1
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Siwawannapong K, Diers JR, Magdaong NCM, Nalaoh P, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Holten D, Bocian DF. Extension of nature's NIR-I chromophore into the NIR-II region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14228-14243. [PMID: 38690612 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00779d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of chromophores that absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region beyond 1000 nm underpins numerous applications in medical and energy sciences, yet also presents substantial challenges to molecular design and chemical synthesis. Here, the core bacteriochlorin chromophore of nature's NIR absorbers, bacteriochlorophylls, has been adapted and tailored by annulation in an effort to achieve absorption in the NIR-II region. The resulting bacteriochlorin, Phen2,1-BC, contains two annulated naphthalene groups spanning meso,β-positions of the bacteriochlorin and the 1,2-positions of the naphthalene. Phen2,1-BC was prepared via a new synthetic route. Phen2,1-BC is an isomer of previously examined Phen-BC, which differs only in attachment via the 1,8-positions of the naphthalene. Despite identical π-systems, the two bacteriochlorins have distinct spectroscopic and photophysical features. Phen-BC has long-wavelength absorption maximum (912 nm), oscillator strength (1.0), and S1 excited-state lifetime (150 ps) much different than Phen2,1-BC (1292 nm, 0.23, and 0.4 ps, respectively). These two molecules and an analogue with intermediate characteristics bearing annulated phenyl rings have unexpected properties relative to those of non-annulated counterparts. Understanding the distinctions requires extending concepts beyond the four-orbital-model description of tetrapyrrole spectroscopic features. In particular, a reduction in symmetry resulting from annulation results in electronic mixing of x- and y-polarized transitions/states, as well as vibronic coupling that together reduce oscillator strength of the long-wavelength absorption manifold and shorten the S1 excited-state lifetime. Collectively, the results suggest a heuristic for the molecular design of tetrapyrrole chromophores for deep penetration into the relatively unutilized NIR-II region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0403, USA.
| | | | | | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521-0403, USA.
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2
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Mass OA, Watt DR, Patten LK, Pensack RD, Lee J, Turner DB, Yurke B, Knowlton WB. Exciton delocalization in a fully synthetic DNA-templated bacteriochlorin dimer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28437-28451. [PMID: 37843877 PMCID: PMC10599410 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01634j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
A bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchla) dimer is a basic functional unit in the LH1 and LH2 photosynthetic pigment-protein antenna complexes of purple bacteria, where an ordered, close arrangement of Bchla pigments-secured by noncovalent bonding to a protein template-enables exciton delocalization at room temperature. Stable and tunable synthetic analogs of this key photosynthetic subunit could lead to facile engineering of exciton-based systems such as in artificial photosynthesis, organic optoelectronics, and molecular quantum computing. Here, using a combination of synthesis and theory, we demonstrate that exciton delocalization can be achieved in a dimer of a synthetic bacteriochlorin (BC) featuring stability, high structural modularity, and spectral properties advantageous for exciton-based devices. The BC dimer was covalently templated by DNA, a stable and highly programmable scaffold. To achieve exciton delocalization in the absence of pigment-protein interactions critical for the Bchla dimer, we relied on the strong transition dipole moment in BC enabled by two auxochromes along the Qy transition, and omitting the central metal and isocyclic ring. The spectral properties of the synthetic "free" BC closely resembled those of Bchla in an organic solvent. Applying spectroscopic modeling, the exciton delocalization in the DNA-templated BC dimer was evaluated by extracting the excitonic hopping parameter, J to be 214 cm-1 (26.6 meV). For comparison, the same method applied to the natural protein-templated Bchla dimer yielded J of 286 cm-1 (35.5 meV). The smaller value of J in the BC dimer likely arose from the partial bacteriochlorin intercalation and the difference in medium effect between DNA and protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Mass
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Devan R Watt
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Lance K Patten
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Ryan D Pensack
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Jeunghoon Lee
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| | - Daniel B Turner
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
| | - Bernard Yurke
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
| | - William B Knowlton
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA.
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Boise State University, Boise, Idaho 83725, USA
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3
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Nguyen KU, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Zhang R, Jin X, Taniguchi M, Miller ES, Lindsey JS. Tolyporphins-Exotic Tetrapyrrole Pigments in a Cyanobacterium-A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:6132. [PMID: 37630384 PMCID: PMC10459692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Tolyporphins were discovered some 30 years ago as part of a global search for antineoplastic compounds from cyanobacteria. To date, the culture HT-58-2, comprised of a cyanobacterium-microbial consortium, is the sole known producer of tolyporphins. Eighteen tolyporphins are now known-each is a free base tetrapyrrole macrocycle with a dioxobacteriochlorin (14), oxochlorin (3), or porphyrin (1) chromophore. Each compound displays two, three, or four open β-pyrrole positions and two, one, or zero appended C-glycoside (or -OH or -OAc) groups, respectively; the appended groups form part of a geminal disubstitution motif flanking the oxo moiety in the pyrroline ring. The distinct structures and repertoire of tolyporphins stand alone in the large pigments-of-life family. Efforts to understand the cyanobacterial origin, biosynthetic pathways, structural diversity, physiological roles, and potential pharmacological properties of tolyporphins have attracted a broad spectrum of researchers from diverse scientific areas. The identification of putative biosynthetic gene clusters in the HT-58-2 cyanobacterial genome and accompanying studies suggest a new biosynthetic paradigm in the tetrapyrrole arena. The present review provides a comprehensive treatment of the rich science concerning tolyporphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy-Uyen Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Qihui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Xiaohe Jin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7612, USA;
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA; (K.-U.N.); (Y.Z.); (Q.L.); (R.Z.); (X.J.); (M.T.)
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4
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Kato T, Riahin C, Furusawa A, Fukushima H, Wakiyama H, Okuyama S, Takao S, Choyke PL, Ptaszek M, Rosenzweig Z, Kobayashi H. Simultaneous multicolor imaging of lymph node chains using hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023; 18:659-666. [PMID: 37254845 PMCID: PMC10283015 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluation of lymphatic drainage can be challenging to differentiate between separate drainage basins because only one 'color' is typically employed in sentinel node studies. This study aimed to test the feasibility of multicolor in vivo lymphangiography using newly developed organic polymer dots. Materials & methods: Biocompatible, purely organic, hydroporphyrin-doped near-infrared-emitting polymer dots were developed and evaluated for in vivo multicolor imaging in mouse lymph nodes. Results & conclusion: The authors demonstrated successful multicolor in vivo fluorescence lymphangiography using polymer dots, each tuned to a different emission spectrum. This allows minimally invasive visualization of at least four separate lymphatic drainage basins using fluorescent nanoparticles, which have the potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kato
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Aki Furusawa
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroshi Fukushima
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakiyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Shuhei Okuyama
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Seiichiro Takao
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1088, USA
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5
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Jing H, Magdaong NCM, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Investigation of a bacteriochlorin-containing pentad array for panchromatic light-harvesting and charge separation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:1781-1798. [PMID: 36597966 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05400k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A new pentad array designed to exhibit panchromatic absorption and charge separation has been synthesized and characterized. The array is composed of a triad panchromatic absorber (a bis(perylene-monoimide)-porphyrin) to which are appended an electron acceptor (perylene-diimide) and an electron donor/hole acceptor (bacteriochlorin) in a crossbar arrangement. The motivation for incorporation of the bacteriochlorin versus a free-base or zinc chlorin utilized in prior constructs was to facilitate hole transfer to this terminal unit and thereby achieve a higher yield of charge separation across the array. The intense S0 → S1 (Qy) band of the bacteriochlorin also enhances absorption in the near-infrared spectral region. Due to synthetic constraints, a phenylethyne linker was used to join the bacteriochlorin to the core porphyrin of the panchromatic triad rather than the diphenylethyne linker employed for the prior chlorin-containing pentads. Static and time-resolved photophysical studies reveal enhanced excited-state quenching for the pentad in benzonitrile and dimethyl sulfoxide compared to the prior chlorin-containing analogues. Success was only partial, however, as a long-lived charge separated state was not observed despite the improved energetics for the final ground-state hole/electron-shift reaction. The apparent reason is more facile competing charge-recombination due to the shorter bacteriochlorin - porphyrin linker that increases electronic coupling for this process. The studies highlight design criteria for balancing panchromatic absorption and long-lived charge separation in molecular architectures for solar-energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA.
