1
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Bo Y, Hou Y, Thiel D, Weiß R, Clark T, Ferguson MJ, Tykwinski RR, Guldi DM. Tetracene Dimers: A Platform for Intramolecular Down- and Up-conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18260-18275. [PMID: 37531628 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Photon energy conversion can be accomplished in many different ways, including the two opposing manners, down-conversion (i.e., singlet fission, SF) and up-conversion (i.e., triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion, TTA-UC). Both processes have the potential to help overcome the detailed balance limit of single-junction solar cells. Tetracene, in which the energies of the lowest singlet excited state and twice the triplet excited state are comparable, exhibits both down- and up-conversion. Here, we have designed meta-diethynylphenylene- and 1,3-diethynyladamantyl-linked tetracene dimers, which feature different electronic coupling, to characterize the interplay between intramolecular SF (intra-SF) and intramolecular TTA-UC (intra-TTA-UC) via steady-state and time-resolved absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have used Pd-phthalocyanine as a sensitizer to enable intra-TTA-UC in the two dimers via indirect photoexcitation in the near-infrared part of the solar spectrum. The work is rounded off by temperature-dependent measurements, which outline key aspects of how thermal effects impact intra-SF and intra-TTA-UC in different dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yuxuan Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dominik Thiel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J Ferguson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Rik R Tykwinski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Budiutama G, Li R, Manzhos S, Ihara M. Hybrid Density Functional Tight Binding (DFTB)─Molecular Mechanics Approach for a Low-Cost Expansion of DFTB Applicability. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37450317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The density functional-based tight binding (DFTB) method has seen a rise in adoption for materials modeling, as it offers significant improvement in scalability with accuracy comparable to the density functional theory (DFT) when good parameterizations exist. The cost reduction in DFTB compared to DFT is achieved by the pre-parameterization of the elements of the Hamiltonian matrix as well as the repulsion potential between all pairs of atoms. Parameterization for new systems with accuracies competitive with DFT in specific applications requires specialized manpower and computational resources. This prevents the application of the DFTB method to systems for which it was not parameterized. In this work, we explore an approach to address the problem of missing parameters of DFTB by modeling the interactions with missing Slater-Koster parameters with an interatomic interaction potential. When the distance between two atoms modeled at the force-field level is sufficiently large, the approach results in accurate structural and electronic properties. The resulting calculation is therefore a hybrid between DFTB and molecular mechanics, a pure DFTB for atoms with a complete set of interatomic parameterizations, and a mix between DFTB and molecular mechanics for atoms with a missing interatomic parameterization. The approach is expected to be particularly useful for hybrid materials and interfaces. The method is tested on the examples of 2D materials, mixed oxides, and a large-scale calculation of an oxide-oxide interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gekko Budiutama
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Ruicheng Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Sergei Manzhos
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Manabu Ihara
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
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3
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Maqboul I. Profiling charge transport: A new computational approach. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124065. [PMID: 36948333 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
To maintain life, charge transfer processes must be efficient to allow electrons to migrate across distances as large as 30-50 Å within a timescale from picoseconds to milliseconds, and the free-energy cost should not exceed one electron volt. By employing local ionization and local affinity energies, we calculated the pathway for electron and electron-hole transport, respectively. The pathway is then used to calculate both the driving force and the activation energy. The electronic coupling is calculated using configuration interaction procedure. When the charge acceptor is not known, as in oxidative stress, the charge transport terminals are found using Monte-Carlo simulation. These parameters were used to calculate the rate described by Marcus theory. Our approach has been elaborately explained using the famous androstane example and then applied to two proteins: electron transport in azurin protein and hole-hopping migration route from the heme center of cytochrome c peroxidase to its surface. This model gives an effective method to calculate the charge transport pathway and the free-energy profile within 0.1 eV from the experimental measurements and electronic coupling within 3 meV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Maqboul
- Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen, Germany; Computer Chemistry Center (CCC), Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Nägelsbachstraße 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany..
