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Wang X, Han Y, Hadizadeh MH, Wang W, Zhang Q, Hu Y, Xu F, Sun Y, Wang W. Periodic DFT calculations for the heterogeneous formation of 2-chlorothiophenoxy radical from 2-chlorothiophenol on Cu(111) surface in fly ash. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 274:116186. [PMID: 38471341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Copper plays a crucial role in the heterogenous dissociation of chlorothiophenols (CTPs) to form chlorothiophenoxy radicals (CTPRs), which is the initial and critical step in the formation of polychlorinated thianthrenes/dibenzothiophenes (PCTA/DTs). Here, first-principles calculations were performed to investigate the activity of Cu(111) surface towards the formation of adsorbed 2-CTPR from 2-CTP. The interaction between 2-CTP and Cu(111) surface was explored to find stable adsorption configurations. Besides, the decomposition routes of 2-CTP on the Cu(111) surface were further explored. Moreover, the effects of water on the formation of absorbed 2-CTPR on the Cu(111) surface were examined. Our results demonstrate that the flat adsorption of 2-CTP on the surface with adsorption energy in the range of -33.21 kcal/mol to -28.37 kcal/mol is more stable than the vertical adsorption with adsorption energy ranging from -23.53 kcal/mol to -13.38 kcal/mol. The Cu(111) surface catalyzes the conversion of 2-CTP into the adsorbed 2-CTPR with a modest energy barrier of 9.46 kcal/mol. Furthermore, water molecules exhibit stronger catalytic activity in this process with a decreased energy barrier of 5.87 kcal/mol through "water bridge" and hydrogen bonding. Specifically, the water accepts the hydrogen atom from 2-CTP and donates another hydrogen to the surface via "water bridge". This research provides a molecular-level understanding of the heterogeneous formation of PCTA/DTs by fly ash, suggesting novel approaches for control strategy and legislation of dioxin analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanan Han
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | | | - Wei Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yongxia Hu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China.
| | - Yanhui Sun
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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2
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El-Hassanein AM, Mansour FR, Hammad SF, Abdella AA. Simple colorimetric paper-based test strip for point-of-use quality testing of ethanol-based hand sanitizers. RSC Adv 2024; 14:8188-8194. [PMID: 38469198 PMCID: PMC10925907 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08110a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A novel, simple, affordable, and reliable colorimetric paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed for the point-of-use quality testing of ethanol-based hand sanitizers, mainly against adulteration by water. The principle was based on the novel solvatochromism of methylparaben (MPB)-Fe3+ complex, where water is essential for complex formation and ethanol is necessary for MPB solubility. The intensity of the formed violet color, measured at 528 nm, showed a good correlation (R2 = 0.996) with the percentage water in the reaction media over a range from 40% to 100% (0-60% ethanol), with excellent accuracy and precision as indicated by the percent recovery within 100.00% ± 2% and %RSD of <2%. A PAD was prepared by the sequential immobilization of Fe3+ ions and MPB on chitosan-modified filter paper. The developed PAD was successfully applied for the quality testing of ethanol-based hand sanitizers using an established color index, where clearly distinct colors were observed as a function of the percentage ethanol (0-100%). The developed test strips could achieve on-site lab-quality results without expensive or sophisticated instruments using a few milligrams of FeCl3 and MPB in addition to regular filter paper. Accordingly, it can be used as a test strip for the quality checking of ethanol-based hand sanitizers by end users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M El-Hassanein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Elgeish Street, the medical campus of Tanta University Tanta 31111 Egypt +2 0403335466 +2 0155405233
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Elgeish Street, the medical campus of Tanta University Tanta 31111 Egypt +2 0403335466 +2 0155405233
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Elgeish Street, the medical campus of Tanta University Tanta 31111 Egypt +2 0403335466 +2 0155405233
| | - Aya A Abdella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Elgeish Street, the medical campus of Tanta University Tanta 31111 Egypt +2 0403335466 +2 0155405233