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, USA.
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6
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Nanoformulation of Tetrapyrroles Derivatives in Photodynamic Therapy: A Focus on Bacteriochlorin. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3011918. [PMID: 36212948 PMCID: PMC9546677 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3011918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-known remedial treatment for cancer, infections, and various other diseases. PDT uses nontoxic dyes called photosensitizers (PS) that are activated in visible light at the proper wavelength to generate ROS (reactive oxygen species) that aid in killing tumor cells and destroying pathogenic microbes. Deciding a suitable photosensitizer is essential for enhancing the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy. It is challenging to choose the photosensitizer that is appropriate for specific pathological circumstances, such as different cancer species. Porphyrin, chlorin, and bacteriochlorin are tetrapyrroles used with proper functionalization in PDT, among which some compound has been clinically approved. Most photosensitizers are hydrophobic, have minimum solubility, and exhibit cytotoxicity due to the dispersion in biological fluid. This paper reviewed some nanotechnology-based strategies to overcome these drawbacks. In PDT, metal nanoparticles are widely used due to their enhanced surface plasmon resonance. The self-assembled nano-drug carriers like polymeric micelles, liposomes, and metal-based nanoparticles play a significant role in solubilizing the photosensitizer to make them biocompatible.
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7
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Riahin C, Mendis K, Busick B, Ptaszek M, Yang M, Stacey G, Parvate A, Evans JE, Traeger J, Hu D, Orr G, Rosenzweig Z. Near Infrared Emitting Semiconductor Polymer Dots for Bioimaging and Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7218. [PMID: 36236328 PMCID: PMC9571013 DOI: 10.3390/s22197218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) are rapidly becoming one of the most studied nanoparticles in fluorescence bioimaging and sensing. Their small size, high brightness, and resistance to photobleaching make them one of the most attractive fluorophores for fluorescence imaging and sensing applications. This paper highlights our recent advances in fluorescence bioimaging and sensing with nanoscale luminescent Pdots, specifically the use of organic dyes as dopant molecules to modify the optical properties of Pdots to enable deep red and near infrared fluorescence bioimaging applications and to impart sensitivity of dye doped Pdots towards selected analytes. Building on our earlier work, we report the formation of secondary antibody-conjugated Pdots and provide Cryo-TEM evidence for their formation. We demonstrate the selective targeting of the antibody-conjugated Pdots to FLAG-tagged FLS2 membrane receptors in genetically engineered plant leaf cells. We also report the formation of a new class of luminescent Pdots with emission wavelengths of around 1000 nm. Finally, we demonstrate the formation and utility of oxygen sensing Pdots in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Kushani Mendis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Brandon Busick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Mengran Yang
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Amar Parvate
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - James E. Evans
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Jeremiah Traeger
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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8
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Riahin C, Meares A, Esemoto NN, Ptaszek M, LaScola M, Pandala N, Lavik E, Yang M, Stacey G, Hu D, Traeger JC, Orr G, Rosenzweig Z. Hydroporphyrin-Doped Near-Infrared-Emitting Polymer Dots for Cellular Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:20790-20801. [PMID: 35451825 PMCID: PMC9210996 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent semiconductor polymer dots (Pdots) have shown great potential for fluorescence imaging due to their exceptional chemical and photophysical properties. This paper describes the synthesis of NIR-emitting Pdots with great control and tunability of emission peak wavelength. The Pdots were prepared by doping poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-(2,1',3)-thiadiazole)] (PFBT), a semiconducting polymer commonly used as a host polymer in luminescent Pdots, with a series of chlorins and bacteriochlorins with varying functional groups. Chlorins and bacteriochlorins are ideal dopants due to their high hydrophobicity, which precludes their use as molecular probes in aqueous biological media but on the other hand prevents their leakage when doped into Pdots. Additionally, chlorins and bacteriochlorins have narrow deep red to NIR-emission bands and the wide array of synthetic modifications available for modifying their molecular structure enables tuning their emission predictably and systematically. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements show the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots to be nearly spherical with an average diameter of 46 ± 12 nm. Efficient energy transfer between PFBT and the doped chlorins or bacteriochlorins decreases the PFBT donor emission to near baseline level and increases the emission of the doped dyes that serve as acceptors. The chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show narrow emission bands ranging from 640 to 820 nm depending on the doped dye. The paper demonstrates the utility of the systematic chlorin and bacteriochlorin synthesis approach by preparing Pdots of varying emission peak wavelength, utilizing them to visualize multiple targets using wide-field fluorescence microscopy, binding them to secondary antibodies, and determining the binding of secondary antibody-conjugated Pdots to primary antibody-labeled receptors in plant cells. Additionally, the chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-doped Pdots show a blinking behavior that could enable their use in super-resolution imaging methods like STORM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Riahin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Michael LaScola
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Narendra Pandala
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Erin Lavik
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Mengran Yang
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Gary Stacey
- Division of Plant Sciences and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Dehong Hu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Jeremiah C Traeger
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Galya Orr
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Zeev Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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9
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Bhattacharya S, Graf A, Gomes AKM, Chaudhri N, Chekulaev D, Brückner C, Cardozo TM, Chauvet AAP. Tailoring the Intersystem Crossing and Triplet Dynamics of Free-Base Octaalkyl-β-oxo-Substituted Porphyrins: Competing Effects of Spin-Vibronic and NH Tautomerism Relaxation Channels. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2522-2531. [PMID: 35348324 PMCID: PMC9059185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c01225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that β-oxo-substitution provides effective fine-tuning of both steady-state and transient electronic properties of octaalkyl-β-mono-oxochlorin and all isomers of the β,β'-dioxo-substituted chromophores. The addition of a carbonyl group increases the Qy oscillator strength and red-shifts the absorption spectra. Each oxo-substitution results in a 2-fold increase in the singlet to triplet state intersystem crossing (ISC) rates, resulting in a 4-fold ISC rate increase for the dioxo-substituted chromophores. The effects of oxo-substitution on the ISC rate are thus additive. The progressive increase in the ISC rates correlates directly with the spin-vibronic channels provided by the C═O out-of-plane distortion modes, as evidenced by density functional theory (DFT) modeling. The triplet states, however, were not evenly affected by β-oxo-substitution, and reduction in the triplet lifetime seems to be influenced instead by the presence of NH tautomers in the dioxoisobacteriochlorins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Bhattacharya
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Graf
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nivedita Chaudhri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Dimitri Chekulaev
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Brückner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Thiago M. Cardozo
- Instituto
de Química (IQ), Federal University
of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de
Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Adrien A. P. Chauvet
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
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10
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Wang T, Wang S, Liu Z, He Z, Yu P, Zhao M, Zhang H, Lu L, Wang Z, Wang Z, Zhang W, Fan Y, Sun C, Zhao D, Liu W, Bünzli JCG, Zhang F. A hybrid erbium(III)-bacteriochlorin near-infrared probe for multiplexed biomedical imaging. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1571-1578. [PMID: 34326504 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-01063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Spectrally distinct fluorophores are desired for multiplexed bioimaging. In particular, monitoring biological processes in living mammals needs fluorophores that operate in the 'tissue-transparent' near-infrared (NIR) window, that is, between 700 and 1,700 nm. Here we report a fluorophore system based on molecular erbium(III)-bacteriochlorin complexes with large Stokes shift (>750 nm) and narrowband NIR-to-NIR downconversion spectra (full-width at half-maximum ≤ 32 nm). We have found that the fast (2 × 109 s-¹) and near-unity energy transfer from bacteriochlorin triplets to the erbium(III) 4I13/2 level overcomes the notorious vibrational overtones quenching, resulting in bright and long-lived (1.73 μs) 1,530 nm luminescence in water. We demonstrate the excitation/emission-multiplexed capability of the complexes in the visualization of dynamic circulatory and metabolic processes in living mice, and through skull tracking of cancer cell metastases in mouse brain. This hybrid probe system facilitates robust multiplexed NIR imaging with high contrast and spatial resolution for applications ranging from fluorescence-guided surgery, diagnostics and intravital microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangfeng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuyang He
