1
|
Brun N, González-Sánchez JM, Demelas C, Clément JL, Monod A. A fast and efficient method for the analysis of α-dicarbonyl compounds in aqueous solutions: Development and application. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 319:137977. [PMID: 36736840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Among the highly oxygenated species formed in situ in the atmosphere, α-dicarbonyl compounds are the most reactive species, thus contributing to the formation of secondary organic aerosols that affect both air quality and climate. They are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and are easily transferred to the atmospheric aqueous phase due to their high solubility. In addition, α-dicarbonyl compounds are toxic compounds found in food in biochemistry studies as they can be produced endogenously through various pathways and exogenously through the Maillard reaction. In this work, we take advantage of the high reactivity of α-dicarbonyl compounds in alkaline solutions (intramolecular Cannizzaro reaction) to develop an analytical method based on high performance ion chromatography. This fast and efficient method is suitable for glyoxal, methylglyoxal and phenylglyoxal which are detected as glycolate, lactate and mandelate anions respectively, with 100% conversion at pH > 12 and room temperature for exposure times to hydroxide ranging from 5 min to 4 h. Diacetyl is detected as 2,4-dihydroxy-2,4-dimethyl-5-oxohexanoate due to a base-catalysed aldol reaction that occurs before the Cannizzaro reaction. The analytical method is successfully applied to monitor glyoxal consumption during aqueous phase HO∙-oxidation, an atmospherically relevant reaction using concentrations that can be observed in fog and cloud water. The method also reveals potential analytical artifacts that can occur in the use of ion chromatography for α-hydroxy carboxylates measurements in complex matrices due to α-dicarbonyl conversion during the analysis time. An estimation of the artifact is given for each of the studied α-hydroxy carboxylates. Other polyfunctional and pH-sensitive compounds that are potentially present in environmental samples (such as nitrooxycarbonyls) can also be converted into α-hydroxy carboxylates and/or nitrite ions within the HPIC run. This shows the need for complementary analytical measurements when complex matrices are studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brun
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France.
| | - Juan Miguel González-Sánchez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Marseille, France; Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, MIO, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Anne Monod
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Characterization of Imidazole Compounds in Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol Generated from Evaporation of Droplets Containing Pyruvaldehyde and Inorganic Ammonium. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13060970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazole compounds are important constituents of atmospheric brown carbon. The imidazole components of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) that are generated from the evaporation of droplets containing pyruvaldehyde and inorganic ammonium are on-line characterized by an aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ALTOFMS) and off-line detected by optical spectrometry in this study. The results demonstrated that the laser desorption/ionization mass spectra of aqSOA particles that were detected by ALTOFMS contained the characteristic mass peaks of imidazoles at m/z = 28 (CH2N+), m/z = 41 (C2H3N+) and m/z = 67 (C3H4N2+). Meanwhile, the extraction solution of the aqSOA particles that were measured by off-line techniques showed that the characteristic absorption peaks at 217 nm and 282 nm appeared in the UV-Vis spectrum, and the stretching vibration peaks of C-N bond and C=N bond emerged in the infrared spectrum. Based on these spectral information, 4-methyl-imidazole and 4-methyl-imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde are identified as the main products of the reaction between pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions. The water evaporation accelerates the formation of imidazoles inside the droplets, possibly owing to the highly concentrated environment. Anions, such as F−, CO32−, NO3−, SO42− and Cl− in the aqueous phase promote the reaction of pyruvaldehyde and ammonium ions to produce imidazole products, resulting in the averaged mass absorption coefficient (<MAC>) in the range of 200–600 nm of aqSOA increases, and the order of promotion is: F− > CO32− > SO42− ≈ NO3− ≈ Cl−. These results will help to analyze the constituents and optics of imidazoles and provide a useful basis for evaluating the formation process and radiative forcing of aqSOA particles.