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3
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Neeman EM, Huet TR. Unravelling the structural features of monosaccharide glyceraldehyde upon mono-hydration by quantum chemistry and rotational spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:194303. [PMID: 37971036 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Water is a fundamental molecule for life, and investigating its interaction with monosaccharides is of great interest in order to understand its influence on their conformational behavior. In this study, we report on the conformational landscape of monosaccharide glyceraldehyde, the simplest aldose sugar, in the presence of a single water molecule in the gas phase. This investigation was performed using a combination of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Out of the nine calculated conformers, only the lowest energy conformer was experimentally observed and characterized. Interestingly, the presence of water was found to induce structural features in the lowest energy conformer of the glyceraldehyde monomer, with water positioned between the alcohol groups. To analyze this interaction further, non-covalent interaction plots were employed to map the intermolecular interactions in the observed species. Additionally, natural bond orbital analysis was conducted to study the effects of charge transfer in the monohydrate system. Furthermore, topological analysis based on Bader's Atoms in Molecules theory was performed to gain insights into the observed complex. The results of all three analyses consistently showed the formation of relatively strong hydrogen bonds between water and glyceraldehyde, leading to the formation of a seven-member ring network.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Neeman
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - T R Huet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France
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Impact of a single water molecule on the atmospheric oxidation of thiophene by hydroperoxyl radical. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18959. [PMID: 36347924 PMCID: PMC9643398 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Water as an important assistant can alter the reactivity of atmospheric species. This project is designed to investigate the impact of a single water molecule on the atmospheric reactions of aromatic compounds that have not been attended to comprehensively. In the first part, the atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of thiophene initiated by hydroperoxyl radical through a multiwell-multichannel potential energy surface were studied to have useful information about the chemistry of the considered reaction. It was verified that for the thiophene plus HO2 reaction, the addition mechanism is dominant the same as other aromatic compounds. Due to the importance of the subject and the presence of water molecules in the atmosphere with a high concentration that we know as relative humidity, and also the lack of insight into the influence of water on the reactions of aromatic compounds with active atmospheric species, herein, the effect of a single water molecule on the addition pathways of the title reaction is evaluated. In another word, this research explores how water can change the occurrence of reactions of aromatic compounds in the atmosphere. For this, the presence of one water molecule is simulated by higher-level calculations (BD(T) method) through the main interactions with the stationary points of the most probable pathways. The results show that the mechanism of the reaction with water is more complicated than the bare reaction due to the formation of the ring-like structures. Also, water molecule decreases the relative energies of all addition pathways. Moreover, atoms in molecule theory (AIM) along with the kinetic study by the transition state (TST) and the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theories demonstrate that the overall interactions of a path determine how the rate of that path changes. In this regard, our results establish that the interactions of water with HO2 (thiophene) in the initial complex 1WHA (1WTA or 1WTB) are stronger (weaker) than the sum of its interactions in transition states. Also, for the water-assisted pathways, the ratio of the partition function of the transition state to the partition functions of the reactants is similar to the respective bare reaction. Therefore, the reaction rates of the bare pathways are more than the water-assisted paths that include the 1WHA complex and are less than the paths that involve the 1WTA and 1WTB complexes.