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4
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Mocci F, de Villiers Engelbrecht L, Olla C, Cappai A, Casula MF, Melis C, Stagi L, Laaksonen A, Carbonaro CM. Carbon Nanodots from an In Silico Perspective. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13709-13799. [PMID: 35948072 PMCID: PMC9413235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are the latest and most shining rising stars among photoluminescent (PL) nanomaterials. These carbon-based surface-passivated nanostructures compete with other related PL materials, including traditional semiconductor quantum dots and organic dyes, with a long list of benefits and emerging applications. Advantages of CNDs include tunable inherent optical properties and high photostability, rich possibilities for surface functionalization and doping, dispersibility, low toxicity, and viable synthesis (top-down and bottom-up) from organic materials. CNDs can be applied to biomedicine including imaging and sensing, drug-delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis but also to energy harvesting in solar cells and as LEDs. More applications are reported continuously, making this already a research field of its own. Understanding of the properties of CNDs requires one to go to the levels of electrons, atoms, molecules, and nanostructures at different scales using modern molecular modeling and to correlate it tightly with experiments. This review highlights different in silico techniques and studies, from quantum chemistry to the mesoscale, with particular reference to carbon nanodots, carbonaceous nanoparticles whose structural and photophysical properties are not fully elucidated. The role of experimental investigation is also presented. Hereby, we hope to encourage the reader to investigate CNDs and to apply virtual chemistry to obtain further insights needed to customize these amazing systems for novel prospective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,
| | | | - Chiara Olla
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Casula
- Department
of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo 2, IT 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Claudio Melis
- Department
of Physics, University of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Luigi Stagi
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aatto Laaksonen
- Department
of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University
of Cagliari, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy,Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden,State Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China,Centre
of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, PetruPoni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica-Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania,Division
of Energy Science, Energy Engineering, Luleå
University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden,
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5
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Zheng P, Zubatyuk R, Wu W, Isayev O, Dral PO. Artificial intelligence-enhanced quantum chemical method with broad applicability. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7022. [PMID: 34857738 PMCID: PMC8640006 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27340-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
High-level quantum mechanical (QM) calculations are indispensable for accurate explanation of natural phenomena on the atomistic level. Their staggering computational cost, however, poses great limitations, which luckily can be lifted to a great extent by exploiting advances in artificial intelligence (AI). Here we introduce the general-purpose, highly transferable artificial intelligence-quantum mechanical method 1 (AIQM1). It approaches the accuracy of the gold-standard coupled cluster QM method with high computational speed of the approximate low-level semiempirical QM methods for the neutral, closed-shell species in the ground state. AIQM1 can provide accurate ground-state energies for diverse organic compounds as well as geometries for even challenging systems such as large conjugated compounds (fullerene C60) close to experiment. This opens an opportunity to investigate chemical compounds with previously unattainable speed and accuracy as we demonstrate by determining geometries of polyyne molecules-the task difficult for both experiment and theory. Noteworthy, our method's accuracy is also good for ions and excited-state properties, although the neural network part of AIQM1 was never fitted to these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peikun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Roman Zubatyuk
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Olexandr Isayev
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Pavlo O Dral
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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6
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Burns JM, Clark T, Williams CM. Comprehensive Computational Investigation of the Barton-Kellogg Reaction for Both Alkyl and Aryl Systems. J Org Chem 2021; 86:7515-7528. [PMID: 34015929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The course of the Barton-Kellogg (BK) reaction for alkyl- and aryl-substituted substrates has been investigated at the DLPNO-CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPP//ωB97X-D/def2-TZVPP level of theory, with results compared to available experimental kinetic data. Through comparison with the unsubstituted parent system, the preference for the formation of 1,3,4-dihydrothiadiazole over the isomeric 1,2,3-dihydrothiadiazole was observed to result from reduced steric repulsion in the relevant transition-state structure. Nitrogen extrusion [retro-(3 + 2)-cycloaddition] from the intermediate dihydrothiadiazole was found to be the rate-determining step. The barrier for this process was, however, significantly lower for aromatic substrates, which is consistent with the difficulty in isolating aryl-substituted dihydrothiadiazoles. The electronic structure of the transient thiocarbonyl ylide was also investigated, highlighting the contradictory results from wave-function theory- and density functional theory-based methods. Correlation of unrestricted natural orbital eigenvalues with previous experimental models suggested that the dipole intermediates possess low diradical character and are therefore considered to be closed-shell species. Exergonic conrotatory electrocyclization of the dipole led to sterically congested thiirane products, even for very bulky systems (di-t-butyl). These results complement the recent work of Mlostoń et al. Finally, DLPNO-CCSD(T)//ωB97X-D was found to be a reliable method for estimating the feasibility of the BK reaction, which should assist experimentalists in the selection of viable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed M Burns
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia.,Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Craig M Williams
