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Ci Y, Lv D, Yang X, Du H, Tang Y. High-performance cellulose/thermoplastic polyurethane composites enabled by interaction-modulated cellulose regeneration. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122611. [PMID: 39245493 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Strong interfacial adhesion between cellulose and other polymers is critical to achieve the properties required for specific applications in composite materials. Here, we developed a method for the simultaneous homogeneous dissolution of cellulose and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in 1,8-diazabicyclo (5.4.0) undec-7-ene levulinate/dimethyl sulfoxide ([DBUH]Lev/DMSO) solvent. This process is essential for preparing cellulose/TPU composite films and fibers through interaction-modulated cellulose regeneration. Both cellulose and TPU can be easily dissolved together in [DBUH]Lev/DMSO solvent under mild conditions. The resulting cellulose/TPU solutions exhibited strong temperature sensitivity, shear-thinning behavior and viscoelasticity, making them suitable for cast films and continuous spinning. More importantly, research findings, including density functional theory calculations and experimental characterization, confirmed the high compatibility and interaction modulability of cellulose and TPU in the composite films. The representative C90T10 sample (cellulose/TPU, 90/10) showed high transparency (90 % at 800 nm) and excellent mechanical properties (tensile strength: 176 MPa; elongation at break: 8.1 %). Additionally, the maximum tensile strength and elongation at the break of the composite fiber from C90T10 were 214 MPa and 48.1 %, respectively. This method may provide a feasible approach to design and produce homogeneous environmentally friendly composites of cellulose and other polymers at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Ci
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Dong Lv
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, PR China
| | - Xiangjian Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Haishun Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Yanjun Tang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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2
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Clarke CJ, Clayton T, Palmer MJ, Lovelock KRJ, Licence P. A thermophysical investigation of weakly coordinated metals in ionic liquids. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13832-13840. [PMID: 39211497 PMCID: PMC11351778 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03588g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids can solvate metals without strongly coordinating them, which gives a rare opportunity to probe the complexity of weakly coordinated metals through characterisation of liquid properties. In this work we use bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (i.e. bistriflimide; [NTf2]-) anions to prepare weakly coordinated metal containing ionic liquids (MILs) that are highly versatile because they are reactive with readily substituted ligands. Weakly coordinated metals are more than highly active catalysts. They are primed to create dynamic systems that are useful in other areas such as battery electrolytes, soft materials, and separations. However, very little is known about the properties of ionic liquids with weakly coordinated metals, so we present a wide scope analysis of nineteen 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bistriflimide ILs with five different M[NTf2] n salts (M = Li, Mg, Zn, Co, Ni) in variable concentration to understand how metal cations influence thermophysical properties. We investigate short- and long-term thermal stability, decomposition kinetics, and decomposition mechanisms which provides operating windows and knowledge on how to improve stability. In particular, we find that all metals catalyse the elimination decomposition process, which severely compromises thermal stability. Alongside this, we present a detailed analysis of viscosities, densities, and heat capacities, the latter of which revealed that bistriflimide metal ILs are prone to drawing water from the air to form strong hydration spheres. Thermal parameters are affected to varying degrees, but desorption is possible under elevated temperatures - further justifying the need to know upper temperature limits. Altogether, this work provides a broad and methodical study to help understand solvent-solute interactions and thus design better systems for emerging applications that utilise weakly coordinated metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coby J Clarke
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Thomas Clayton
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | - Matthew J Palmer
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | | | - Peter Licence
- GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
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3
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Lass M, Kenter T, Plessl C, Brehm M. Characterizing Microheterogeneity in Liquid Mixtures via Local Density Fluctuations. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:322. [PMID: 38667876 PMCID: PMC11049288 DOI: 10.3390/e26040322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel approach to characterize and quantify microheterogeneity and microphase separation in computer simulations of complex liquid mixtures. Our post-processing method is based on local density fluctuations of the different constituents in sampling spheres of varying size. It can be easily applied to both molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, including periodic boundary conditions. Multidimensional correlation of the density distributions yields a clear picture of the domain formation due to the subtle balance of different interactions. We apply our approach to the example of force field molecular dynamics simulations of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with different side chain lengths at different temperatures, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, which are known to form distinct liquid domains. We put the results into the context of existing microheterogeneity analyses and demonstrate the advantages and sensitivity of our novel method. Furthermore, we show how to estimate the configuration entropy from our analysis, and we investigate voids in the system. The analysis has been implemented into our program package TRAVIS and is thus available as free software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lass
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Computer Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.L.); (T.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Tobias Kenter
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Computer Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.L.); (T.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Christian Plessl
- Faculty of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematics, Department of Computer Science, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany; (M.L.); (T.K.); (C.P.)