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Neeman EM, González D, Blázquez S, Ballesteros B, Canosa A, Antiñolo M, Vereecken L, Albaladejo J, Jiménez E. The impact of water vapor on the OH reactivity toward CH 3CHO at ultra-low temperatures (21.7-135.0 K): Experiments and theory. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034306. [PMID: 34293904 PMCID: PMC7611909 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of water vapor (H2O) and its hydrogen-bonded complexes in the gas-phase reactivity of organic compounds with hydroxyl (OH) radicals has been the subject of many recent studies. Contradictory effects have been reported at temperatures between 200 and 400 K. For the OH + acetaldehyde reaction, a slight catalytic effect of H2O was previously reported at temperatures between 60 and 118 K. In this work, we used Laval nozzle expansions to reinvestigate the impact of H2O on the OH-reactivity with acetaldehyde between 21.7 and 135.0 K. The results of this comprehensive study demonstrate that water, instead, slows down the reaction by factors of ∼3 (21.7 K) and ∼2 (36.2-89.5 K), and almost no effect of added H2O was observed at 135.0 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Neeman
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - D. González
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S. Blázquez
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - B. Ballesteros
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Camino de Moledores s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A. Canosa
- CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251, Université de Rennes, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - M. Antiñolo
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Camino de Moledores s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L. Vereecken
- Institute for energy and climate research, IEK-8: Troposphere. Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - J. Albaladejo
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Camino de Moledores s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - E. Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física. Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Avda. Camilo José Cela 1B. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Combustión y Contaminación Atmosférica. Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Camino de Moledores s/n. 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Xu L, Tsona NT, Tang S, Li J, Du L. Role of (H 2O) n ( n = 1-2) in the Gas-Phase Reaction of Ethanol with Hydroxyl Radical: Mechanism, Kinetics, and Products. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5805-5817. [PMID: 31459732 PMCID: PMC6648320 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of water on the hydrogen abstraction mechanism and product branching ratio of CH3CH2OH + •OH reaction has been investigated at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ//BH&HLYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory, coupled with the reaction kinetics calculations, implying the harmonic transition-state theory. Depending on the hydrogen sites in CH3CH2OH, the bared reaction proceeds through three elementary paths, producing CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2O, and CH3CHOH and releasing a water molecule. Thermodynamic and kinetic results indicate that the formation of CH3CHOH is favored over the temperature range of 216.7-425.0 K. With the inclusion of water, the reaction becomes quite complex, yielding five paths initiated by three channels. The products do not change compared with the bared reaction, but the preference for forming CH3CHOH drops by up to 2%. In the absence of water, the room temperature rate coefficients for the formation of CH2CH2OH, CH3CH2O, and CH3CHOH are computed to be 5.2 × 10-13, 8.6 × 10-14, and 9.0 × 10-11 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, respectively. The effective rate coefficients of corresponding monohydrated and dihydrated reactions are 3-5 and 6-8 orders of magnitude lower than those of the unhydrated reaction, indicating that water has a decelerating effect on the studied reaction. Overall, the characterized effects of water on the thermodynamics, kinetics, and products of the CH3CH2OH + •OH reaction will facilitate the understanding of the fate of ethanol and secondary pollutants derived from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Environment
Research Institute and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Narcisse T. Tsona
- Environment
Research Institute and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shanshan Tang
- Environment
Research Institute and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Junyao Li
- Environment
Research Institute and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lin Du
- Environment
Research Institute and School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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7
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Feng L, Ye R, Yuan T, Zhang X, Lu GP, Zhou B. A concerted addition mechanism in [Hmim]Br-triggered thiol–ene reactions: a typical “ionic liquid effect” revealed by DFT and experimental studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05674a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The π+–π and H-bond interactions between [Hmim]Br and substrates promote a special one-step addition mechanism in thiol–ene reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Renlong Ye
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Guo-ping Lu
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Baojing Zhou
- Chemical Engineering College
- Nanjing University of Science & Technology Xiaolingwei 200
- Nanjing
- China
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8