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072 Queensland, Australia
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7
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Kriebel M, Hennemann M, Beierlein FR, Medina DD, Bein T, Clark T. Propagation of Holes and Electrons in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:5057-5064. [PMID: 31722177 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Charge transport in two zinc metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been investigated using periodic semiempirical molecular orbital calculations with the AM1* Hamiltonian. Restricted Hartree-Fock calculations underestimate the band gap using Koopmans theorem (ca. 2 eV compared to the experimental value of 2.8 eV). However, it almost doubles when the constraint on the wave function to remain spin-restricted is removed and the energies of the UHF Natural Orbitals are used. Charge-transport simulations using propagation of the electron- or hole-density in imaginary time allow charge-transport paths and mechanisms to be determined. The calculated relative mobilities in the directions of the three crystal axes agree with experimental expectations, but the absolute values are not reliable using the current technique. Hole-mobility along the crystal c-axis (along the metal stacks) is found to be 13 times higher in the zinc MOF with anthracene linker (Zn-ANMOF-74) than in the other directions, whereas the factor is far smaller (1.7) for electron mobility. Directional preferences are far less distinct in the equivalent structure with phenyl linkers (Zn-MOF-74). The imaginary-time simulation technique does not give quantitative mobilities. The simulations reveal a change in mechanism between the different directions: Coherent polaron migration is observed along the stacks but tunneling hops between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kriebel
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Naegelsbachstr. 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Matthias Hennemann
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Naegelsbachstr. 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Frank R Beierlein
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Naegelsbachstr. 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Dana D Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS) , University of Munich (LMU) , Butenandtstraße 5-13 , 81377 Munich , Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Naegelsbachstr. 25 , 91052 Erlangen , Germany
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8
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Margraf JT, Dral PO. What is semiempirical molecular orbital theory approximating? J Mol Model 2019; 25:119. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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9
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Dral PO, Wu X, Thiel W. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Methods with Orthogonalization and Dispersion Corrections. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:1743-1760. [PMID: 30735388 PMCID: PMC6416713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.8b01265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present two new semiempirical quantum-chemical methods with orthogonalization and dispersion corrections: ODM2 and ODM3 (ODM x). They employ the same electronic structure model as the OM2 and OM3 (OM x) methods, respectively. In addition, they include Grimme's dispersion correction D3 with Becke-Johnson damping and three-body corrections E ABC for Axilrod-Teller-Muto dispersion interactions as integral parts. Heats of formation are determined by adding explicitly computed zero-point vibrational energy and thermal corrections, in contrast to standard MNDO-type and OM x methods. We report ODM x parameters for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine that are optimized with regard to a wide range of carefully chosen state-of-the-art reference data. Extensive benchmarks show that the ODM x methods generally perform better than the available MNDO-type and OM x methods for ground-state and excited-state properties, while they describe noncovalent interactions with similar accuracy as OM x methods with a posteriori dispersion corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo O. Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Xin Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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10
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Lungerich D, Papaianina O, Feofanov M, Liu J, Devarajulu M, Troyanov SI, Maier S, Amsharov K. Dehydrative π-extension to nanographenes with zig-zag edges. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4756. [PMID: 30420660 PMCID: PMC6232111 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zig-zag nanographenes are promising candidates for the applications in organic electronics due to the electronic properties induced by their periphery. However, the synthetic access to these compounds remains virtually unexplored. There is a lack in efficient and mild strategies origins in the reduced stability, increased reactivity, and low solubility of these compounds. Herein we report a facile access to pristine zig-zag nanographenes, utilizing an acid-promoted intramolecular reductive cyclization of arylaldehydes, and demonstrate a three-step route to nanographenes constituted of angularly fused tetracenes or pentacenes. The mild conditions are scalable to gram quantities and give insoluble nanostructures in close to quantitative yields. The strategy allows the synthesis of elusive low bandgap nanographenes, with values as low as 1.62 eV. Compared to their linear homologues, the structures have an increased stability in the solid-state, even though computational analyses show distinct diradical character. The structures were confirmed by X-ray diffraction or scanning tunneling microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lungerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry & Molecular Technology Innovation Presidential Endowed Chair, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Olena Papaianina
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Feofanov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mirunalini Devarajulu
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sergey I Troyanov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow, Russia, 119991
| | - Sabine Maier
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantin Amsharov