| | - Martin Brehm
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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4
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Norfarhana AS, Ilyas RA, Ngadi N, Othman MHD, Misenan MSM, Norrrahim MNF. Revolutionizing lignocellulosic biomass: A review of harnessing the power of ionic liquids for sustainable utilization and extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128256. [PMID: 38000585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
The potential for the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into valuable commodities is rapidly growing through an environmentally sustainable approach to harness its abundance, cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, and environmentally friendly nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have received considerable and widespread attention as a promising solution for efficiently dissolving lignocellulosic biomass. The fact that ILs can act as solvents and reagents contributes to their widespread recognition. In particular, ILs are desirable because they are inert, non-toxic, non-flammable, miscible in water, recyclable, thermally and chemically stable, and have low melting points and outstanding ionic conductivity. With these characteristics, ILs can serve as a reliable replacement for traditional biomass conversion methods in various applications. Thus, this comprehensive analysis explores the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs, focusing on main components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. In addition, the effect of multiple parameters on the separation of lignocellulosic biomass using ILs is discussed to emphasize their potential to produce high-value products from this abundant and renewable resource. This work contributes to the advancement of green technologies, offering a promising avenue for the future of biomass conversion and sustainable resource management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Norfarhana
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail, Pagoh Education Hub, 84600 Pagoh Muar Johor, Malaysia
| | - R A Ilyas
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor Bahru 81310, Johor, Malaysia; Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
| | - Norzita Ngadi
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Syukri Mohamad Misenan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Science, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus, 34220 Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim
- Research Centre for Chemical Defence, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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5
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Lewandowska K, Szulc M. Rheological and Film-Forming Properties of Chitosan Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158763. [PMID: 35955893 PMCID: PMC9369327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (Chit) and its composite films are widely used in biomedical, cosmetic, and packaging applications. In addition, their properties can be improved and modified using various techniques. In this study, the effect of the type of clay in Chit composites on the structure, morphology, and physical properties of Chit solution and films was tested. The liquid flow properties of Chit solution with and without clay were carried out using the steady shear test. Chit films containing clay were obtained using the solution-casting method. The morphology, structure, and physical properties of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, swelling behavior, and tensile tests. The results reveal that for the Chit solution with clay (C1) containing 35 wt.% dimethyl dialkyl (C14-C18) amine, the apparent viscosity is the highest, whereas Chit solutions with other clays show reduced apparent viscosity. Rheological parameters of Chit composites were determined by the power law and Cross models, indicating shear-thinning behavior. Analytical data were compared, and show that the addition of clay is favorable to the formation of intermolecular interactions between Chit and clay, which improves in the properties of the studied composites.
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6
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Owens CE, Du J, Sánchez PB. Understanding the Dynamics of Cellulose Dissolved in an Ionic Liquid Solvent Under Shear and Extensional Flows. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1958-1969. [PMID: 35442676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) hold great potential as solvents to dissolve, recycle, and regenerate cellulosic fabrics, but the dissolved cellulose material system requires greater study in conditions relevant to fiber spinning processes, especially characterization of nonlinear shear and extensional flows. To address this gap, we aimed to disentangle the effects of the temperature, cellulose concentration, and degree of polymerization (DOP) on the shear and extensional flows of cellulose dissolved in an IL. We have studied the behavior of cellulose from two sources, fabric and filter paper, dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([C2C1Im][OAc]) over a range of temperatures (25 to 80 °C) and concentrations (up to 4%) that cover both semidilute and entangled regimes. The linear viscoelastic (LVE) response was measured using small-amplitude oscillatory shear techniques, and the results were unified by reducing the temperature, concentration, and DOP onto a single master curve using time superposition techniques. The shear rheological data were further fitted to a fractional Maxwell liquid (FML) model and were found to satisfy the Cox-Merz rule within the measurement range. Meanwhile, the material response in the non-LVE (NLVE) regime at large strains and strain rates has special relevance for spinning processes. We quantified the NLVE behavior using steady shear flow tests alongside uniaxial extension using a customized capillary breakup extensional rheometer. The results for both shear and extensional NLVE responses were described by the Rolie-Poly model to account for flow-dependent relaxation times and nonmonotonic viscosity evolution with strain rates in an extensional flow, which primarily arise from complex polymer interactions at high concentrations. The physically interpretable model fitting parameters were further compared to describe differences in material response to different flow types at varying temperatures, concentrations, and DOP. Finally, the fitting parameters from the FML and Rolie-Poly models were connected under the same superposition framework to provide a comprehensive description within the wide measured parameter window for the flow and handling of cellulose in [C2C1Im][OAc] in both linear and nonlinear regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal E Owens
- Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jianyi Du
- Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Pablo B Sánchez
- Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Applied Physics Department, Experimental Science Building,Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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7
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Kerche EF, Neves RM, Ornaghi HL, Zattera AJ, Schrekker HS. The influence of Ionic liquid concentration on microcrystalline cellulose modification. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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8
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Holding AJ, Xia J, Hummel M, Zwiers H, Leskinen M, Rico Del Cerro D, Hietala S, Nieger M, Kemell M, Helminen JKJ, Aseyev V, Tenhu H, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Thermo-reversible cellulose micro phase-separation in mixtures of methyltributylphosphonium acetate and γ-valerolactone or DMSO. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100635. [PMID: 35130371 PMCID: PMC9303658 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have identified cellulose solvents, comprised of binary mixtures of molecular solvents and ionic liquids that rapidly dissolve cellulose to high concentration and show upper‐critical solution temperature (UCST)‐like thermodynamic behaviour ‐ upon cooling and micro phase‐separation to roughly spherical microparticle particle‐gel mixtures. This is a result of an entropy‐dominant process, controllable by changing temperature, with an overall exothermic regeneration step. However, the initial dissolution of cellulose in this system, from the majority cellulose I allomorph upon increasing temperature, is also exothermic. The mixtures essentially act as ‘thermo‐switchable’ gels. Upon initial dissolution and cooling, micro‐scaled spherical particles are formed, the formation onset and size of which are dependent on the presence of traces of water. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and 13C cross‐polarisation magic‐angle spinning (CP‐MAS) NMR spectroscopy have identified that the cellulose micro phase‐separates with no remaining cellulose I allomorph and eventually forms a proportion of the cellulose II allomorph after water washing and drying. The rheological properties of these solutions demonstrate the possibility of a new type of cellulose processing, whereby morphology can be influenced by changing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Xia
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Michael Hummel
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Harry Zwiers
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Matti Leskinen
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Sami Hietala
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Marianna Kemell
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Vladimir Aseyev
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Alistair W T King
- Helsingin Yliopisto, Department of Chemistry, A I Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00560, Helsinki, FINLAND
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9
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Imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)/ionic liquid solutions: Rheology, structuration and ionic transport properties. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Solubility and spinnability of cellulose-lignin blends in specific ionic liquids. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Aghmih K, Wakrim H, Boukhriss A, El Bouchti M, Majid S, Gmouh S. Rheological study of microcrystalline cellulose/pyridinium-based ionic liquids solutions. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03917-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Layek S, Banerjee P, Sarkar N. An insight into the dissolution of cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride-DMSO binary Mixture: Exploring the dynamics of rhodamine 6G and fluorescein. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Smirnov MA, Fedotova VS, Sokolova MP, Nikolaeva AL, Elokhovsky VY, Karttunen M. Polymerizable Choline- and Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Reinforced with Bacterial Cellulose for 3D-Printing. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3044. [PMID: 34577946 PMCID: PMC8471885 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a novel approach is demonstrated for 3D-printing of bacterial cellulose (BC) reinforced UV-curable ion gels using two-component solvents based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or choline chloride combined with acrylic acid. Preservation of cellulose's crystalline and nanofibrous structure is demonstrated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Rheological measurements reveal that cholinium-based systems, in comparison with imidazolium-based ones, are characterised with lower viscosity at low shear rates and improved stability against phase separation at high shear rates. Grafting of poly(acrylic acid) onto the surfaces of cellulose nanofibers during UV-induced polymerization of acrylic acid results in higher elongation at break for choline chloride-based compositions: 175% in comparison with 94% for imidazolium-based systems as well as enhanced mechanical properties in compression mode. As a result, cholinium-based BC ion gels containing acrylic acid can be considered as more suitable for 3D-printing of objects with improved mechanical properties due to increased dispersion stability and filler/matrix interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Smirnov
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Veronika S. Fedotova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria P. Sokolova
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
| | - Alexandra L. Nikolaeva
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
| | - Vladimir Yu. Elokhovsky
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
| | - Mikko Karttunen
- Institute of Macromolecular Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, V.O. Bolshoi pr. 31, 199004 St. Petersburg, Russia; (V.S.F.); (M.P.S.); (A.L.N.); (V.Y.E.)