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyao Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Lu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxin Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weian Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques et Ingénierie, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and iChem, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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11
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Preface — Special Issue dedicated to Professor Jonathan S. Lindsey on the occasion of his 65th birthday. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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12
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Yu Z, Uthe B, Gelfand R, Pelton M, Ptaszek M. Weakly conjugated bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyad: Synthesis and photophysical properties. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dyads containing two near-infrared absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorins with distinct spectral properties have been prepared and characterized by absorption, emission, and transient-absorption spectroscopies. The dyads exhibit ultrafast ([Formula: see text]3 ps) energy transfer from the bacteriochlorin with the higher-energy S1 state to the bacteriochlorin emitting at the longer wavelength. The dyads exhibit strong fluorescence and relatively long excited state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]4 ns) in both non-polar and polar solvents, which indicates negligible photoinduced electron transfer between the two bacteriochlorins in the dyads. These dyads are thus attractive for the development of light-harvesting arrays and fluorophores for in vivo bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Rachel Gelfand
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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13
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Kang HS, Satraitis A, Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Ptaszek M, Bocian DF, Holten D. Conjugated-linker dependence of the photophysical properties and electronic structure of chlorin dyads. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424621500620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, photophysical properties and electronic structure of seven new chlorin dyads and associated benchmark monomers are described. Each dyad contains two identical chlorins linked at the macrocycle [Formula: see text]-pyrrole 13-position. The extent of electronic communication between chlorin constituents depends on the nature of the conjugated linker. The communication is assessed by modification of prominent ground-state absorption and redox properties, rate constants and yields of excited-state decay processes, and molecular-orbital characteristics. Relative to the benchmark monomers, the chlorin dyads in toluene exhibit a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (30 nm average), two-fold increased radiative rate constant [average (10 ns)[Formula: see text] vs. (22 ns)[Formula: see text]], reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (average 5.0 ns vs. 8.2 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (average 0.56 vs. 0.42). The excited-state lifetime and fluorescence yield for the chlorin dyad with a benzothiadiazole linker are reduced substantially in benzonitrile vs. toluene due largely to [Formula: see text]25-fold accelerated internal conversion. The results aid design strategies for molecular architectures that may find utility in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage and Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889, USA
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, USA
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14
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Aksu H, Maiti B, Ptaszek M, Dunietz BD. Photoinduced charge transfer in Zn(II) and Au(III)-ligated symmetric and asymmetric bacteriochlorin dyads: A computational study. J Chem Phys 2021; 153:134111. [PMID: 33032416 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The excited-state properties and photoinduced charge-transfer (CT) kinetics in a series of symmetrical and asymmetrical Zn- and Au-ligated meso-meso-connected bacteriochlorin (BChl) complexes are studied computationally. BChl derivatives, which are excellent near-IR absorbing chromophores, are found to play a central role in bacterial photosynthetic reaction centers but are rarely used in artificial solar energy harvesting systems. The optical properties of chemically linked BChl complexes can be tuned by varying the linking group and involving different ligated metal ions. We investigate charge transfer in BChl dyads that are either directly linked or through a phenylene ring (1,4-phenylene) and which are ligating Zn or Au ions. The directly linked dyads with a nearly perpendicular arrangement of the BChl units bear markedly different properties than phenylene linked dyads. In addition, we find that the dielectric dependence of the intramolecular CT rate is very strong in neutral Zn-ligated dyads, whereas cationic Au-ligated dyads show negligible dielectric dependence of the CT rate. Rate constants of the photo induced CT process are calculated at the semiclassical Marcus level and are compared to fully quantum mechanical Fermi's golden rule based values. The rates are calculated using a screened range separated hybrid functional that offers a consistent framework for addressing environment polarization. We study solvated systems in two solvents of a low and a high scalar dielectric constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin Aksu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21250-1000, USA
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242-0001, USA
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15
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Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Comprehensive review of photophysical parameters (ε, Φf, τs) of tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) – Critical benchmark molecules in photochemistry and photosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2020.100401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Chung DTM, Tran PV, Chau Nguyen K, Wang P, Lindsey JS. Synthesis of model bacteriochlorophylls containing substituents of native rings A, C and E. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02469h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
An established route to the bacteriochlorophyll skeleton from two dihydrodipyrrin halves has been extended to accommodate several substituents characteristic of the native bacteriochlorophyll a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duy T. M. Chung
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Phuong Vy Tran
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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17
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Uthe B, Meares A, Ptaszek M, Pelton M. Solvent-dependent energy and charge transfer dynamics in hydroporphyrin-BODIPY arrays. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:074302. [PMID: 32828083 DOI: 10.1063/5.0012737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrays of hydroporphyrins with boron complexes of dipyrromethene (BODIPY) are a promising platform for biomedical imaging or solar energy conversion, but their photophysical properties have been relatively unexplored. In this paper, we use time-resolved fluorescence, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and density-functional-theory calculations to elucidate solvent-dependent energy and electron-transfer processes in a series of chlorin- and bacteriochlorin-BODIPY arrays. Excitation of the BODIPY moiety results in ultrafast energy transfer to the hydroporphyrin moiety, regardless of the solvent. In toluene, energy is most likely transferred via the through-space Förster mechanism from the S1 state of BODIPY to the S2 state of hydroporphyrin. In DMF, substantially faster energy transfer is observed, which implies a contribution of the through-bond Dexter mechanism. In toluene, excited hydroporphyrin components show bright fluorescence, with quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime comparable to those of the benchmark monomer, whereas in DMF, moderate to significant reduction of both quantum yield and fluorescence lifetime are observed. We attribute this quenching to photoinduced charge transfer from hydroporphyrin to BODIPY. No direct spectral signature of the charge-separated state is observed, which suggests that either (1) the charge-separated state decays very quickly to the ground state or (2) virtual charge-separated states, close in energy to S1 of hydroporphyrin, promote ultrafast internal conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Uthe
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
| | - Matthew Pelton
- Department of Physics, UMBC (University of Maryland, Baltimore County), 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA
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18
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Pucelik B, Sułek A, Dąbrowski JM. Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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19