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Dral P, Wu X, Spörkel L, Koslowski A, Thiel W. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Benchmarks for Ground-State Properties. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:1097-120. [PMID: 26771261 PMCID: PMC4785506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected OMx methods (OM1, OM2, and OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by including additional interactions in the electronic structure calculation. When augmented with empirical dispersion corrections, the resulting OMx-Dn approaches offer a fast and robust treatment of noncovalent interactions. Here we evaluate the performance of the OMx and OMx-Dn methods for a variety of ground-state properties using a large and diverse collection of benchmark sets from the literature, with a total of 13035 original and derived reference data. Extensive comparisons are made with the results from established semiempirical methods (MNDO, AM1, PM3, PM6, and PM7) that also use the NDDO (neglect of diatomic differential overlap) integral approximation. Statistical evaluations show that the OMx and OMx-Dn methods outperform the other methods for most of the benchmark sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo
O. Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Xin Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lasse Spörkel
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Axel Koslowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für
Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz
1, 45470 Mülheim
an der Ruhr, Germany
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12
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Dral PO, Wu X, Spörkel L, Koslowski A, Weber W, Steiger R, Scholten M, Thiel W. Semiempirical Quantum-Chemical Orthogonalization-Corrected Methods: Theory, Implementation, and Parameters. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:1082-96. [PMID: 26771204 PMCID: PMC4785507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Semiempirical orthogonalization-corrected
methods (OM1, OM2, and
OM3) go beyond the standard MNDO model by explicitly including additional
interactions into the Fock matrix in an approximate manner (Pauli
repulsion, penetration effects, and core–valence interactions),
which yields systematic improvements both for ground-state and excited-state
properties. In this Article, we describe the underlying theoretical
formalism of the OMx methods and their implementation
in full detail, and we report all relevant OMx parameters
for hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine. For a standard
set of mostly organic molecules commonly used in semiempirical method
development, the OMx results are found to be superior
to those from standard MNDO-type methods. Parametrized Grimme-type
dispersion corrections can be added to OM2 and OM3 energies to provide
a realistic treatment of noncovalent interaction energies, as demonstrated
for the complexes in the S22 and S66×8 test sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo O Dral
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Xin Wu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Lasse Spörkel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Axel Koslowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Rainer Steiger
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mirjam Scholten
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Keller S, Boguslawski K, Janowski T, Reiher M, Pulay P. Selection of active spaces for multiconfigurational wavefunctions. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:244104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4922352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Keller
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Boguslawski
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Janowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
| | - Markus Reiher
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Pulay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fulbright College of Arts and Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA
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Margraf JT, Strauss V, Guldi DM, Clark T. The Electronic Structure of Amorphous Carbon Nanodots. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7258-65. [PMID: 25731776 DOI: 10.1021/jp510620j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We have studied hydrogen-passivated amorphous carbon nanostructures with semiempirical molecular orbital theory in order to provide an understanding of the factors that affect their electronic properties. Amorphous structures were first constructed using periodic calculations in a melt/quench protocol. Pure periodic amorphous carbon structures and their counterparts doped with nitrogen and/or oxygen feature large electronic band gaps. Surprisingly, descriptors such as the elemental composition and the number of sp(3)-atoms only influence the electronic structure weakly. Instead, the exact topology of the sp(2)-network in terms of effective conjugation defines the band gap. Amorphous carbon nanodots of different structures and sizes were cut out of the periodic structures. Our calculations predict the occurrence of localized electronic surface states, which give rise to interesting effects such as amphoteric reactivity and predicted optical band gaps in the near-UV/visible range. Optical and electronic gaps display a dependence on particle size similar to that of inorganic colloidal quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes T Margraf
- †Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- ‡Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- †Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052 Erlangen, Germany.,§Centre for Molecular Design, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, United Kingdom
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15
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Strauss V, Margraf JT, Dolle C, Butz B, Nacken TJ, Walter J, Bauer W, Peukert W, Spiecker E, Clark T, Guldi DM. Carbon Nanodots: Toward a Comprehensive Understanding of Their Photoluminescence. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:17308-16. [DOI: 10.1021/ja510183c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes T. Margraf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Dolle
- Center
for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Center
for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas J. Nacken
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Walter
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Walter Bauer
- Lehrstuhl
Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Peukert
- Institute
of Particle Technology (LFG), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 4, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Center
for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 6, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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16
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Ravat P, Baumgarten M. "Tschitschibabin type biradicals": benzenoid or quinoid? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 17:983-91. [PMID: 25410418 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03522d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Our findings provide a better understanding of the discrepancies related to the discussion in the literature on the ground state of Tschitschibabin's hydrocarbon. A series of phenylene bridged bisnitroxide molecules were designed and studied for the comparison. The simple theoretical and experimental methodologies have been developed and utilized to understand the singlet biradicaloids which exist in semi-quinoid form and exhibits characteristics of biradicaloid and quinoid form simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Ravat