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Kaur R, Vikas. A case of a single water molecule accelerating the atmospheric reactions of hydroxyl radical at temperatures near 200 K. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Du B, Zhang W. Computational study on the mechanism and kinetics for reaction of CH 3 SH + H with water vapor. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Potapov A, Canosa A, Jiménez E, Rowe B. Chemie mit Überschall: 30 Jahre astrochemische Forschung und künftige Herausforderungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Potapov
- Laborastrophysikgruppe des Max-Planck-Instituts für Astronomie am Institut für Festkörperphysik; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 3 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - André Canosa
- Département de Physique Moléculaire; Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS-UR1 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu; 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex Frankreich
| | - Elena Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela, 1B 13071 Ciudad Real Spanien
| | - Bertrand Rowe
- Rowe-consulting, 22 Chemin des Moines; 22750 Saint Jacut de la Mer Frankreich
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11
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Potapov A, Canosa A, Jiménez E, Rowe B. Uniform Supersonic Chemical Reactors: 30 Years of Astrochemical History and Future Challenges. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:8618-8640. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Potapov
- Laborastrophysikgruppe des Max-Planck-Instituts für Astronomie am Institut für Festkörperphysik; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Helmholtzweg 3 07743 Jena Germany
| | - André Canosa
- Département de Physique Moléculaire; Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS-UR1 6251, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu; 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Elena Jiménez
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas; Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha; Avda. Camilo José Cela, 1B 13071 Ciudad Real Spain
| | - Bertrand Rowe
- Rowe-consulting, 22 Chemin des Moines; 22750 Saint Jacut de la Mer France
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12
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Global reaction route mapping of water-catalysed gas phase oxidation of glyoxylic acid with hydroxyl radical. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-2019-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Hu R, Zhang L, Hu J. Study on the kinetics and transformation products of salicylic acid in water via ozonation. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:394-404. [PMID: 27031802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As salicylic acid is one of widely used pharmaceuticals, its residue has been found in various environmental water systems e.g. wastewater, surface water, treated water and drinking water. It has been reported that salicylic acid can be efficiently removed by advanced oxidation processes, but there are few studies on its transformation products and ozonation mechanisms during ozonation process. The objective of this study is to characterize the transformation products, investigate the degradation mechanisms at different pH, and propose the ozonation pathways of salicylic acid. The results showed that the rate of degradation was about 10 times higher at acidic condition than that at alkaline condition in the first 1 min when 1 mg L(-1) of ozone solution was added into 1 mg L(-1) of salicylic acid solution. It was proposed that ozone direct oxidation mechanism dominates at acidic condition, while indirect OH radical mechanism dominates at alkaline condition. A two stages pseudo-first order reaction was proposed at different pH conditions. Various hydroxylation products, carbonyl compounds and carboxylic acids, such as 2,5-dihydroxylbenzoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxylbenzoic acid, catechol, formaldehyde, glyoxal, acetaldehyde, maleic acid, acetic acid and oxalic acid etc. were identified as ozonation transformation products. In addition, acrylic acid was identified, for the first time, as ozonation transformation products through high resolution liquid chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometer. The information demonstrated in this study will help us to better understand the possible effects of ozonation products on the water quality. The degradation pathways of salicylic acid by ozonation in water sample were proposed. As both O3 and OH radical were important in the reactions, the degradation pathways of salicylic acid by ozonation in water sample were proposed at acidic and basic conditions. To our knowledge, there was no integrated study reported on the ozonation of salicylic acid in water, in terms of transformation products, kinetic, mechanism, as well as degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruikang Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore; PUB Water Quality Laboratory, Water Quality Office, PUB, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- PUB Water Quality Laboratory, Water Quality Office, PUB, 82 Toh Guan Road East, #04-03, Singapore 608576, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jiangyong Hu
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, The National University of Singapore, Block E1A, #07-03, No.1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117576, Republic of Singapore.
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Zhang T, Yang C, Feng X, Kang J, Song L, Lu Y, Wang Z, Xu Q, Wang W, Wang Z. The catalytic effect of water, water dimers and water trimers on H2S +3O2formation by the HO2+ HS reaction under tropospheric conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17414-27. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00654j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst X (X = H2O, (H2O)2and (H2O)3) is incorporated into the channel of H2S +3O2formation and the catalytic effect of water, water dimers and water trimers is mainly taken from the contribution of a single water vapor molecule.