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang R, Gen M, Liang Z, Li YJ, Chan CK. Photochemical Reactions of Glyoxal during Particulate Ammonium Nitrate Photolysis: Brown Carbon Formation, Enhanced Glyoxal Decay, and Organic Phase Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1605-1614. [PMID: 35023733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyoxal is an important precursor of aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA). Its photooxidation to form organic acids and oligomers and reactions with reduced nitrogen compounds to form brown carbon (BrC) have been extensively investigated separately, although these two types of reactions can occur simultaneously during the daytime. Here, we examine the reactions of glyoxal during photooxidation and BrC formation in premixed NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets. We find that nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can enhance the decay rates of glyoxal by a factor of ∼5 and ∼6 compared to those under dark, respectively. A significantly enhanced glyoxal decay rate by a factor of ∼12 was observed in the presence of both nitrate photolysis and photosensitization. Furthermore, a new organic phase was formed in irradiated NH4NO3 + Glyoxal droplets, which had no noticeable degradation under prolonged photooxidation. It was attributed to the imidazole oxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and/or photosensitization. The persistent organic phase suggests the potential to contribute to SOA formation in ambient fine particles. This study highlights that glyoxal photooxidation mediated by nitrate photolysis and photosensitization can significantly enhance the atmospheric sink of glyoxal, which may partially narrow the gap between model predictions and field measurements of ambient glyoxal concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Zhancong Liang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yong Jie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Centre for Regional Oceans, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau 999078, China
| | - Chak Keung Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Interfacial Dark Aging Is an Overlooked Source of Aqueous Secondary Organic Aerosol. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the relative yields of aqueous secondary organic aerosols (aqSOAs) at the air–liquid (a–l) interface are investigated between photochemical and dark aging using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Our results show that dark aging is an important source of aqSOAs despite a lack of photochemical drivers. Photochemical reactions of glyoxal and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produce oligomers and cluster ions at the aqueous surface. Interestingly, different oligomers and cluster ions form intensely in the dark at the a–l interface, contrary to the notion that oligomer formation mainly depends on light irradiation. Furthermore, cluster ions form readily during dark aging and have a higher water molecule adsorption ability. This finding is supported by the observation of more frequent organic water cluster ion formation. The relative yields of water clusters in the form of protonated and hydroxide ions are presented using van Krevelen diagrams to explore the underlying formation mechanisms of aqSOAs. Large protonated and hydroxide water clusters (e.g., (H2O)nH+, 17 < n ≤ 44) have reasonable yields during UV aging. In contrast, small protonated and hydroxide water clusters (e.g., (H2O)nH+, 1 ≤ n ≤ 17) form after several hours of dark aging. Moreover, cluster ions have higher yields in dark aging, indicating the overlooked influence of dark aging interfacial products on aerosol optical properties. Molecular dynamic simulation shows that cluster ions form stably in UV and dark aging. AqSOAs molecules produced from dark and photochemical aging can enhance UV absorption of the aqueous surface, promote cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activities, and affect radiative forcing.