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Nguyen KC, Wang P, Sommer RD, Lindsey JS. Asymmetric Synthesis of a Bacteriochlorophyll Model Compound Containing trans-Dialkyl Substituents in Ring D. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6605-6619. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khiem Chau Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Pengzhi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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20
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Swain A, Cho B, Gautam R, Curtis CJ, Tomat E, Huxter V. Ultrafast Dynamics of Tripyrrindiones in Solution Mediated by Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:5524-5535. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Swain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Byungmoon Cho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ritika Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Clayton J. Curtis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Vanessa Huxter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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21
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Zhu S, Tian R, Antaris AL, Chen X, Dai H. Near-Infrared-II Molecular Dyes for Cancer Imaging and Surgery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1900321. [PMID: 31025403 PMCID: PMC6555689 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 472] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence bioimaging affords a vital tool for both researchers and surgeons to molecularly target a variety of biological tissues and processes. This review focuses on summarizing organic dyes emitting at a biological transparency window termed the near-infrared-II (NIR-II) window, where minimal light interaction with the surrounding tissues allows photons to travel nearly unperturbed throughout the body. NIR-II fluorescence imaging overcomes the penetration/contrast bottleneck of imaging in the visible region, making it a remarkable modality for early diagnosis of cancer and highly sensitive tumor surgery. Due to their convenient bioconjugation with peptides/antibodies, NIR-II molecular dyes are desirable candidates for targeted cancer imaging, significantly overcoming the autofluorescence/scattering issues for deep tissue molecular imaging. To promote the clinical translation of NIR-II bioimaging, advancements in the high-performance small molecule-derived probes are critically important. Here, molecules with clinical potential for NIR-II imaging are discussed, summarizing the synthesis and chemical structures of NIR-II dyes, chemical and optical properties of NIR-II dyes, bioconjugation and biological behavior of NIR-II dyes, whole body imaging with NIR-II dyes for cancer detection and surgery, as well as NIR-II fluorescence microscopy imaging. A key perspective on the direction of NIR-II molecular dyes for cancer imaging and surgery is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hongjie Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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22
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Fujita H, Jing H, Krayer M, Allu S, Veeraraghavaiah G, Wu Z, Jiang J, Diers JR, Magdaong NCM, Mandal AK, Roy A, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Annulated bacteriochlorins for near-infrared photophysical studies. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01113g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bacteriochlorins with phenaleno or benzo annulation absorb at 913 or 1033 nm and exhibit excited-state lifetimes of 150 or 7 ps, suggesting applications in photoacoustic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Fujita
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Haoyu Jing
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Amit K. Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - Dariusz M. Niedzwiedzki
- Department of Energy
- Environmental & Chemical Engineering and Center for Solar Energy and Energy Storage
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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23
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Ogata F, Nagaya T, Maruoka Y, Akhigbe J, Meares A, Lucero MY, Satraitis A, Fujimura D, Okada R, Inagaki F, Choyke PL, Ptaszek M, Kobayashi H. Activatable Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Using PEGylated Bacteriochlorin-Based Chlorin and BODIPY-Dyads as Probes for Detecting Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 30:169-183. [PMID: 30475591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes are attractive tools for biomedical in vivo imaging due to the relatively deeper tissue penetration and lower background autofluorescence. Activatable probes are turned on only after binding to their target, further improving target to background ratios. However, the number of available activatable NIR probes is limited. In this study, we introduce two types of activatable NIR fluorophores derived from bacteriochlorin: chlorin-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads and boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY)-bacteriochlorin energy-transfer dyads. These fluorophores are characterized by multiple narrow excitation bands with relatively strong emission in the NIR. Targeted bacteriochlorin-based antibody or peptide probes have been previously limited by aggregation after conjugation. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains were added to improve the hydrophilicity without altering pharmacokinetics of the targeting moieties. These PEGylated bacteriochlorin-based activatable fluorophores have potential as targeted activatable, multicolor NIR fluorescent probes for in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusa Ogata
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Tadanobu Nagaya
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Yasuhiro Maruoka
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 United States of America
| | - Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 United States of America
| | - Melissa Y Lucero
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 United States of America
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 United States of America
| | - Daiki Fujimura
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Ryuhei Okada
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 United States of America
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Program, Center for Cancer Research , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States of America
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24
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Meares A, Bhagavathy GV, Zik SR, Gallagher T, Ptaszek M. Expanding π-Conjugation in Chlorins Using Ethenyl Linker. J Org Chem 2018; 83:9076-9087. [PMID: 30033724 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of chlorin monomers and dyads has been prepared to probe the effect of ethenyl vs ethynyl linkers on the electronic conjugation and optical properties in resulting derivatives. Styryl-substituted chlorins have been prepared either by a Heck reaction or by microwave-assisted olefin metathesis, while β-β ethenyl-linked dyads have been synthesized from the corresponding vinyl-substituted chlorin monomer using microwave-assisted olefin metathesis. It has been found that when an ethenyl linker is connected at the β-position of chlorin it provides stronger electronic conjugation than an ethynyl one, which is manifested by a greater bathochromic shift of the longest wavelength absorption (Q y) and emission bands. Stronger electronic coupling is particularly evident for dyads, where ethenyl-linked dyad exhibits a strong near-IR absorption band emission (λabs = 707 nm, λem = 712 nm, Φf = 0.45), compared to the deep-red absorption and emission of a corresponding ethynyl-linked dyad (λabs = 689 nm, λem = 691 nm, Φf = 0.48). The reactivity of ethenyl-linked dyads with singlet oxygen is discussed as well. The results reported here provide further guidelines for molecular design of deep-red and near-IR absorbing and intensely emitting chlorin derivatives and chlorins with extended π-electronic conjugation for a variety of photonic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Shannon R Zik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Thomas Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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25
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McCleese C, Yu Z, Esemoto NN, Kolodziej C, Maiti B, Bhandari S, Dunietz BD, Burda C, Ptaszek M. Excitonic Interactions in Bacteriochlorin Homo-Dyads Enable Charge Transfer: A New Approach to the Artificial Photosynthetic Special Pair. J Phys Chem B 2018. [PMID: 29526105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excitonically coupled bacteriochlorin (BC) dimers constitute a primary electron donor (special pair) in bacterial photosynthesis and absorbing units in light-harvesting antenna. However, the exact nature of the excited state of these dyads is still not fully understood. Here, we report a detailed spectroscopic and computational investigation of a series of symmetrical bacteriochlorin dimers, where the bacteriochlorins are connected either directly or by a phenylene bridge of variable length. The excited state of these dyads is quenched in high-dielectric solvents, which we attribute to photoinduced charge transfer. The mixing of charge transfer with the excitonic state causes accelerated (within 41 ps) decay of the excited state for the directly linked dyad, which is reduced by orders of magnitude with each additional phenyl ring separating the bacteriochlorins. These results highlight the origins of the excited-state dynamics in symmetric BC dyads and provide a new model for studying the primary processes in photosynthesis and for the development of artificial, biomimetic systems for solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McCleese
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Charles Kolodziej