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15
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Shi X, Zhang R, Zhang H, Xu F, Zhang Q, Wang W. Influence of water on the homogeneous gas-phase formation mechanism of polyhalogenated dioxins/furans from chlorinated/brominated phenols as precursors. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 137:142-148. [PMID: 26159066 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Water is of great chemical importance due to its ability to form hydrogen bond. Polyhalogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin/benzofurans (PHDD/Fs) are notorious due to their persistence, bioaccumulation and extremely high toxicity. Water is ubiquitous, and a deep knowledge of its influence on the formation mechanism of PHDD/Fs is necessary. This work investigated the influence of water on the homogeneous gas-phase formation of PHDD/Fs from halogenated phenols (HPs) as precursors by using quantum chemical calculations with the aid of the MPWB1K theoretical approach in connection with the 6-31+G(d,p) and 6-311+G(3df,2p) basis sets. The schematic energy profile in the presence of water was constructed and compared with the situation without water. This study reveals for the first time that the introduction of water promotes the formation of halogenated phenoxy radicals (HPRs) from the H abstraction reactions of HPs with atomic H and OH radicals by lowering the reaction energy barriers and opening new low-energy pathways. Another intriguing finding of this work is that the inclusion of a water molecule produces a catalytic effect on the H-shift step involved in the formation of PHDFs and thus their formation potential is enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangli Shi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ruiming Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, PR China
| | - Fei Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Qingzhu Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
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16
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Kinetics and mechanism of the water-assisted reaction of NCO with CH3OH: A quantum chemical study. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Zhang W, Du B, Qin Z. Catalytic Effect of Water, Formic Acid, or Sulfuric Acid on the Reaction of Formaldehyde with OH Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4797-807. [DOI: 10.1021/jp502886p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Benni Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Kaur G, Vikas. Exploring water catalysis in the reaction of thioformic acid with hydroxyl radical: a global reaction route mapping perspective. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:4019-29. [PMID: 24835635 DOI: 10.1021/jp503213n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen abstraction pathways, in the gas-phase reaction of tautomers of thioformic acid (TFA), TFA(thiol), and TFA(thione), with hydroxyl radical in the presence and absence of single water molecule acting as a catalyst, is investigated with high-level quantum mechanical calculations at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,2p)//MP2/6-311++G(2d,2p), CCSD(T)/6-311++G(d,p)//DFT/BHandHLYP/6-311++G(d,p), and DFT/B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,2p) levels of the theory. A systematic and automated search of the potential energy surface (PES) for the reaction pathways is performed using the global reaction route mapping (GRRM) method that employs an uphill walking technique to search prereaction complexes and transition states. The computations reveal significant lowering of the PES and substantial reduction in the activation energy for the hydrogen abstraction pathway in the presence of water, thereby proving water as an efficient catalyst in the reaction of both the TFA tautomers with OH radical. The hydrogen-bonding interactions are observed to be responsible for the large catalytic effect of water. Notably, in the case of TFA(thiol), formyl hydrogen abstraction is observed to be kinetically more favorable, while acidic hydrogen abstraction is observed to be thermodynamically more feasible. Interestingly, in the case of TFA(thione), reaction pathways involving only formyl hydrogen abstraction were observed to be feasible. The water-catalyzed hydrogen abstraction reaction of TFA with hydroxyl radical, investigated in this work, can provide significant insights into the corresponding reaction in the biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Quantum Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry & Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University , Chandigarh 160014, India
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19
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Jørgensen S, Jensen C, Kjaergaard HG, Anglada JM. The gas-phase reaction of methane sulfonic acid with the hydroxyl radical without and with water vapor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:5140-50. [PMID: 23450164 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp44034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The gas phase reaction between methane sulfonic acid (CH3SO3H; MSA) and the hydroxyl radical (HO), without and with a water molecule, was investigated with DFT-B3LYP and CCSD(T)-F12 methods. For the bare reaction we have found two reaction mechanisms, involving proton coupled electron transfer and hydrogen atom transfer processes that produce CH3SO3 and H2O. We also found a third reaction mechanism involving the double proton transfer process, where the products and reactants are identical. The computed rate constant for the oxidation process is 8.3 × 10(-15) cm(3) s(-1) molecule(-1). CH3SO3H forms two very stable complexes with water with computed binding energies of about 10 kcal mol(-1). The presence of a single water molecule makes the reaction between CH3SO3H and HO much more complex, introducing a new reaction that consists in the interchange of H2O between HO and CH3SO3H. Our kinetic calculations show that 99.5% of the reaction involves this interchange of the water molecule and, consequently, water vapor does not play any role in the oxidation reaction of methane sulfonic acid by the hydroxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solvejg Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark.