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang R, Gen M, Fu TM, Chan CK. Production of Formate via Oxidation of Glyoxal Promoted by Particulate Nitrate Photolysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5711-5720. [PMID: 33861585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Particulate nitrate photolysis can produce oxidants (i.e., OH, NO2, and NO2-/HNO2) in aqueous droplets and may play a potential role in increased atmospheric oxidative capacity. Our earlier works have reported on the SO2 oxidation promoted by nitrate photolysis to produce sulfate. Here, we used glyoxal as a model precursor to examine the role of particulate nitrate photolysis in the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from particle-phase oxidation of glyoxal by OH radicals. Particles containing sodium nitrate and glyoxal were irradiated at 300 nm. Interestingly, typical oxidation products of oxalic acid, glyoxylic acid, and higher-molecular-weight products reported in the literature were not found in the photooxidation process of glyoxal during nitrate photolysis in the particle phase. Instead, formic acid/formate production was found as the main oxidation product. At glyoxal concentration higher than 3 M, we found that the formic acid/formate production rate increases significantly with increasing glyoxal concentration. Such results suggest that oxidation of glyoxal at high concentrations by OH radicals produced from nitrate photolysis in aqueous particles may not contribute significantly to SOA formation since formic acid is a volatile species. Furthermore, recent predictions of formic acid/formate concentration from the most advanced chemical models are lower than ambient observations at both the ground level and high altitude. The present study reveals a new insight into the production of formic acid/formate as well as a sink of glyoxal in the atmosphere, which may partially narrow the gap between model predictions and field measurements in both species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruifeng Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Characterization of Products from the Aqueous-Phase Photochemical Oxidation of Benzene-Diols. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical processing in atmospheric aqueous phases, including cloud and fog drops, might be significant in reconciling the gap between observed and modeled secondary organic aerosol (SOA) properties. In this work, we conducted a relatively comprehensive investigation of the reaction products generated from the aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation of three benzene-diols (resorcinol, hydroquinone, and methoxyhydroquinone) by hydroxyl radical (·OH), triplet excited state (3C*) 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (3,4-DMB), and direct photolysis without any added oxidants. The results show that OH-initiated photo-degradation is the fastest of all the reaction systems. For the optical properties, the aqueous oxidation products generated under different reaction conditions all exhibited photo-enhancement upon illumination by simulated sunlight, and the light absorption was wavelength dependent on and increased as a function of the reaction time. The oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratio of the products also gradually increased against the irradiation time, indicating the persistent formation of highly oxygenated low-volatility products throughout the aging process. More importantly, aqueous-phase products from photochemical oxidation had an increased oxidative potential (OP) compared with its precursor, indicating they may more adversely impact health. The findings in this work highlight the importance of aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation, with implications for aqueous SOA formation and impacts on both the chemical properties and health effects of OA.
Collapse
|
7
|
Sui X, Xu B, Yao J, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Yu XY. New Insights into Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation at the Air-Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:324-329. [PMID: 33352051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Air-liquid interfacial processing of volatile organic compound photooxidation has been suggested as an important source of secondary organic aerosols. However, owing to the lack of techniques for studying the air-liquid interface, the detailed interfacial mechanism remains speculative. To obviate this, we enabled in situ synchrotron-based vacuum ultraviolet single photon ionization mass spectrometry using the system for analysis at the liquid-vacuum interface microreactor to study glyoxal photooxidation at the air-liquid interface. Determination of reaction intermediates and new oxidation products, including polymers and oligomers, by mass spectral analysis and appearance energy measurements has been reported for the first time. Furthermore, an expanded reaction mechanism of photooxidation and free radical induced reactions as a source of aqueous secondary organic aerosol formation is proposed. Single photon ionization can provide new insights into interfacial chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Sui