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Buddhadev Maiti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Srijana Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Barry D Dunietz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Kent State University , Kent , Ohio 44242 , United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio 44106 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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26
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Esemoto NN, Satraitis A, Wiratan L, Ptaszek M. Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Meso-Meso Directly Linked Hydroporphyrin Dyads: Synthesis and Photochemical Properties. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2977-2988. [PMID: 29140088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of a rigid meso-meso directly linked chlorin-chlorin, chlorin-bacteriochlorin, and bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin dyads, including free bases as well as Zn(II), Pd(II), and Cu(II) complexes, has been synthesized, and their absorption, emission, singlet oxygen (1O2) photosensitization, and electronic properties have been examined. Marked bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength Q y absorption band and increase in fluorescence quantum yields in dyads, in comparison to the corresponding monomers, are observed. Nonsymmetrical dyads (except bacteriochlorin-bacteriochlorin) show two distinctive Q y bands, corresponding to the absorption of each dyad component. A nearly quantitative S1-S1 energy transfer between hydroporphyrins in dyads, leading to an almost exclusive emission of hydroporphyrin with a lower S1 energy, has been determined. Several symmetrical and all nonsymmetrical dyads exhibit a significant reduction in fluorescence quantum yields in solvents of high dielectric constants; this is attributed to the photoinduced electron transfer. The complexation of one macrocycle by Cu(II) or Pd(II) enhances intersystem crossing in the adjacent, free base dyad component, which is manifested by a significant reduction in fluorescence and increase in quantum yield of 1O2 photosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Linda Wiratan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle , Baltimore , Maryland 21250 , United States
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27
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Hood D, Sahin T, Parkes‐Loach PS, Jiao J, Harris MA, Dilbeck P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Kirmaier C, Loach PA, Bocian DF, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Expanding Covalent Attachment Sites of Nonnative Chromophores to Encompass the C‐Terminal Hydrophilic Domain in Biohybrid Light‐Harvesting Architectures. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | | | - Jieying Jiao
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Michelle A. Harris
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Preston Dilbeck
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | | | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
| | - Paul A. Loach
- Department of Molecular Biosciences Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208-3500 USA
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA 92521-0403 USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695-8204 USA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO 63130-4889 USA
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28
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. BODIPY-Bacteriochlorin Energy Transfer Arrays: Toward Near-IR Emitters with Broadly Tunable, Multiple Absorption Bands. J Org Chem 2017; 82:13068-13075. [PMID: 29119786 PMCID: PMC5873296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of energy transfer arrays, comprising a near-IR absorbing and emitting bacteriochlorin, and BODIPY derivatives with different absorption bands in the visible region (503-668 nm) have been synthesized. Absorption band of BODIPY was tuned by installation of 0, 1, or 2 styryl substituents [2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl], which leads to derivatives with absorption maxima at 503, 587, and 668 nm, respectively. Efficient energy transfer (>0.90) is observed for each dyad, which is manifested by nearly exclusive emission from bacteriochlorin moiety upon BODIPY excitation. Fluorescence quantum yield of each dyad in nonpolar solvent (toluene) is comparable with that observed for corresponding bacteriochlorin monomer, and is significantly reduced in solvent of high dielectric constants (DMF), most likely by photoinduced electron transfer. Given the availability of diverse BODIPY derivatives, with absorption between 500-700 nm, BODIPY-bacteriochlorin arrays should allow for construction of near-IR emitting agents with multiple and broadly tunable absorption bands. Solvent-dielectric constant dependence of Φf in dyads gives an opportunity to construct environmentally sensitive fluorophores and probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, United States
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29
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Pandit YA, Sanfui S, Rath SP. Intermacrocyclic Interaction Triggers Facile One-Pot Synthesis of a Chlorin-Porphyrin Heterodimer. Chemistry 2017; 23:13415-13422. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younis Ahmad Pandit
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Sarnali Sanfui
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
| | - Sankar Prasad Rath
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur; Kanpur 208016 India
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30
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Hood D, Niedzwiedzki DM, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Dai J, Miller ES, Bocian DF, Williams PG, Lindsey JS, Holten D. Photophysical Characterization of the Naturally Occurring Dioxobacteriochlorin Tolyporphin A and Synthetic Oxobacteriochlorin Analogues. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1204-1215. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO
| | | | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - Jingqiu Dai
- Department of Chemistry University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu HI
| | - Eric S. Miller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC
| | - David F. Bocian
- Department of Chemistry University of California Riverside CA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry Washington University St. Louis MO
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31
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Orf GS, Collins AM, Niedzwiedzki DM, Tank M, Thiel V, Kell A, Bryant DA, Montaño GA, Blankenship RE. Polymer-Chlorosome Nanocomposites Consisting of Non-Native Combinations of Self-Assembling Bacteriochlorophylls. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:6427-6438. [PMID: 28585832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosomes are one of the characteristic light-harvesting antennas from green sulfur bacteria. These complexes represent a unique paradigm: self-assembly of bacteriochlorophyll pigments within a lipid monolayer without the influence of protein. Because of their large size and reduced complexity, they have been targeted as models for the development of bioinspired light-harvesting arrays. We report the production of biohybrid light-harvesting nanocomposites mimicking chlorosomes, composed of amphiphilic diblock copolymer membrane bodies that incorporate thousands of natural self-assembling bacteriochlorophyll molecules derived from green sulfur bacteria. The driving force behind the assembly of these polymer-chlorosome nanocomposites is the transfer of the mixed raw materials from the organic to the aqueous phase. We incorporated up to five different self-assembling pigment types into single nanocomposites that mimic chlorosome morphology. We establish that the copolymer-BChl self-assembly process works smoothly even when non-native combinations of BChl homologues are included. Spectroscopic characterization revealed that the different types of self-assembling pigments participate in ultrafast energy transfer, expanding beyond single chromophore constraints of the natural chlorosome system. This study further demonstrates the utility of flexible short-chain, diblock copolymers for building scalable, tunable light-harvesting arrays for technological use and allows for an in vitro analysis of the flexibility of natural self-assembling chromophores in unique and controlled combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron M Collins
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | | | - Marcus Tank
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo, Japan 192-0397
| | - Vera Thiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Tokyo, Japan 192-0397
| | - Adam Kell
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Gabriel A Montaño
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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32
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Meares A, Satraitis A, Akhigbe J, Santhanam N, Swaminathan S, Ehudin M, Ptaszek M. Amphiphilic BODIPY-Hydroporphyrin Energy Transfer Arrays with Broadly Tunable Absorption and Deep Red/Near-Infrared Emission in Aqueous Micelles. J Org Chem 2017; 82:6054-6070. [PMID: 28516773 PMCID: PMC5873324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY-hydroporphyrin energy transfer arrays allow for development of a family of fluorophores featuring a common excitation band at 500 nm, tunable excitation band in the deep red/near-infrared window, and tunable emission. Their biomedical applications are contingent upon retaining their optical properties in an aqueous environment. Amphiphilic arrays containing PEG-substituted BODIPY and chlorins or bacteriochlorins were prepared and their optical and fluorescence properties were determined in organic solvents and aqueous surfactants. The first series of arrays contains BODIPYs with PEG substituents attached to the boron, whereas in the second series, PEG substituents are attached to the aryl at the meso positions of BODIPY. For both series of arrays, excitation of BODIPY at 500 nm results in efficient energy transfer to and bright emission of hydroporphyrin in the deep-red (640-660 nm) or near-infrared (740-760 nm) spectral windows. In aqueous solution of nonionic surfactants (Triton X-100 and Tween 20) arrays from the second series exhibit significant quenching of fluorescence, whereas properties of arrays from the first series are comparable to those observed in polar organic solvents. Reported arrays possess large effective Stokes shift (115-260 nm), multiple excitation wavelengths, and narrow, tunable deep-red/near-IR fluorescence in aqueous surfactants, and are promising candidates for a variety of biomedical-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Meares