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20
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Du B, Zhang W. Theoretical Study on the Water-Assisted Reaction of NCO with HCHO. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6883-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp405687c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benni Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116,
People’s Republic of China
| | - Weichao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116,
People’s Republic of China
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21
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Long B, Tan XF, Chang CR, Zhao WX, Long ZW, Ren DS, Zhang WJ. Theoretical Studies on Gas-Phase Reactions of Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Formaldehyde and Formaldehyde with Sulfuric Acid and H2SO4···H2O Complex. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5106-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jp312844z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric
Composition and Optical Radiation, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Hefei 230031, China
- College
of Information Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xing-Feng Tan
- College
of Information Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Chun-Ran Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering
and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Wei-Xiong Zhao
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry,
Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zheng-Wen Long
- Laboratory for Photoelectric Technology
and Application, College of Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Da-Sen Ren
- College
of Information Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Wei-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric
Composition and Optical Radiation, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine
Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Hefei 230031, China
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Physico-Chemistry,
Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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22
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Zhang T, Li G, Wang W, Du Y, Li C, Lü J. Theoretical studies on atmospheric reactions of CH2FO2 with HO2 and HO2⋅H2O complex. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Buszek RJ, Barker JR, Francisco JS. Water Effect on the OH + HCl Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:4712-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3025107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Buszek
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084,
United States
| | - John R. Barker
- Department
of Atmospheric, Oceanic
and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2143, United States
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084,
United States
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24
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Buszek RJ, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Anglada JM, Francisco JS. Effects of a single water molecule on the OH + H2O2 reaction. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:5821-9. [PMID: 22455374 DOI: 10.1021/jp2077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of a single water molecule on the reaction between H(2)O(2) and HO has been investigated by employing MP2 and CCSD(T) theoretical approaches in connection with the aug-cc-PVDZ, aug-cc-PVTZ, and aug-cc-PVQZ basis sets and extrapolation to an ∞ basis set. The reaction without water has two elementary reaction paths that differ from each other in the orientation of the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl radical moiety. Our computed rate constant, at 298 K, is 1.56 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), in excellent agreement with the suggested value by the NASA/JPL evaluation. The influence of water vapor has been investigated by considering either that H(2)O(2) first forms a complex with water that reacts with hydroxyl radical or that H(2)O(2) reacts with a previously formed H(2)O·OH complex. With the addition of water, the reaction mechanism becomes much more complex, yielding four different reaction paths. Two pathways do not undergo the oxidation reaction but an exchange reaction where there is an interchange between H(2)O(2)·H(2)O and H(2)O·OH complexes. The other two pathways oxidize H(2)O(2), with a computed total rate constant of 4.09 × 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 298 K, 2.6 times the value of the rate constant of the unassisted reaction. However, the true effect of water vapor requires taking into account the concentration of the prereactive bimolecular complex, namely, H(2)O(2)·H(2)O. With this consideration, water can actually slow down the oxidation of H(2)O(2) by OH between 1840 and 20.5 times in the 240-425 K temperature range. This is an example that demonstrates how water could be a catalyst in an atmospheric reaction in the laboratory but is slow under atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Buszek
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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25
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Thomsen DL, Kurtén T, Jørgensen S, Wallington TJ, Baggesen SB, Aalling C, Kjaergaard HG. On the possible catalysis by single water molecules of gas-phase hydrogen abstraction reactions by OH radicals. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:12992-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40795g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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26
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Liessmann M, Miller Y, Gerber B, Abel B. Reaction of OH and NO at Low Temperatures in the Presence of Water: the Role of Clusters. Z PHYS CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2011.0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
There has been a lot of speculation about the role of water in gas phase reactions involving neutrals, radicals and ions. The reaction of NO and OH has attracted a lot of attention in the past due to its relevance for ozone chemistry in the atmosphere. In the present contribution we report low temperature measurements of the recombination of OH and NO at low temperatures in Laval nozzle expansions between 300 K and 60 K. We find an increase of the bimolecular rate constant in the presence of water of up to 40%. This effect has been attributed to water molecules acting either as an efficient collider releasing energy from the intermediate (in collisions) or – which is more likely for the present experimental conditions – as a cluster partner of the reaction intermediate HONO that also dissipates energy via cluster dissociation, which can in turn both stabilize the reaction intermediate, decrease back reaction to OH and NO, and enh ance finally the overall reaction to the products. The supersaturation of water vapor in the cold Laval nozzle expansion strongly favors the formation of clusters in the nozzle throat; their exact concentration is, however, difficult to estimate due to non-equilibrium conditions. The possible role of clusters in the recombination of OH and NO is investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. Beyond the reaction intermediate HONO and intramolecular proton transfer events also transient HOON was observed in the theoretical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liessmann