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- The Centre of Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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14
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Lefroy KS, Murray BS, Ries ME. Rheological and NMR Studies of Cellulose Dissolution in the Ionic Liquid BmimAc. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8205-8218. [PMID: 34279933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Solutions of two types of cellulose in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate (BmimAc) have been analyzed using rheology and fast-field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, in order to analyze the macroscopic (bulk) and microscopic environments, respectively. The degree of polymerization (DP) was observed to have a significant effect on both the overlap (c*) and entanglement (ce) concentrations and the intrinsic viscosity ([η]). For microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/BmimAc solutions, [η] = 116 mL g-1, which is comparable to that of MCC/1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate (EmimAc) solutions, while [η] = 350 mL g-1 for the commercial cellulose (higher DP). Self-diffusion coefficients (D) obtained via the model-independent approach were found to decrease with cellulose concentration and increase with temperature, which can in part be explained by the changes in viscosity; however, ion interactions on a local level are also important. Both Stokes-Einstein and Stokes-Einstein-Debye analyses were carried out to directly compare rheological and relaxometry analyses. It was found that polymer entanglements affect the microscopic environment to a much lesser extent than for the macroscopic environment. Finally, the temperature dependencies of η, D, and relaxation time (T1) could be well described by Arrhenius relationships, and thus, activation energies (Ea) for flow, diffusion, and relaxation were determined. We demonstrate that temperature and cellulose concentration have different effects on short- and long-range interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Lefroy
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Brent S Murray
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Michael E Ries
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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15
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Phadagi R, Singh S, Hashemi H, Kaya S, Venkatesu P, Ramjugernath D, Ebenso E, Bahadur I. Understanding the role of Dimethylformamide as co-solvents in the dissolution of cellulose in ionic liquids: Experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Bengtsson J, Jedvert K, Köhnke T, Theliander H. The challenge of predicting spinnability: Investigating benefits of adding lignin to cellulose solutions in air‐gap spinning. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Bengtsson
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
| | - Kerstin Jedvert
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Tobias Köhnke
- Fiber Development RISE Research Institutes of Sweden Mölndal Sweden
| | - Hans Theliander
- Division of Forest Products and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology Göteborg Sweden
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17
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Zhang X, Ries ME, Hine PJ. Time-Temperature Superposition of the Dissolution of Silk Fibers in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1091-1101. [PMID: 33560832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the dissolution of silk multifilament fibers in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. The dissolution process was found to create a silk composite fiber, comprising undissolved silk multifilaments surrounded by a coagulated silk matrix. The dissolution procedure was carried out for a range of temperatures and times. The resulting composite fibers were studied using a combination of optical microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction (XRD), and tensile testing. An azimuthal (α) XRD scan enabled the orientation of the composite silk filaments to be quantified through a second Legendre polynomial function (P2). The P2 results could be shifted to construct a single master curve using time-temperature superposition (TTS). The shifting factors were found to have an Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of 138 ± 13 kJ/mol. Using a simple rule of mixtures, the P2 measurements were used to calculate the dissolved silk matrix volume fraction (Vm), which also displayed TTS forming a single master curve with an activation energy of 139 ± 15 kJ/mol. The tensile Young's modulus of each silk composite filament was measured, and these results similarly formed a master curve with an activation energy of 116 ± 12 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Ries
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Hine
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Xu H, Huang L, Xu M, Qi M, Yi T, Mo Q, Zhao H, Huang C, Wang S, Liu Y. Preparation and Properties of Cellulose-Based Films Regenerated from Waste Corrugated Cardboards Using [Amim]Cl/CaCl 2. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:23743-23754. [PMID: 32984693 PMCID: PMC7513365 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
1-Ally-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Amim]Cl), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and CaCl2 were selected to construct dissolution systems to produce value-added products from pretreatment of waste corrugated cardboards (P-WCCs). The dissolution behaviors of P-WCCs before and after ball milling were studied in different dissolution systems. The regenerated cellulose films were quickly and efficiently prepared via dissolving, regenerating, and pressurized drying. When 4 wt % waste corrugated cardboard was dissolved in [Amim]Cl for 4 h at 90 °C, the regenerated cellulose films featured tensile strengths as high as 59.00 MPa. Adding 40% DMSO and 2 wt % CaCl2 increased the tensile strength of the film to a maximum value of 85.86 MPa. This demonstrates that DMSO improves the ability of WCC to dissolve in ionic liquids; Ca2+ improves the tensile strength and thermal stability of the regenerated cellulose film but reduces its transparency. This work provides a new, simple, and highly efficient way to use WCCs for packaging and wrapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lijie Huang
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Mingzi Xu
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Minghui Qi
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tan Yi
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Qi Mo
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hanyu Zhao
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chongxing Huang
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- Guangxi
Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College