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Nithya Santhanam
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Subramani Swaminathan
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Melanie Ehudin
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- University of Maryland, Baltimore County , 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, 21250 Maryland, United States
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33
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Zhang RR, Schroeder AB, Grudzinski JJ, Rosenthal EL, Warram JM, Pinchuk AN, Eliceiri KW, Kuo JS, Weichert JP. Beyond the margins: real-time detection of cancer using targeted fluorophores. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2017; 14:347-364. [PMID: 28094261 PMCID: PMC5683405 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, synergistic innovations in imaging technology have resulted in a revolution in which a range of biomedical applications are now benefiting from fluorescence imaging. Specifically, advances in fluorophore chemistry and imaging hardware, and the identification of targetable biomarkers have now positioned intraoperative fluorescence as a highly specific real-time detection modality for surgeons in oncology. In particular, the deeper tissue penetration and limited autofluorescence of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging improves the translational potential of this modality over visible-light fluorescence imaging. Rapid developments in fluorophores with improved characteristics, detection instrumentation, and targeting strategies led to the clinical testing in the early 2010s of the first targeted NIR fluorophores for intraoperative cancer detection. The foundations for the advances that underline this technology continue to be nurtured by the multidisciplinary collaboration of chemists, biologists, engineers, and clinicians. In this Review, we highlight the latest developments in NIR fluorophores, cancer-targeting strategies, and detection instrumentation for intraoperative cancer detection, and consider the unique challenges associated with their effective application in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray R Zhang
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Alexandra B Schroeder
- Medical Engineering, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Joseph J Grudzinski
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Eben L Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford Cancer Center, 875 Blake Wilbur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jason M Warram
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1670 University Boulevard, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Anatoly N Pinchuk
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Medical Engineering, Morgridge Institute for Research, 330 North Orchard Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, USA
- Laboratory for Optical and Computational Instrumentation, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison Wisconsin 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - John S Kuo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
| | - Jamey P Weichert
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison (UW-Madison), 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
- Department of Medical Physics, UW-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, UW-Madison, 600 Highland Avenue Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA
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34
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Reddy MN, Zhang S, Kim HJ, Mass O, Taniguchi M, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and Spectral Properties of meso-Arylbacteriochlorins, Including Insights into Essential Motifs of their Hydrodipyrrin Precursors. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22040634. [PMID: 28420113 PMCID: PMC6154299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins-analogues of bacteriochlorophylls, Nature's near-infrared absorbers-are attractive for diverse photochemical studies. meso-Arylbacteriochlorins have been prepared by the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-carbinol or dihydrodipyrrin-acetal following an Eastern-Western (E-W) or Northern-Southern (N-S) joining process. The bacteriochlorins bear a gem-dimethyl group in each pyrroline ring to ensure stability toward oxidation. The two routes differ in the location of the gem-dimethyl group at the respective 3- or 2-position in the dihydrodipyrrin, and the method of synthesis of the dihydrodipyrrin. Treatment of a known 3,3-dimethyldihydrodipyrrin-1-carboxaldehyde with an aryl Grignard reagent afforded the dihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol, and upon subsequent acetylation, the corresponding dihydrodipyrrin-1-methyl acetate (dihydrodipyrrin-acetate). Self-condensation of the dihydrodipyrrin-acetate gave a meso-diarylbacteriochlorin (E-W route). A 2,2-dimethyl-5-aryldihydrodipyrrin-1-(aryl)carbinol underwent self-condensation to give a trans-A₂B₂-type meso-tetraarylbacteriochlorin (N-S route). In each case, the aromatization process entails a 2e-/2H⁺ (aerobic) dehydrogenative oxidation following the dihydrodipyrrin self-condensation. Comparison of a tetrahydrodipyrrin-acetal (0%) versus a dihydrodipyrrin-acetal (41%) in bacteriochlorin formation and results with various 1-substituted dihydrodipyrrins revealed the importance of resonance stabilization of the reactive hydrodipyrrin intermediate. Altogether 10 new dihydrodipyrrins and five new bacteriochlorins have been prepared. The bacteriochlorins exhibit characteristic bacteriochlorophyll-like absorption spectra, including a Qy band in the region 726-743 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Science Education, Gongju National University of Education, Gongju 314-701, Korea.
| | - Olga Mass
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA.
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35
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Zhang S, Lindsey JS. Construction of the Bacteriochlorin Macrocycle with Concomitant Nazarov Cyclization To Form the Annulated Isocyclic Ring: Analogues of Bacteriochlorophyll a. J Org Chem 2017; 82:2489-2504. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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36
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Kodali G, Mancini JA, Solomon LA, Episova TV, Roach N, Hobbs CJ, Wagner P, Mass OA, Aravindu K, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Officer DL, Dutton PL, Moser CC. Design and engineering of water-soluble light-harvesting protein maquettes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:316-324. [PMID: 28261441 PMCID: PMC5330312 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02417c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural selection in photosynthesis has engineered tetrapyrrole based, nanometer scale, light harvesting and energy capture in light-induced charge separation. By designing and creating nanometer scale artificial light harvesting and charge separating proteins, we have the opportunity to reengineer and overcome the limitations of natural selection to extend energy capture to new wavelengths and to tailor efficient systems that better meet human as opposed to cellular energetic needs. While tetrapyrrole cofactor incorporation in natural proteins is complex and often assisted by accessory proteins for cofactor transport and insertion, artificial protein functionalization relies on a practical understanding of the basic physical chemistry of protein and cofactors that drive nanometer scale self-assembly. Patterning and balancing of hydrophobic and hydrophilic tetrapyrrole substituents is critical to avoid natural or synthetic porphyrin and chlorin aggregation in aqueous media and speed cofactor partitioning into the non-polar core of a man-made water soluble protein designed according to elementary first principles of protein folding. This partitioning is followed by site-specific anchoring of tetrapyrroles to histidine ligands strategically placed for design control of rates and efficiencies of light energy and electron transfer while orienting at least one polar group towards the aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Kodali
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Joshua A. Mancini
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Lee A. Solomon
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Tatiana V. Episova
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Nicholas Roach
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Christopher J. Hobbs
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Pawel Wagner
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Olga A. Mass
- N Carolina State University , Department of Chemistry , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA
| | - Kunche Aravindu
- N Carolina State University , Department of Chemistry , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA
| | | | - Keith C. Gordon
- University of Otago , Department of Chemistry , Dunedin 9016 , New Zealand
| | - David L. Officer
- The ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and the Intelligent Polymer Research Institute , University of Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - P. Leslie Dutton
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
| | - Christopher C. Moser
- The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA 10104 , USA .