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Jenn Yao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California. 94720, United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ye Z, Qu Z, Ma S, Luo S, Chen Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Zhao Z, Chen M, Ge X. A comprehensive investigation of aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation of 4-ethylphenol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:976-985. [PMID: 31390715 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) species formed in atmospheric aqueous phases is recently recognized as an important contributor to fine aerosols, which is known to be a prominent human health risk factor internationally. This work, for the first time, systematically investigated aqueous-phase photochemical oxidation of 4-ethylphenol (4-EP) - a model compound from biomass burning and a surrogate of intermediate volatility organic compounds, under both ultraviolet (UV) (Hg lamp) and simulated sunlight (Xe lamp). We found that 4-EP could degrade upon hydroxal radical (OH) oxidation under UV light nearly 15 times faster than that under simulated sunlight, but large aqueous SOA (aqSOA) yields (108%-122%) were observed under both situations. AqSOA masses and oxidation states continuously increased under simulated sunlight, yet they increased first then decreased quickly under UV light. We proposed a reaction scheme based on identified products, showing that oligomerization, functionalization and fragmentation all can occur during 4-EP oxidation. Our results demonstrate that OH radical may suppress oligomerization and functionalization, but is favorable for fragmentation. Under UV light with H2O2 (high OH), fragmentation was dominant, producing more volatile and smaller molecules, and less aqSOA in later oxidation; Under simulated sunlight with H2O2 (moderate OH), functionalization that can form hydroxylated monomer was more important. Moreover, 4-EP oxidation by the organic triplet excited state (3C*) could form species with stronger visible light absorptivity than those from OH-mediated oxidation, and the absorptivity showed positive link with contents of humic-like substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Zhenxiu Qu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shipeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yantong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuzi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang F, Yu X, Sui X, Chen J, Zhu Z, Yu XY. Evolution of aqSOA from the Air-Liquid Interfacial Photochemistry of Glyoxal and Hydroxyl Radicals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10236-10245. [PMID: 31361474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effect of photochemical reaction time on glyoxal and hydrogen peroxide at the air-liquid (a-l) interface is investigated using in situ time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) enabled by a system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface (SALVI) microreactor. Carboxylic acids are formed mainly by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the initial reactions. Oligomers, cluster ions, and water clusters formed due to longer photochemistry. Our results provide direct molecular evidence that water clusters are associated with proton transfer and the formation of oligomers and cluster ions at the a-l interface. The oligomer formation is facilitated by water cluster and cluster ion formation over time. Formation of higher m/z oligomers and cluster ions indicates the possibility of highly oxygenated organic components formation at the a-l interface. Furthermore, new chemical reaction pathways, such as surface organic cluster, hydration shell, and water cluster formation, are proposed based on SIMS spectral observations, and the existing understanding of glyoxal photochemistry is expanded. Our in situ findings verify that the a-l interfacial reactions are important pathways for aqueous secondary organic aerosol (aqSOA) formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiaofei Yu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao Sui
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3) , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai , 200433 , China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental and Molecular Science Laboratory , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| | - Xiao-Ying Yu
- Energy and Environment Directorate , Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland , Washington 99354 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Parandaman A, Kumar M, Francisco JS, Sinha A. Organic Acid Formation from the Atmospheric Oxidation of Gem Diols: Reaction Mechanism, Energetics, and Rates. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6266-6276. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b01773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arathala Parandaman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Joseph S. Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska—Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Amitabha Sinha
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Faust JA, Wong JPS, Lee AKY, Abbatt JPD. Role of Aerosol Liquid Water in Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Volatile Organic Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:1405-1413. [PMID: 28124902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A key mechanism for atmospheric secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation occurs when oxidation products of volatile organic compounds condense onto pre-existing particles. Here, we examine effects of aerosol liquid water (ALW) on relative SOA yield and composition from α-pinene ozonolysis and the photooxidation of toluene and acetylene by OH. Reactions were conducted in a room-temperature flow tube under low-NOx conditions in the presence of equivalent loadings of deliquesced (∼20 μg m-3 ALW) or effloresced (∼0.2 μg m-3 ALW) ammonium sulfate seeds at exactly the same relative humidity (RH = 70%) and state of wall conditioning. We found 13% and 19% enhancements in relative SOA yield for the