of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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Non-covalent interactions of imidazolium-based ionic liquids with model pyrrolidones revealed by FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical model calculations. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Usachev SV, Zlenko DV, Nagornova IV, Koverzanova EV, G. Mikhaleva M, Vedenkin AS, Vtyurina DN, Skoblin AA, Nikolsky SN, Politenkova GG, Stovbun SV. Structure and properties of helical fibers spun from cellulose solutions in [Bmim]Cl. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115866. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Al Hokayem K, El Hage R, Svecova L, Otazaghine B, Le Moigne N, Sonnier R. Flame Retardant-Functionalized Cotton Cellulose Using Phosphonate-Based Ionic Liquids. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071629. [PMID: 32252261 PMCID: PMC7181116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose from cotton fibers was functionalized through a dissolution-regeneration process with phosphonate-based ionic liquids (ILs): 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylphosphonate [DIMIM][(MeO)(H)PO2] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphoshonate [EMIM][(MeO)(H)PO2]. The chemical modification of cellulose occurred through a transesterification reaction between the methyl phosphonate function of ILs and the primary alcohol functions of cellulose. The resulting cellulose structure and the amount of grafted phosphorus were then investigated by X-ray diffraction, ICP-AES, and ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy. Depending on the IL type and initial cotton / IL ratio in the solution, regenerated cellulose contained up to 4.5% of phosphorus. The rheological behavior of cotton cellulose/ILs solutions and the microscale fire performances of modified cellulose were studied in order to ultimately prepare flame retardant cellulosic materials. Significant improvement in the flame retardancy of regenerated cellulose was obtained with a reduction of THR values down to about 5-6 kJ/g and an increase of char up to about 35 wt%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Al Hokayem
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
- LCPM, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O.B. 90656, Lebanon;
| | - Roland El Hage
- LCPM, Faculty of Sciences, Lebanese University, Campus Fanar P.O.B. 90656, Lebanon;
| | - Lenka Svecova
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Belkacem Otazaghine
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
| | - Rodolphe Sonnier
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids(PCH), IMT Mines Alès, 6, avenue de Clavières, 30100 Alès, France; (K.A.H.); (B.O.); (N.L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33(0)4-66-78-53-58
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22
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Utomo NW, Saifuddin I, Nazari B, Jain P, Colby RH. Chain dynamics and glass transition of dry native cellulose solutions in ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:200-207. [PMID: 31774426 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dry native cellulose solutions in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate (EMImMPO3H), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMImAc), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMImCl) ionic liquids (IL) were investigated using subambient linear viscoelastic oscillatory shear. Glass transition temperatures (Tg) of solutions with various cellulose concentrations up to 8.0 wt% were observed as the peaks of loss tangent tan(δ) and loss modulus G'' in descending temperature sweeps at 1 rad s-1. Cellulose/IL solutions showed a minimum in Tg at ∼2.0 wt% cellulose content before increasing with cellulose concentration, suggesting a perturbation of the strongly structured IL solvents by the cellulose chains. Isothermal frequency sweeps in the vicinity of Tg were used to construct time-temperature-superposition master curves. The angular frequency shift factor aT as a function of temperature indicates Arrhenius behavior within a 9 K range near Tg, allowing calculation of fragility, which was found to be constant up to 8.0 wt% cellulose concentration. This result implied that increasing cellulose concentration initially decreases Tg due to disrupted ionic regularity of ILs, but does not seem to change their fragility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyalaliska W Utomo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Indira Saifuddin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Behzad Nazari
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Preet Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Ralph H Colby
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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23
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Liu Q, Mou H, Chen W, Zhao X, Yu H, Xue Z, Mu T. Highly Efficient Dissolution of Lignin by Eutectic Molecular Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hongyu Mou
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wenjun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Xinhui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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24
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Cellulose in Ionic Liquids and Alkaline Solutions: Advances in the Mechanisms of Biopolymer Dissolution and Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121917. [PMID: 31766402 PMCID: PMC6960809 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on assessment of solvents for cellulose dissolution and the mechanism of regeneration of the dissolved biopolymer. The solvents of interest are imidazole-based ionic liquids, quaternary ammonium electrolytes, salts of super-bases, and their binary mixtures with molecular solvents. We briefly discuss the mechanism of cellulose dissolution and address the strategies for assessing solvent efficiency, as inferred from its physico-chemical properties. In addition to the favorable effect of lower cellulose solution rheology, microscopic solvent/solution properties, including empirical polarity, Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and dipolarity/polarizability are determinants of cellulose dissolution. We discuss how these microscopic properties are calculated from the UV-Vis spectra of solvatochromic probes, and their use to explain the observed solvent efficiency order. We dwell briefly on use of other techniques, in particular NMR and theoretical calculations for the same purpose. Once dissolved, cellulose is either regenerated in different physical shapes, or derivatized under homogeneous conditions. We discuss the mechanism of, and the steps involved in cellulose regeneration, via formation of mini-sheets, association into “mini-crystals”, and convergence into larger crystalline and amorphous regions. We discuss the use of different techniques, including FTIR, X-ray diffraction, and theoretical calculations to probe the forces involved in cellulose regeneration.