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37
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Liu Y, Allu S, Nagarjuna Reddy M, Hood D, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and photophysical characterization of bacteriochlorins equipped with integral swallowtail substituents. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The two pyrroline units of bacteriochlorins can now bear gem-dialkyl or diaryl groups (L), which project above and below the macrocycle plane, whereas dimethyl groups generally have been accessible previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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38
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Liu M, Chen CY, Hood D, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis, photophysics and electronic structure of oxobacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj04135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic oxobacteriochlorins exhibit strong absorption in the deep-red window flanked by chlorins to the red and bacteriochlorins to the near-infrared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Chih-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Don Hood
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - James R. Diers
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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39
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Esemoto NN, Yu Z, Wiratan L, Satraitis A, Ptaszek M. Bacteriochlorin Dyads as Solvent Polarity Dependent Near-Infrared Fluorophores and Reactive Oxygen Species Photosensitizers. Org Lett 2016; 18:4590-3. [PMID: 27603934 PMCID: PMC7269194 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Symmetrical, near-infrared absorbing bacteriochlorin dyads exhibit gradual reduction of their fluorescence (intensity and lifetime) and reactive oxygen species photosensitization efficiency (ROS) with increasing solvent dielectric constant ε. For the directly linked dyad, significant reduction is observed even in solvents of moderate ε, while for the dyad containing a 1,4-phenylene linker, reduction is more parallel to an increase in solvent ε. Bacteriochlorin dyads are promising candidates for development of environmentally responsive fluorophores and ROS sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopondo N. Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Linda Wiratan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
- Biotechnology Career Academy, Howard County Public School System, Ellicott City, Maryland, 21042, United States
| | - Andrius Satraitis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland, 21250, United States
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40
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Białek R, Burdziński G, Jones MR, Gibasiewicz K. Bacteriopheophytin triplet state in Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2016; 129:205-216. [PMID: 27368166 PMCID: PMC4935742 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that photoexcitation of Rhodobacter sphaeroides reaction centers (RC) with reduced quinone acceptors results in the formation of a triplet state localized on the primary electron donor P with a significant yield. The energy of this long-lived and therefore potentially damaging excited state is then efficiently quenched by energy transfer to the RC spheroidenone carotenoid, with its subsequent decay to the ground state by intersystem crossing. In this contribution, we present a detailed transient absorption study of triplet states in a set of mutated RCs characterized by different efficiencies of triplet formation that correlate with lifetimes of the initial charge-separated state P(+)H A (-) . On a microsecond time scale, two types of triplet state were detected: in addition to the well-known spheroidenone triplet state with a lifetime of ~4 μs, in some RCs we discovered a bacteriopheophytin triplet state with a lifetime of ~40 μs. As expected, the yield of the carotenoid triplet increased approximately linearly with the lifetime of P(+)H A (-) , reaching the value of 42 % for one of the mutants. However, surprisingly, the yield of the bacteriopheophytin triplet was the highest in RCs with the shortest P(+)H A (-) lifetime and the smallest yield of carotenoid triplet. For these the estimated yield of bacteriopheophytin triplet was comparable with the yield of the carotenoid triplet, reaching a value of ~7 %. Possible mechanisms of formation of the bacteriopheophytin triplet state are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Białek
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Gotard Burdziński
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michael R Jones
- School of Biochemistry, Medical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Krzysztof Gibasiewicz
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, ul. Umultowska 85, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
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41
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Zhang N, Jiang J, Liu M, Taniguchi M, Mandal AK, Evans-Storms RB, Pitner JB, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Bioconjugatable, PEGylated Hydroporphyrins for Photochemistry and Photomedicine. Narrow-Band, Near-Infrared-Emitting Bacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016; 40:7750-7767. [PMID: 28133433 DOI: 10.1039/c6nj01155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic bacteriochlorins absorb in the near-infrared (NIR) region and are versatile analogues of natural bacteriochlorophylls. The utilization of these chromophores in energy sciences and photomedicine requires the ability to tailor their physicochemical properties, including the incorporation of units to impart water solubility. Herein, we report the synthesis, from two common bacteriochlorin building blocks, of five wavelength-tunable, bioconjugatable and water-soluble bacteriochlorins along with two non-bioconjugatable benchmarks. Each bacteriochlorin bears short polyethylene glycol (PEG) units as the water-solubilizing motif. The PEG groups are located at the 3,5-positions of aryl groups at the pyrrolic β-positions to suppress aggregation in aqueous media. A handle containing a single carboxylic acid is incorporated to allow bioconjugation. The seven water-soluble bacteriochlorins in water display Qy absorption into the NIR range (679-819 nm), sharp emission (21-36 nm full-width-at-half-maximum) and modest fluorescence quantum yield (0.017-0.13). Each bacteriochlorin is neutral (non-ionic) yet soluble in organic (e.g., CH2Cl2, DMF) and aqueous solutions. Water solubility was assessed using absorption spectroscopy by changing the concentration ∼1000-fold (190-690 µM to 0.19-0.69 µM) with a reciprocal change in pathlength (0.1-10 cm). All bacteriochlorins showed excellent solubility in water, except for a bacteriochlorin-imide that gave slight aggregation at higher concentrations. One bacteriochlorin was conjugated to a mouse polyclonal IgG antibody for use in flow cytometry with compensation beads for proof-of-principle. The antibody conjugate of B2-NHS displayed a sharp signal upon ultraviolet laser excitation (355 nm) with NIR emission measured with a 730/45 nm bandpass filter. Overall, the study gives access to a set of water-soluble bacteriochlorins with desirable photophysical properties for use in multiple fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
| | - Amit Kumar Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130-4889
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204
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42
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The Rise of Near-Infrared Emitters: Organic Dyes, Porphyrinoids, and Transition Metal Complexes. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:47. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0048-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Kang HS, Esemoto NN, Diers JR, Niedzwiedzki DM, Greco JA, Akhigbe J, Yu Z, Pancholi C, Bhagavathy GV, Nguyen JK, Kirmaier C, Birge RR, Ptaszek M, Holten D, Bocian DF. Effects of Strong Electronic Coupling in Chlorin and Bacteriochlorin Dyads. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:379-95. [PMID: 26765839 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Achieving tunable, intense near-infrared absorption in molecular architectures with properties suitable for solar light harvesting and biomedical studies is of fundamental interest. Herein, we report the photophysical, redox, and molecular-orbital characteristics of nine hydroporphyrin dyads and associated benchmark monomers that have been designed and synthesized to attain enhanced light harvesting. Each dyad contains two identical hydroporphyrins (chlorin or bacteriochlorin) connected by a linker (ethynyl or butadiynyl) at the macrocycle β-pyrrole (3- or 13-) or meso (15-) positions. The strong electronic communication between constituent chromophores is indicated by the doubling of prominent absorption features, split redox waves, and paired linear combinations of frontier molecular orbitals. Relative to the benchmarks, the chlorin dyads in toluene show substantial bathochromic shifts of the long-wavelength absorption band (17-31 nm), modestly reduced singlet excited-state lifetimes (τS = 3.6-6.2 ns vs 8.8-12.3 ns), and increased fluorescence quantum yields (Φf = 0.37-0.57 vs 0.34-0.39). The bacteriochlorin dyads in toluene show significant bathochromic shifts (25-57 nm) and modestly reduced τS (1.6-3.4 ns vs 3.5-5.3 ns) and Φf (0.09-0.19 vs 0.17-0.21) values. The τS and Φf values for the bacteriochlorin dyads are reduced substantially (up to ∼20-fold) in benzonitrile. The quenching is due primarily to the increased S1 → S0 internal conversion that is likely induced by increased contribution of charge-resonance configurations to the S1 excited state in the polar medium. The fundamental insights gained into the physicochemical properties of the strongly coupled hydroporphyrin dyads may aid their utilization in solar-energy conversion and photomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Suk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Nopondo N Esemoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jordan A Greco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Joshua Akhigbe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Zhanqian Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Chirag Pancholi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Ganga Viswanathan Bhagavathy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Jamie K Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Christine Kirmaier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Robert R Birge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Marcin Ptaszek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County , Baltimore, Maryland 21250-0001, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University , St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