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Feihl S, Costa RD, Brenner W, Margraf JT, Casillas R, Langmar O, Browa A, Shubina TE, Clark T, Jux N, Guldi DM. Integrating metalloporphycenes into p-type NiO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:11339-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04523h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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18
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Schutski R, Jiménez-Hoyos CA, Scuseria GE. Analytic energy gradient for the projected Hartree–Fock method. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:204101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4876490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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19
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Gulcur M, Moreno-García P, Zhao X, Baghernejad M, Batsanov AS, Hong W, Bryce MR, Wandlowski T. The Synthesis of Functionalised Diaryltetraynes and Their Transport Properties in Single-Molecule Junctions. Chemistry 2014; 20:4653-60. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201304671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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Doping the Buckminsterfullerene by Substitution: Density Functional Theory Studies of C59X (X = B, N, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, and As). J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/571709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterofullerenes C59X (X = B, N, Al, Si, P, Ga, Ge, and As) were investigated by quantum chemistry calculations based on density functional theory. These hybrid cages can be seen as doping the buckminsterfullerene by heteroatom substitution. The geometrical structures, relative stabilities, electronic properties, vibrational frequencies, dielectric constants, and aromaticities of the doped cages were studied systemically and compared with those of the pristine C60cage. It is found that the doped cages with different heteroatoms exhibit various electronic, vibrational, and aromatic properties. These results imply the possibility to modulate the physical properties of these fullerene-based materials by tuning substitution elements.
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Etschel SH, Waterloo AR, Margraf JT, Amin AY, Hampel F, Jäger CM, Clark T, Halik M, Tykwinski RR. An unsymmetrical pentacene derivative with ambipolar behavior in organic thin-film transistors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6725-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc43270j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Dral PO, Kivala M, Clark T. Doped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as building blocks for nanoelectronics: a theoretical study. J Org Chem 2012; 78:1894-902. [PMID: 23088568 DOI: 10.1021/jo3018395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory (DFT) and semiempirical UHF natural orbital configuration interaction (UNO-CI) calculations are used to investigate the effect of heteroatom substitution at the central position of a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The effects of the substitution on structure, strain, electronic and spectral properties, and aromaticity of the compounds are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlo O Dral
- Computer-Chemie-Centrum and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Department Chemie und Pharmazie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Ciammaichella A, Dral PO, Clark T, Tagliatesta P, Sekita M, Guldi DM. A π-stacked porphyrin-fullerene electron donor-acceptor conjugate that features a surprising frozen geometry. Chemistry 2012; 18:14008-16. [PMID: 23018982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201202245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A "frozen" electron donor-acceptor array that bears porphyrin and fullerene units covalently linked through the ortho position of a phenyl ring and the nitrogen of a pyrrolidine ring, respectively, is reported. Electrochemical and photophysical features suggest that the chosen linkage supports both through-space and through-bond interactions. In particular, it has been found that the porphyrin singlet excited state decays within a few picoseconds by means of a photoinduced electron transfer to give the rapid formation of a long-lived charge-separated state. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show HOMO and LUMO to be localized on the electron-donating porphyrin and the electron-accepting fullerene moiety, respectively, at this level of theory. More specifically, semiempirical molecular orbital (MO) configuration interaction (CI) and unrestricted natural orbital (UNO)-CI methods shed light on the nature of the charge-transfer states and emphasize the importance of the close proximity of donor and acceptor for effective electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Ciammaichella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Rome-Tor Vergata, Italy
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24
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Salinas M, Jäger CM, Amin AY, Dral PO, Meyer-Friedrichsen T, Hirsch A, Clark T, Halik M. The Relationship between Threshold Voltage and Dipolar Character of Self-Assembled Monolayers in Organic Thin-Film Transistors. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:12648-52. [DOI: 10.1021/ja303807u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Salinas
- Organic Materials & Devices, Institute of Polymer Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 07, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Computer
Chemistry Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße
25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Atefeh Y. Amin
- Organic Materials & Devices, Institute of Polymer Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 07, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pavlo O. Dral
- Computer
Chemistry Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße
25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Meyer-Friedrichsen
- Heraeus Precious Metals GmbH & Co. KG, Conductive Polymers Division (Clevios), Chempark Leverkusen, Building B 202, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry II, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestraße 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer
Chemistry Center and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstraße
25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials & Devices, Institute of Polymer Materials, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 07, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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