IV was analysed by spectroscopic methods, microscopy imaging at nanometre resolution, and molecular dynamics simulations. The formation of peptide films at the air/water interface and their deposition on a graphite or a mica substrate were investigated. A combination of experimental evidence with molecular dynamics simulation was used to demonstrate that only the fully developed helical structure of the analogue promotes formation of ordered aggregates that nucleate the growth of micrometric rods, which give rise to homogenous coating over wide regions of the hydrophilic mica. This work proves the influence of helix flexibility on peptide self-organization and orientation on surfaces, key steps in the design of bioinspired organic/inorganic hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriele Corvi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Gatto
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Benedetta Di Napoli
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Mazzuca
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Palleschi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Placidi
- ISM Unit, CNR, Department of Physics, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Crisma
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, CNR, Padova Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy
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5
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Macrae FL, Duval C, Papareddy P, Baker SR, Yuldasheva N, Kearney KJ, McPherson HR, Asquith N, Konings J, Casini A, Degen JL, Connell SD, Philippou H, Wolberg AS, Herwald H, Ariëns RA. A fibrin biofilm covers blood clots and protects from microbial invasion. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3356-3368. [PMID: 29723163 PMCID: PMC6063501 DOI: 10.1172/jci98734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis requires conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibers that generate a characteristic network, interact with blood cells, and initiate tissue repair. The fibrin network is porous and highly permeable, but the spatial arrangement of the external clot face is unknown. Here we show that fibrin transitioned to the blood-air interface through Langmuir film formation, producing a protective film confining clots in human and mouse models. We demonstrated that only fibrin is required for formation of the film, and that it occurred in vitro and in vivo. The fibrin film connected to the underlying clot network through tethering fibers. It was digested by plasmin, and formation of the film was prevented with surfactants. Functionally, the film retained blood cells and protected against penetration by bacterial pathogens in a murine model of dermal infection. Our data show a remarkable aspect of blood clotting in which fibrin forms a protective film covering the external surface of the clot, defending the organism against microbial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser L Macrae
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Cédric Duval
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Praveen Papareddy
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Stephen R Baker
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nadira Yuldasheva
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J Kearney
- Population and Clinical Sciences Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R McPherson
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan Asquith
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joke Konings
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, School of Medicine, and.,Synapse Research Institute, CARIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alessandro Casini
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jay L Degen
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Simon D Connell
- Molecular and Nanoscale Physics Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Philippou
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heiko Herwald
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert As Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair Group, Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, School of Medicine, and
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6
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Dahdal YN, Oren Y, Schwahn D, Pipich V, Herzberg M, Ying W, Kasher R, Rapaport H. Biopolymer-induced calcium phosphate scaling in membrane-based water treatment systems: Langmuir model films studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 143:233-242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Role of viscogens on the macromolecular assemblies of fibrinogen at liquid/air and solid/air interfaces. Biointerphases 2015; 10:021009. [PMID: 26062547 DOI: 10.1116/1.4922291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the organization and association of fibrinogen (Fg) in solvent environment induced by viscogens such as 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulfate (IL-emes), Ficoll, and Trehalose. The author observed that Fg in IL-emes adsorbed on solid surface shows higher β-sheet conformation. Shear viscosity measured using quartz crystal microbalance, for Fg in IL-emes was highest with a corresponding higher adsorbed mass 3.26 μg/cm(2). Associated assemblies of the protein at the liquid/air interface were monitored with changes in surface tension and were used to calculate work of adhesion. Changes in work of adhesion were used as a tool to measure the adsorption of Fg to solid surfaces in presence of viscogens and highest adsorption was observed for hydrophilic surfaces. Scanning electron microscopy images show Fg in trehalose forms elongated bead like structures implying organization of the protein at the interface. Crowding in the solvent environment induced by viscogens can slow down organization of Fg, leading to macromolecular assemblies near the interface.
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8
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Sankaranarayanan K, Kalaiyarasi M, Sreedhar B, Nair BU, Dhathathreyan A. Ionic Liquid Doped β Lactoglobulin as Template for Nanoclusters of Nickel Oxide. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x14500069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Langmuir films of organized assemblies of β-lactoglobulin (βLG) with 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethyl sulfate (IL-emes) have been characterized at air/water interface using surface pressure-specific area isotherms and dilational rheology. The protein in the IL-mediated assembly shows excellent packing at the interface and is stable as seen in circular dichroic spectroscopy. These spread films on nickel chloride were transferred as Langmuir–Schaffer films of βLG and βLG+IL-emes and used as template for designing nanoclusters of nickel oxide. The nanoclusters have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder XRD. While pure protein template gives needle-shaped structures, the IL-mediated template gives spherical shapes of hexagonal nickel oxide in the range 30 nm to 40 nm. Presence of ionic liquid seems to slow down the growth of the cluster and also prevents aggregation of the clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. Sreedhar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-IICT, Hyderabad 500607, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B. U. Nair
- Chemical Lab., CSIR-CLRI, Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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9
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Taylor W, Jones RAL. Protein adsorption on well-characterized polyethylene oxide brushes on gold: dependence on molecular weight and grafting density. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6116-6122. [PMID: 23617308 DOI: 10.1021/la4005483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of lysozyme protein was measured ex situ on well-characterized gold surfaces coated by end-tethered polyethylene oxide brushes of various molecular weights and controlled grafting densities. The adsorbed amount of protein for different molecular weight brushes was found to collapse onto one master curve when plotted against brush coverage. We interpret this relationship in terms of a model involving site-blocking of the adsorption of proteins at the substrate and discuss the role of the physical attraction of PEO segments to gold. We account for our observation of a simple exponential relationship between protein adsorption and normalized brush coverage with a simple protein adsorption model. In contrast to other studies in similar systems, we do not observe protein adsorption on brushes at high grafting density, and we suggest that this discrepancy may be due to the solubility effects of salt upon the brushes, influencing their protein binding affinity, in the limit of high grafting density and high brush volume fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren Taylor
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States.
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10
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López‐Montero I, López‐Navajas P, Mingorance J, Rivas G, Vélez M, Vicente M, Monroy F. Intrinsic disorder of the bacterial cell division protein ZipA: coil‐to‐brush conformational transition. FASEB J 2013; 27:3363-75. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-224337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar López‐Navajas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | | | - Germán Rivas
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB)Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Marisela Vélez
- Instituto de Catálisis y PetroleoquímicaCSICCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA‐Nanociencia)Facultad de CienciasCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Miguel Vicente
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB)CSICCampus de CantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Departamento de Química Física IUniversidad ComplutenseMadridSpain
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11
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Speight RE, Cooper MA. A Survey of the 2010 Quartz Crystal Microbalance Literature. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:451-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Speight
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience; The University of Queensland; St. Lucia; Brisbane; 4072; Australia
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12
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Sankaranarayanan K, Sathyaraj G, Nair B, Dhathathreyan A. Reversible and Irreversible Conformational Transitions in Myoglobin: Role of Hydrated Amino Acid Ionic Liquid. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:4175-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jp300596z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B.U. Nair
- Chemical Lab, CSIR-CLRI,
Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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13
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Pinholt C, Hartvig RA, Medlicott NJ, Jorgensen L. The importance of interfaces in protein drug delivery – why is protein adsorption of interest in pharmaceutical formulations? Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:949-64. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.577062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Dhathathreyan A, Nair BU. Influence of Sequence on the Self-Assembly of Peptide Nanoribbons on Silicon Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:16650-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1089678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - B. U. Nair
- Chemical Lab, CLRI (CSIR), Adyar, Chennai 600020, India
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