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25
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Zhang L, Shi W, Wang J, Jin L, Hu G, Zheng Q, Xie H, Chen P. Unique gelation and rheological properties of the cellulose/CO 2-based reversible ionic liquid/DMSO solutions. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 222:115024. [PMID: 31320088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gelation and rheological behaviors of cellulose/CO2-based reversible ionic liquid (RIL)/DMSO solutions were investigated. The exponents of specific viscosity ηsp versus concentration c were determined for wood pulp (WP) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) solutions. The complex viscosity acquired using oscillatory shear closely follows the steady shear viscosity, thus revealing the applicability of Cox-Merz rule. The influence of RIL content in the solvent on apparent viscosities, activation energy, intrinsic viscosities, specific viscosity-c[η] master curve, and relaxation time were also investigated. Gelation occurred in this cellulose solution system due to thermal-induced CO2 release from the decomposition of the CO2-based reversible ionic liquid. The formed gel was stable in air, but re-dissolved when exposed to CO2, indicating the switch-on and switch-off effects of CO2 in cellulose dissolution and gelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Zhang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wentao Shi
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), CAS, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Junqin Wang
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Longming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Gang Hu
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Haibo Xie
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), CAS, Ningbo, 315201, China.
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26
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Zheng B, Harris C, Bhatia SR, Thomas MF. Dissolution capacity and rheology of cellulose in ionic liquids composed of imidazolium cation and phosphate anions. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zheng
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook University Stony Brook NY
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27
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Shang X, Jiang H, Wang Q, Liu P, Xie F. Cellulose-starch Hybrid Films Plasticized by Aqueous ZnCl₂ Solution. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E474. [PMID: 30678311 PMCID: PMC6386833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch and cellulose are two typical natural polymers from plants that have similar chemical structures. The blending of these two biopolymers for materials development is an interesting topic, although how their molecular interactions could influence the conformation and properties of the resultant materials has not been studied extensively. Herein, the rheological properties of cellulose/starch/ZnCl₂ solutions were studied, and the structures and properties of cellulose-starch hybrid films were characterized. The rheological study shows that compared with starch (containing mostly amylose), cellulose contributed more to the solution's viscosity and has a stronger shear-thinning behavior. A comparison between the experimental and calculated zero-shear-rate viscosities indicates that compact complexes (interfacial interactions) formed between cellulose and starch with ≤50 wt % cellulose content, whereas a loose structure (phase separation) existed with ≥70 wt % cellulose content. For starch-rich hybrid films prepared by compression molding, less than 7 wt % of cellulose was found to improve the mechanical properties despite the reduced crystallinity of the starch; for cellulose-rich hybrid films, a higher content of starch reduced the material properties, although the chemical interactions were not apparently influenced. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of biopolymer films were mainly affected by the structural conformation, as indicated by the rheological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Shang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Fine Chemical Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Huihua Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Fine Chemical Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Qingling Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Fine Chemical Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Peng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
- Fine Chemical Research Institute, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Fengwei Xie
- Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HS, UK.
- International Institute for Nanocomposites Manufacturing (IINM), WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia.
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28
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Yeadon DJ, Jacquemin J, Plechkova NV, Gomes MC, Seddon KR. Using Thermodynamics to Assess the Molecular Interactions of Tetrabutylphosphonium Carboxylate–Water Mixtures. Aust J Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/ch18481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Densities, ρ, viscosities, η, and enthalpies of mixing, , of binary [P4 4 4 4][CnCOO]–water mixtures (with n=1, 2 or 7) were determined at atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature. The excess, , apparent, , and partial, , molar volumes were deduced from experimental data, as well as fragilities, m*, and excess Gibbs free energies of activation of viscous flow, . exhibited predominantly negative deviation from ideality, with a minimum at approximately ~0.8 for all three systems, indicating strong hydrogen-bonding interactions. All three binary systems were found to be fragile, with [P4 4 4 4][C7COO] showing the smallest deviations in fragility with the addition of water. values of the systems were exothermic over the entire composition range, having the following trend: [P4 4 4 4][C2COO]>[P4 4 4 4][C7COO]>[P4 4 4 4][C1COO].