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Yifat Miller
- Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Department of Chemistry, Be er Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Benny Gerber
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Chemistry, Jerusalem, Israel
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27
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Forester CD, Wells JR. Hydroxyl radical yields from reactions of terpene mixtures with ozone. INDOOR AIR 2011; 21:400-409. [PMID: 21470312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00718.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chamber studies were conducted to quantify hydroxyl radical (OH·) yields and to determine whether water vapor affected OH· formation in the reactions of ozone (O(3)) with a single terpene, two-component terpene mixtures, and a commercial pine oil cleaning product (POC). Solid-phase microextraction fibers (SPME) were used for sampling the terpenes and the 2-butanone formation from the hydroxyl reaction with 2-butanol as a measure of OH· yields. Analyses were performed using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The individual terpenes' OH· yields from α-terpineol, limonene, and α-pinene were 64 ± 8%, 64 ± 6%, and 76 ± 6%, respectively. OH· yields were also measured from two-component mixtures of these terpenes. In each mixture that contained α-terpineol, the overall OH· yield was lower than the modeled OH· yields of the individual components that comprised the reaction mixture. Reactions of a commercial POC with O(3) were also studied to determine how the individual terpenes react in a complex mixture system, and an OH· formation yield of 51 ± 6% was measured. Relative humidity did not have a significant effect on the OH· formation in the mixtures studied here. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The data presented here demonstrate that mixtures may react differently than the sum of their individual components. By investigating the chemistry of mixtures of chemicals in contrast to the chemistry of individual compounds, a better assessment can be made of the overall impact cleaning products have on indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Forester
- Exposure Assessment Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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28
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Huang Y, Ho KF, Ho SSH, Lee SC, Yau PS, Cheng Y. Physical parameters effect on ozone-initiated formation of indoor secondary organic aerosols with emissions from cleaning products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 192:1787-1794. [PMID: 21798666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of air exchange rate (ACH), temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) on the formation of indoor secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) through ozonolysis of biogenic organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted from floor cleaner was investigated in this study. The total particle count (with D(p) of 6-225 nm) was up to 1.2 × 10(3)#cm(-3) with ACH of 1.08 h(-1), and it became much more significant with ACH of 0.36 h(-1) (1.1 × 10(4)#cm(-3)). This suggests that a higher ventilation rate can effectively dilute indoor BVOCs, resulting in a less ultrafine particle formation. The total particle count increased when temperature changed from 15 to 23 °C but it decreased when the temperature further increased to 30 °C. It could be explained that high temperature restrained the condensation of formed semi-volatile compounds resulting in low yields of SOAs. When the RH was at 50% and 80%, SOA formation (1.1-1.2 × 10(4)#cm(-3)) was the more efficient compared with that at RH of 30% (5.9 × 10(3)#cm(-3)), suggesting higher RH facilitating the initial nucleation processes. Oxidation generated secondary carbonyl compounds were also quantified. Acetone was the most abundant carbonyl compound. The formation mechanisms of formaldehyde and acetone were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Research Centre for Environmental Technology and Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Vaida
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, USA
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30
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Long B, Zhang WJ, Tan XF, Long ZW, Wang YB, Ren DS. Theoretical Study on the Gas Phase Reaction of Sulfuric Acid with Hydroxyl Radical in the Presence of Water. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:1350-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107550w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Guizhou University for Nationalities, Guiyang, China 550025
| | - Wei-jun Zhang
- Laboratory of Environment Spectroscopy, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China 230031
| | - Xing-feng Tan
- College of Photo-Electronics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China 400065
| | - Zheng-wen Long
- Department of Physics, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China 550025
| | - Yi-bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Guizhou High Performance Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China 550025
| | - Da-sen Ren
- College of Computer and Information Engineering, Guizhou University for Nationalities, Guiyang, China 550025
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31
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Zhang T, Wang W, Zhang P, Lü J, Zhang Y. Water-catalyzed gas-phase hydrogen abstraction reactions of CH3O2 and HO2 with HO2: a computational investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20794-805. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21563a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Gonzalez J, Anglada JM. Gas Phase Reaction of Nitric Acid with Hydroxyl Radical without and with Water. A Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:9151-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jp102935d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gonzalez
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC - CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica i Modelització Molecular, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya, IQAC - CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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