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44
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Zhang S, Kim HJ, Tang Q, Yang E, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Synthesis and photophysical characteristics of 2,3,12,13-tetraalkylbacteriochlorins. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj00517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraalkylbacteriochlorins, available upon acid-mediated self-condensation of α-ester stabilized dihydrodipyrrin-carboxaldehydes, provide valuable models of the naturally occurring bacteriochlorophylls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Han-Je Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
- Department of Science Education
| | - Qun Tang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
| | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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45
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de Assis FF, Ferreira MAB, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. NIR bacteriochlorin chromophores accessed by Heck and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions on a tetrabromobacteriochlorin derivative. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1402-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02228b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new tetrabromobacteriochlorin BCBr4 is reported. Pd cross-coupling reactions yielded tetra-coupled products with a significant red shift in the UV-Vis bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco F. de Assis
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Marco A. B. Ferreira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Timothy J. Brocksom
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos – UFSCar
- 13565-905 São Carlos
- Brazil
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46
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Mandal AK, Sahin T, Liu M, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Photophysical comparisons of PEGylated porphyrins, chlorins and bacteriochlorins in water. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6nj02091g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a bioconjugatable water-soluble (PEGylated) trans-AB-porphyrin enables photophysical comparisons (τS, kf, kic, kisc, Φf, Φic, Φisc) with analogous chlorins and bacteriochlorins in DMF and water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuba Sahin
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Mengran Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | | | | | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry
- Washington University
- St. Louis
- USA
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47
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Yang E, Zhang N, Krayer M, Taniguchi M, Diers JR, Kirmaier C, Lindsey JS, Bocian DF, Holten D. Integration of Cyanine, Merocyanine and Styryl Dye Motifs with Synthetic Bacteriochlorins. Photochem Photobiol 2015; 92:111-25. [PMID: 26505265 DOI: 10.1111/php.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the effects of substituents on spectral properties is essential for the rational design of tailored bacteriochlorins for light-harvesting and other applications. Toward this goal, three new bacteriochlorins containing previously unexplored conjugating substituents have been prepared and characterized. The conjugating substituents include two positively charged species, 2-(N-ethyl 2-quinolinium)vinyl- (B-1) and 2-(N-ethyl 4-pyridinium)vinyl- (B-2), and a neutral group, acroleinyl- (B-3); the charged species resemble cyanine (or styryl) dye motifs whereas the neutral unit resembles a merocyanine dye motif. The three bacteriochlorins are examined by static and time-resolved absorption and emission spectroscopy and density functional theoretical calculations. B-1 and B-2 have Qy absorption bathochromically shifted well into the NIR region (822 and 852 nm), farther than B-3 (793 nm) and other 3,13-disubstituted bacteriochlorins studied previously. B-1 and B-2 have broad Qy absorption and fluorescence features with large peak separation (Stokes shift), low fluorescence yields, and shortened S1 (Qy ) excited-state lifetimes (~700 ps and ~100 ps). More typical spectra and S1 lifetime (~2.3 ns) are found for B-3. The combined photophysical and molecular-orbital characteristics suggest the altered spectra and enhanced nonradiative S1 decay of B-1 and B-2 derive from excited-state configurations in which electron density is shifted between the macrocycle and the substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
| | - Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Michael Krayer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | | | - James R Diers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | | | | | - David F Bocian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Dewey Holten
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO
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48
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Sahin T, Harris MA, Vairaprakash P, Niedzwiedzki DM, Subramanian V, Shreve AP, Bocian DF, Holten D, Lindsey JS. Self-Assembled Light-Harvesting System from Chromophores in Lipid Vesicles. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:10231-43. [PMID: 26230425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b04841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipid vesicles are used as the organizational structure of self-assembled light-harvesting systems. Following analysis of 17 chromophores, six were selected for inclusion in vesicle-based antennas. The complementary absorption features of the chromophores span the near-ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared region. Although the overall concentration of the pigments is low (~1 μM for quantitative spectroscopic studies) in a cuvette, the lipid-vesicle system affords high concentration (≥10 mM) in the bilayer for efficient energy flow from donor to acceptor. Energy transfer was characterized in 13 representative binary mixtures using static techniques (fluorescence-excitation versus absorptance spectra, quenching of donor fluorescence, modeling emission spectra of a mixture versus components) and time-resolved spectroscopy (fluorescence, ultrafast absorption). Binary donor-acceptor systems that employ a boron-dipyrrin donor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the blue-green) and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor (S0 ↔ S1 absorption/emission in the red or near-infrared) have an average excitation-energy-transfer efficiency (ΦEET) of ~50%. Binary systems with a chlorin donor and a chlorin or bacteriochlorin acceptor have ΦEET ∼ 85%. The differences in ΦEET generally track the donor-fluorescence/acceptor-absorption spectral overlap within a dipole-dipole coupling (Förster) mechanism. Substantial deviation from single-exponential decay of the excited donor (due to the dispersion of donor-acceptor distances) is expected and observed. The time profiles and resulting ΦEET are modeled on the basis of (Förster) energy transfer between chromophores relatively densely packed in a two-dimensional compartment. Initial studies of two ternary and one quaternary combination of chromophores show the enhanced spectral coverage and energy-transfer efficacy expected on the basis of the binary systems. Collectively, this approach may provide one of the simplest designs for self-assembled light-harvesting systems that afford broad solar collection and efficient energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Sahin
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Michelle A Harris
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Pothiappan Vairaprakash
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Dariusz M Niedzwiedzki
- §Photosynthetic Antenna Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Vijaya Subramanian
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Andrew P Shreve
- ∥Center for Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - David F Bocian
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0403, United States
| | - Dewey Holten
- ‡Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-4889, United States
| | - Jonathan S Lindsey
- †Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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49
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Zhang N, Reddy KR, Jiang J, Taniguchi M, Sommer RD, Lindsey JS. Elaboration of an unexplored substitution site in synthetic bacteriochlorins. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2015. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424615500534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to introduce substituents at designated sites about the perimeter of synthetic bacteriochlorins – analogs of bacteriochlorophylls of bacterial photosynthesis – remains a subject of ongoing study. Here, the self-condensation of a dihydrodipyrrin-dioxolane affords a 5-[2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethoxy]bacteriochlorin. Like a 5-methoxybacteriochlorin, the latter undergoes regioselective bromination at the 15-position, directed by the distal 5-alkoxy group. On the other hand, attempted bromination of a bacteriochlorin bearing a 5-(2-hydroxyethoxy) group resulted in intramolecular ether formation with the adjacent β-pyrroline position to give an annulated dioxepine ring (confirmed by single-crystal X-ray structural analysis). The hydroxyethoxy group at the 5-position can be derivatized by acylation. In addition, the installation of auxochromes (methoxycarbonyl, phenylethynyl) at the β-pyrrole rings causes a substantial bathochromic shift of the long-wavelength absorption band (812 nm) and companion fluorescence emission band (821 nm). Taken together, the modification of the 5-substituent complements existing methods for installing a single substituent on the bacteriochlorin macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuonuo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Kanumuri Ramesh Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jianbing Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Masahiko Taniguchi
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Roger D. Sommer
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
| | - Jonathan S. Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8204, USA
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50
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Lindsey JS. De novo synthesis of gem-dialkyl chlorophyll analogues for probing and emulating our green world. Chem Rev 2015; 115:6534-620. [PMID: 26068531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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