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29
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Brehm M, Sebastiani D. Simulating structure and dynamics in small droplets of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193802. [PMID: 30307180 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the structure and dynamics of small ionic liquid droplets in gas phase, we performed a DFT-based ab initio molecular dynamics study of several 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate clusters in vacuum as well as a bulk phase simulation. We introduce an unbiased criterion for average droplet diameter and density. By extrapolation of the droplet densities, we predict the experimental bulk phase density with a deviation of only a few percent. The hydrogen bond geometry between cations and anions is very similar in droplets and bulk, but the hydrogen bond dynamics is significantly slower in the droplets, becoming slower with increasing system size, with hydrogen bond lifetimes up to 2000 ps. From a normal mode analysis of the trajectories, we identify the modes of the ring proton C-H stretching, which are strongly affected by hydrogen bonding. From analyzing these, we find that the hydrogen bond becomes weaker with increasing system size. The cations possess an increased concentration inside the clusters, whereas the anions show an excess concentration on the outside. Almost all anions point towards the droplet center with their carboxylic groups. Ring stacking is found to be a very important structural motif in the droplets (as in the bulk), but side chain interactions are only of minor importance. By using Voronoi tessellation, we define the exposed droplet surface and find that it consists mainly of hydrogen atoms from the cation's and anion's methyl and ethyl groups. Polar atoms are rarely found on the surface, such that the droplets appear completely hydrophobic on the outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brehm
- Institut für Chemie-Theoretische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel Sebastiani
- Institut für Chemie-Theoretische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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30
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Rajeev A, Deshpande AP, Basavaraj MG. Rheology and microstructure of concentrated microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl)/water mixtures. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:7615-7624. [PMID: 30159579 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water added to a solution of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (AmimCl) reduces the solvent quality and causes significant changes in the flow properties and microstructure due to restructuring and aggregation of cellulose molecules. We report an experimental investigation by means of polarization optical microscopy (POM) and rheology of the distinct phases formed in 5-20 wt% MCC/AmimCl solutions due to the addition of water. With increase in the cellulose concentration, the MCC/AmimCl/water mixtures showed different morphologies such as the non-aligned cholesteric liquid crystalline (LC) domain, the coexistence of spherulite-like structures within the LC domain and a space-spanning network of spherulite-like structures at high concentrations of water. In situ microscopy during shear and POM observations pre and post shear revealed a significant increase in the size of the birefringent domains as the shear rate is increased, which continued to exist even after the cessation of shear. With an increase in the concentration of water, the zero shear viscosity of the MCC/AmimCl/water mixtures was found to go through a minimum, beyond which the aggregation of cellulose commenced. The corresponding oscillatory shear response showed a sol-gel transition with an increase in water concentration. Moreover, at high cellulose concentrations (12-20 wt%), the MCC/AmimCl/water gels exhibited self-similarity and followed the Chambon-Winter (CW) criterion. The similar phase behavior and rheological response observed for MCC dissolved in 1-butyl-3 methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) indicated the generality of the presented results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashna Rajeev
- Polymer Engineering and Colloid Science Laboratory (PECS), Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India.
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31
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Men S, Wang B, Song W, Liu M, Ji W, Jin Y. Property Comparison of Cellulose Acetate Prepared Homogenously in Different Ionic Liquids. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041805010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Ries ME, Radhi A, Green SM, Moffat J, Budtova T. Microscopic and Macroscopic Properties of Carbohydrate Solutions in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium Acetate. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8763-8771. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b06939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Ries
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT. U.K
| | - Asanah Radhi
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT. U.K
| | - Stephen M. Green
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT. U.K
| | - Jamie Moffat
- Innovia Films R&D Centre, West Road, Wigton, Cumbria CA7 9XX, U.K
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
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Colburn A, Wanninayake N, Kim DY, Bhattacharyya D. Cellulose-graphene quantum dot composite membranes using ionic liquid. J Memb Sci 2018; 556:293-302. [PMID: 32095034 PMCID: PMC7039517 DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Selective separation of small molecules by membranes is inhibited by the performance gap between nanofiltration and ultrafiltration membranes. In this work, a membrane that can efficiently remove small molecules (> 300 Da) was created by incorporating graphene oxide quantum dots (GQDs) into a cellulose membrane using an ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate). Incorporation of GQD into cellulose membranes using an ionic liquid brings several advantages over traditional mixed matrix membranes: 1) GQDs are abundant in peripheral hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, thus GQDs have strong binding with cellulose through hydrogen bonding and forms a stable composite membrane. 2) Negative surface charge of GQDs helps prevent aggregation. 3) The size (5 nm) of GQD is smaller than most nanoparticles used in membranes, allowing for interesting pore forming properties. GQD-cellulose membranes were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation in water. It was determined that about 45% of GQDs are incorporated from solution to membrane. GQDs were determined to be located on the membrane surface, giving the membrane negative surface charge and improved hydrophilicity. GQDs showed no leaching after convective flow through the membrane. Impact of GQD on membrane permeability and rejection was studied through convective flow experiments, and through longer term permeability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colburn
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 177F. Paul Anderson Tower, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - N Wanninayake
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - D Y Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - D Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, 177F. Paul Anderson Tower, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Self-assembled cellulose materials for biomedicine: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:264-274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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de Pablo Nisa L, Segovia JJ, Martín Á, Martín MC, Bermejo MD. Determination of density and excess molar volume of dimethyl sulfoxide + 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride mixtures at high pressure. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Acharya S, Hu Y, Abidi N. Mild condition dissolution of high molecular weight cotton cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate/N,N