α-pinene and toluene systems, respectively, when seeds were deliquesced rather than effloresced. The relative yield doubled in the acetylene system, and this enhancement was partially reversible upon drying the prepared SOA, which reduced the yield by 40% within a time scale of seconds. We attribute the high relative yield of acetylene SOA on deliquesced seeds to aqueous partitioning and particle-phase reactions of the photooxidation product glyoxal. The observed range of relative yields for α-pinene, toluene, and acetylene SOA on deliquesced and effloresced seeds suggests that ALW plays a complicated, system-dependent role in SOA formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jenny P S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Romonosky DE, Li Y, Shiraiwa M, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Aqueous Photochemistry of Secondary Organic Aerosol of α-Pinene and α-Humulene Oxidized with Ozone, Hydroxyl Radical, and Nitrate Radical. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1298-1309. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dian E. Romonosky
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ying Li
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | | | | | - Sergey A. Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Schnitzler EG, Badran C, Jäger W. Contrasting Effects of Water on the Barriers to Decarboxylation of Two Oxalic Acid Monohydrates: A Combined Rotational Spectroscopic and Ab Initio Study. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:1143-1147. [PMID: 26963633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using rotational spectroscopy, we have observed two isomers of the monohydrate of oxalic acid, the most abundant dicarboxylic acid in the atmosphere. In the lowest-energy isomer, water hydrogen-bonds to both carboxylic acid groups, and the barrier to decarboxylation decreases. In the second isomer, water bonds to only one carboxylic acid group, and the barrier increases. Though the lower barrier in the former is not unequivocal evidence that water acts as a photocatalyst, the higher barrier in the latter indicates that water acts as an inhibitor in this topology. Oxalic acid is unique among dicarboxylic acids: for the higher homologues calculated, the inhibiting topology of the monohydrate is lowest in energy and most abundant under atmospheric conditions. Consequently, oxalic acid is the only dicarboxylic acid for which single-water catalysis of overtone-induced decarboxylation in the atmosphere is plausible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elijah G Schnitzler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Courtenay Badran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Jäger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Herrmann H, Schaefer T, Tilgner A, Styler SA, Weller C, Teich M, Otto T. Tropospheric aqueous-phase chemistry: kinetics, mechanisms, and its coupling to a changing gas phase. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4259-334. [PMID: 25950643 DOI: 10.1021/cr500447k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Schaefer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah A Styler
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Weller
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Monique Teich
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Otto
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lignell H, Epstein SA, Marvin MR, Shemesh D, Gerber B, Nizkorodov S. Experimental and Theoretical Study of Aqueous cis-Pinonic Acid Photolysis. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:12930-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4093018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Lignell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott A. Epstein
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Margaret R. Marvin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Dorit Shemesh
- Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Benny Gerber
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and The Fritz Haber Research Center, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sergey Nizkorodov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee AKY, Zhao R, Li R, Liggio J, Li SM, Abbatt JPD. Formation of light absorbing organo-nitrogen species from evaporation of droplets containing glyoxal and ammonium sulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:12819-12826. [PMID: 24156773 DOI: 10.1021/es402687w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, volatile organic compounds such as glyoxal can partition into aqueous droplets containing significant levels of inorganic salts. Upon droplet evaporation, both the organics and inorganic ions become highly concentrated, accelerating reactions between them. To demonstrate this process, we investigated the formation of organo-nitrogen and light absorbing materials in evaporating droplets containing glyoxal and different ammonium salts including (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and NH4Cl. Our results demonstrate that evaporating glyoxal-(NH4)2SO4 droplets produce light absorbing species on a time scale of seconds, which is orders of magnitude faster than observed in bulk solutions. Using aerosol mass spectrometry, we show that particle-phase organics with high N:C ratios were formed when ammonium salts were used, and that the presence of sulfate ions promoted this chemistry. Since sulfate can also significantly enhance the Henry's law partitioning of glyoxal, our results highlight the atmospheric importance of such inorganic-organic interactions in aqueous phase aerosol chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex K Y Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nguyen TB, Coggon MM, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Reactive uptake and photo-Fenton oxidation of glycolaldehyde in aerosol liquid water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4307-4316. [PMID: 23557515 DOI: 10.1021/es400538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactive uptake and aqueous oxidation of glycolaldehyde were examined in a photochemical flow reactor using hydrated ammonium sulfate (AS) seed aerosols at RH = 80%. The glycolaldehyde that partitioned into the aerosol liquid water was oxidized via two mechanisms that may produce aqueous OH: hydrogen peroxide photolysis (H2O2 + hν) and the photo-Fenton reaction (Fe (II) + H2O2 + hν). The uptake of 80 (±10) ppb glycolaldehyde produced 2-4 wt % organic aerosol mass in the dark (kH* = (2.09-4.17) × 10(6) M atm(-1)), and the presence of an OH source increased the aqueous uptake by a factor of 4. Although the uptake was similar in both OH-aging mechanisms, photo-Fenton significantly increased the degree of oxidation (O/C = 0.9) of the aerosols compared to H2O2 photolysis (O/C = 0.5). Aerosol organics oxidized by photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis resemble ambient "aged" and "fresh" OA, respectively, after the equivalent of 2 h atmospheric aging. No uptake or changes in particle composition occurred on dry seed aerosol. This work illustrates that photo-Fenton chemistry efficiently forms highly oxidized organic mass in aerosol liquid water, providing a possible mechanism to bridge the gap between bulk-phase experiments and ambient particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Styler SA, Donaldson DJ. Heterogeneous photochemistry of oxalic acid on Mauritanian sand and Icelandic volcanic ash. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:8756-63. [PMID: 22816795 DOI: 10.1021/es300953t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Teragram quantities of crustal and volcanic aerosol are released into the atmosphere on an annual basis. Although these substrates contain photoactive metal oxides, little is known about the role that they may play in catalyzing the heterogeneous phototransformation of semivolatile organic species. In the present study, we have investigated oxalic acid photochemistry at the surface of Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), Mauritanian sand, and Icelandic volcanic ash in the presence and absence of oxygen using a photochemical Knudsen cell reactor. Illumination of all sample types resulted in the production of gas-phase CO(2). In the case of Mauritanian sand, the production of gas-phase CO(2) scaled with the loss of surface oxalic acid. In the absence of oxygen, the production of CO(2) by the sand and ash films scaled with the absorption spectrum of iron oxalate, which suggests that the reaction is at least in part iron-mediated. The presence of oxygen suppressed CO(2) production at the Fe(2)O(3) surface, enhanced CO(2) production at the Mauritanian sand surface, and did not have a net effect upon CO(2) production at the Icelandic ash surface. These different oxygen dependencies imply that oxalic acid photochemistry at the authentic surfaces under study was not solely iron-mediated. Experiments at the TiO(2) surface, which showed enhanced CO(2) production from oxalic acid in the presence of oxygen, suggest that Ti-mediated photochemistry played an important role. In summary, these results provide evidence that solid-phase aerosol photochemistry may influence the atmospheric lifetime of oxalic acid in arid regions, where its removal via wet deposition is insignificant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Styler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhao R, Lee AKY, Abbatt JPD. Investigation of aqueous-phase photooxidation of glyoxal and methylglyoxal by aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometry: observation of hydroxyhydroperoxide formation. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6253-63. [PMID: 22296207 DOI: 10.1021/jp211528d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase processing of glyoxal (GLY) and methylglyoxal (MG) produces highly oxygenated, less volatile organic acids that can contribute to SOA formation and aging. In this study, aerosol chemical ionization mass spectrometry (aerosol CIMS) is employed to monitor aqueous-phase photooxidation of GLY and MG. Using iodide (I(-)) as the reagent ion, aerosol CIMS can simultaneously detect important species involved in the reactions: organic acids, peroxides, and aldehydes, so that the reconstructed total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations from aerosol CIMS data agree well with offline TOC analysis. This study also reports the first direct detection of hydroxyhydroperoxide (HHP) formation from the reaction of H(2)O(2) with GLY or MG. The formation of HHPs is observed to be reversible and an estimate of their equilibrium constants is made to be between 40 and 200 M(-1). Results of this study suggest that HHPs can form additional formic acid and acetic acid via photooxidation and regenerate GLY or MG during photooxidation, compensating their loss. HHP formation needs to be further studied for inclusion in aqueous-phase chemical models given that it may affect the aqueous partitioning of carbonyls in the atmosphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nguyen TB, Laskin A, Laskin J, Nizkorodov SA. Direct aqueous photochemistry of isoprene high-NOx secondary organic aerosol. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:9702-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40944e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|