-dimethylacetamide solvent system. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjit Acharya
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
| | - Yang Hu
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
| | - Noureddine Abidi
- Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute, Department of Plant and Soil Science; Texas Tech University; Lubbock Texas 79409
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Hedlund A, Köhnke T, Theliander H. Diffusion in Ionic Liquid–Cellulose Solutions during Coagulation in Water: Mass Transport and Coagulation Rate Measurements. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Hedlund
- Bio-based
fibers, Swerea IVF, P.O. Box 104, SE-431 22 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tobias Köhnke
- Bio-based
fibers, Swerea IVF, P.O. Box 104, SE-431 22 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Hans Theliander
- Forest
Products and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Engineering, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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39
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Viscosity and Rheology of Ionic Liquid Mixtures Containing Cellulose and Cosolvents for Advanced Processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2017-1250.ch008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
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Green SM, Ries ME, Moffat J, Budtova T. NMR and Rheological Study of Anion Size Influence on the Properties of Two Imidazolium-based Ionic Liquids. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8968. [PMID: 28827729 PMCID: PMC5566215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
NMR self-diffusion and relaxation, coupled with viscosity, were used to study the properties and structure of two imidazolium-based ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2MIM][OAc] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium octanoate [C2MIM][OOct]. The experimental results point to the formation of different types of aggregates in each ionic liquid. These aggregates are small and stable under flow and temperature in [C2MIM][OAc], whereas the aggregates are large and sensitive to flow and temperature in [C2MIM][OOct]. In the latter case the size of aggregates decreases both under flow and temperature increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Green
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael E Ries
- Soft Matter Physics Research Group, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Jamie Moffat
- Innovia Films R&D Centre, West Road, Wigton, Cumbria, CA7 9XX, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES ParisTech, PSL Research University, Centre for Material Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904, Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France.
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41
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Comparison of rheological properties of kraft and microcrystalline cellulose dissolved in lithium chloride/N,N-dimethylacetamide. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Jiang X, Kitamura S, Sato T, Terao K. Chain Dimensions and Stiffness of Cellulosic and Amylosic Chains in an Ionic Liquid: Cellulose, Amylose, and an Amylose Carbamate in BmimCl. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- XinYue Jiang
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kitamura
- Graduate
School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho,
Nakaku, Sakai 599-8531, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Ken Terao
- Department
of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1
Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Napso S, Rein DM, Khalfin R, Cohen Y. Semidilute solution structure of cellulose in an ionic liquid and its mixture with a polar organic co-solvent studied by small-angle X-ray scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Napso
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Dmitry M. Rein
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Rafail Khalfin
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200003 Israel
| | - Yachin Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Technion City Haifa 3200003 Israel
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Zhang B, Sudre G, Quintard G, Serghei A, David L, Bernard J, Fleury E, Charlot A. Guar gum as biosourced building block to generate highly conductive and elastic ionogels with poly(ionic liquid) and ionic liquid. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:586-595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ni X, Chen W, Xiao M, Wu K, Kuang Y, Corke H, Jiang F. Physical stability and rheological properties of konjac glucomannan-ethyl cellulose mixed emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 92:423-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gubitosi M, Duarte H, Gentile L, Olsson U, Medronho B. On cellulose dissolution and aggregation in aqueous tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:2873-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gubitosi
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hugo Duarte
- Faculty
of Sciences and Technology (MeditBio), University of Algarve, Campus de
Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Luigi Gentile
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulf Olsson
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Bruno Medronho
- Faculty
of Sciences and Technology (MeditBio), University of Algarve, Campus de
Gambelas, Ed. 8, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Electrochemical behavior of copper species in the 1-buthyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) ionic liquid on a Pt electrode. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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49
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Zhou Y, Liu J, Xiao M, Meng Y, Sun L. Designing Supported Ionic Liquids (ILs) within Inorganic Nanosheets for CO₂ Capture Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5547-5555. [PMID: 26840623 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology was developed for the immobilization of ionic liquids (ILs) on α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) and montmorillonite (MMT) single-layer nanosheets via a facile coassembly process. The coassembled inorganic nanosheet/1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) hybrids were systematically characterized. The results showed that the ILs were successfully assembled with ZrP or MMT single-layer nanosheets to form an intercalated structure. The inorganic nanosheet/IL hybrids can serve as efficient CO2 absorbents. The CO2 sorption of BMIMCl could be made up to 21 times more efficient because of the high exposure of the functional groups of BMIMCl in the coassembled hybrids. CO2 was physically absorbed by the hybrids with a slow equilibrium time at lower temperatures, whereas higher temperatures allowed for faster diffusion and chemical absorption of CO2. The best CO2 capture capacities of the hybrids were 0.73 mmol/g at 60 °C for ZrP/BMIMCl and 0.42 mmol/g at 70 °C for MMT/BMIMCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhou
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210044, China
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Min Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuezhong Meng
- The Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province/State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Luyi Sun
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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