1
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Gallo T, Michailoudi G, Valerio J, Adriano L, Heymann M, Schulz J, Marinho RDR, Callefo F, Walsh N, Öhrwall G. Aqueous Ammonium Nitrate Investigated Using Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Cylindrical and Flat Liquid Jets. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6866-6875. [PMID: 38976651 PMCID: PMC11264267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Ammonium nitrate in aqueous solution was investigated with synchrotron radiation based photoelectron spectroscopy using two types of liquid jet nozzles. Electron emission from a cylindrical microjet of aqueous ammonium nitrate solution was measured at two different angles relative to the horizontal polarization of the incident synchrotron radiation, 90° and 54.7° (the "magic angle"), for a range of photon energies (470-530 eV). We obtained β parameter values as a function of photon energy, based on a normalization procedure relying on simulations of background intensity with the SESSA (Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis) package. The β values are similar to literature data for O 1s ionization of liquid water, and the β value of N 1s from NH4+ is higher than that for NO3-, by ≈0.1. The measurements also show that the photoelectron signal from NO3- exhibits a photon energy dependent cross section variation not observed in NH4+. Additional measurements using a flat jet nozzle found that the ammonium and nitrate peak area ratio was unaffected by changes in the takeoff angle, indicating a similar distribution of both ammonium and nitrate in the surface region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamires Gallo
- Synchrotron
Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Georgia Michailoudi
- Nano
and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University
of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Joana Valerio
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Luigi Adriano
- European
XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - Michael Heymann
- IBBS,
Institut für Biomaterialien und Biomolekulare Systeme, Universität
Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Ricardo dos Reis
Teixeira Marinho
- Institute
of Physics, Brasilia University (UnB), 70.919-970 Brasiliá, Brazil
- Institute
of Physics, Federal University of Bahia, 40.170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Flavia Callefo
- Brazilian
Synchrotron Light Laboratory, LNLS, Brazilian
Center for Research in Energy and Materials, CNPEM, CP 6192, 13085-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Noelle Walsh
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Öhrwall
- MAX
IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Munar I, Özer MÖ, Fusco E, Uner D, Aviyente V, Bühl M. Dissociation of HNO 3 in water revisited: experiment and theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:16616-16624. [PMID: 38807500 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01667j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Nitric acid dissociation in water is studied as a function of concentration, employing experimental techniques (1H NMR spectroscopy and calorimetry), quantum chemical methods (B3LYP and PBE functionals for molecular clusters) and molecular dynamics simulations (the PBE-D3 functional for solutions under periodic boundary conditions). The extent of dissociation, via proton transfer to a neighboring water molecule, as a function of concentration is studied computationally for molecular nitric acid clusters HNO3(H2O)x (x = 1-8), as well as periodic liquids (HNO3 mole fractions of 0.19 and 0.5, simulated at T = 300 K and 450 K). Despite the simple nature of these structural models, their computed and simulated average 1H chemical shifts compare well with the experimental measurements in this study. Finally, the measured and calculated chemical shifts have shown reasonable relationships with the enthalpy change upon mixing of this binary complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Munar
- Chemistry Department, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Melike Özkan Özer
- Middle East Technical University, Chemical Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Edoardo Fusco
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
| | - Deniz Uner
- Middle East Technical University, Chemical Engineering, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Chemistry Department, Bogazici University, 34342 Bebek, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Michael Bühl
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
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3
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Nemirovich T, Young B, Brezina K, Mason PE, Seidel R, Stemer D, Winter B, Jungwirth P, Bradforth SE, Schewe HC. Stability and Reactivity of Aromatic Radical Anions in Solution with Relevance to Birch Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8043-8057. [PMID: 38363862 PMCID: PMC10979400 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the electronic structure of aromatic radical anions in the solution phase employing a combination of liquid-jet (LJ) photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy measurements and electronic structure calculations. By using recently developed protocols, we accurately determine the vertical ionization energies of valence electrons of both the solvent and the solute molecules. In particular, we first characterize the pure solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) by LJ-PE measurements in conjunction with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and G0W0 calculations. Next, we determine the electronic structure of neutral naphthalene (Np) and benzophenone (Bp) as well as their radical anion counterparts Np- and Bp- in THF. Wherever feasible, we performed orbital assignments of the measured PE features of the aromatic radical anions, with comparisons to UV-vis absorption spectra of the corresponding neutral molecules being instrumental in rationalizing the assignments. Analysis of the electronic structure differences between the neutral species and their anionic counterparts provides understanding of the primarily electrostatic stabilization of the radical anions in solution. Finally, we obtain a very good agreement of the reduction potentials extracted from the present LJ-PES measurements of Np- and Bp- in THF with previous electrochemical data from cyclic voltammetry measurements. In this context, we discuss how the choice of solvent holds significant implications for optimizing conditions for the Birch reduction process, wherein aromatic radical anions play crucial roles as reactive intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Nemirovich
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Brandon Young
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Krystof Brezina
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Philip E. Mason
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavel Jungwirth
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E. Bradforth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - H. Christian Schewe
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- J.
Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 18223 Prague, Czech
Republic
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4
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Huang Q, Cabral NM, Tong X, Schafranski AS, Kennepohl P, Hill JM. Preparation of Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyst from High-Sulfur Petroleum Coke with Nitric Acid and Ball Milling, and a Computational Evaluation of Inherent Sulfur Conversion Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:7051. [PMID: 37894530 PMCID: PMC10609519 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of petroleum coke (petcoke)-derived solid acid catalysts were prepared via nitric acid treatment with or without ball milling pretreatment. The inherent sulfur in petcoke was converted to sulfonic groups, which were active sites for the esterification of octanoic acid and methanol at 60 °C, with ester yields of 14-43%. More specifically, samples without ball milling treated at 120 °C for 3 h had a total acidity of 4.67 mmol/g, which was 1.6 times that of the samples treated at 80 °C, despite their -SO3H acidities being similar (~0.08 mmol/g). The samples treated for 24 h had higher -SO3H (0.10 mmol/g) and total acidity (5.25 mmol/g) but not increased catalytic activity. Ball milling increased the defects and exposed aromatic hydrogen groups on petcoke, which facilitated further acid oxidation (0.12 mmol -SO3H/g for both materials and total acidity of 5.18 mmol/g and 5.01 mmol/g for BP-N-3/120 and BP-N-8/90, respectively) and an increased ester yield. DFT calculations were used to analyze the pathways of sulfonic acid group formation, and the reaction pathway with NO2• was the most thermodynamically and kinetically favourable. The activities of the prepared catalysts were related to the number of -SO3H acid sites, the total acidity, and the oxygen content, with the latter two factors having a negative impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Huang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (Q.H.); (N.M.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Natalia M. Cabral
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (Q.H.); (N.M.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Xing Tong
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Annelisa S. Schafranski
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (Q.H.); (N.M.C.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Pierre Kennepohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada;
| | - Josephine M. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (Q.H.); (N.M.C.); (A.S.S.)
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5
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Artemov V, Ryzhov A, Ouerdane H, Stevenson KJ. Ionization Difference between Weak and Strong Electrolytes as Perturbed by Conductivity Spectra Analysis. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:261-268. [PMID: 36583593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the static structure of aqueous electrolytes has been studied for decades, their dynamic microscopic structure remains unresolved yet critical in many areas. We report a comparative study of dc and ac (1 Hz to 20 GHz) conductivity data of weak and strong electrolytes, highlighting previously missing differences and similarities. Based on these results, we introduce into consideration the intrinsic short-lived ions of water, namely, excess protons (H3O+) and proton holes (OH-). We show that the model accounting for the neutralization of these ions by the species of electrolyte explains the conductivity of aqueous solutions in the concentration range 10-7-10 M. Based on independent experimental data, we hypothesize that the aggregation of the species in weak electrolytes may determine the main difference between the conductivity of weak and strong electrolytes. Our results push forward the understanding of the dynamic structure of aqueous electrolyte solutions and are important to nanofluidic, biological, and electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Artemov
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Ryzhov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205Moscow, Russia
| | - Henni Ouerdane
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205Moscow, Russia
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6
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Ammann M, Artiglia L. Solvation, Surface Propensity, and Chemical Reactions of Solutes at Atmospheric Liquid-Vapor Interfaces. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3641-3651. [PMID: 36472357 PMCID: PMC9774673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
surface is covered by oceans, a large number of liquid aerosol particles fill the air, and clouds hold a tiny but critical fraction of Earth's water in the air to influence our climate and hydrology, enabling the lives of humans and ecosystems. The surfaces of these liquids provide the interface for the transfer of gases, for nucleation processes, and for catalyzing important chemical reactions. Coupling a range of spectroscopic tools to liquid microjets has become an important approach to better understanding dynamics, structure, and chemistry at liquid interfaces. Liquid microjets offer stability in vacuum and ambient pressure environments, thus also allowing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with manageable efforts in terms of differential pumping. Liquid microjets are operated at speeds sufficient to allow for a locally equilibrated surface in terms of water dynamics and solute surface partitioning. XPS is based on the emission of core-level electrons, the binding energy of which is selective for the element and its chemical environment. Inelastic scattering of electrons establishes the probing depth of XPS in the nanometer range and thus its surface sensitivity.In this Account, we focus on aqueous solutions relevant to the surface of oceans, aqueous aerosols, or cloudwater. We are interested in understanding solvation and acid dissociation at the interface, interfacial aspects of reactions with gas-phase reactants, and the interplay of ions with organic molecules at the interface. The strategy is to obtain a link between the molecular-level picture and macroscopic properties and reactivity in the atmospheric context.We show consistency between surface tension and XPS for a range of surface-active organic species as an important proof for interrogating an equilibrated liquid surface. Measurements with organic acids and amines offer important insight into the question of apparent acidity or basicity at the interface. Liquid microjet XPS has settled the debate of the surface enhancement of halide ions, shown using the example of bromide and its oxidation products. Despite the absence of a strong enhancement for the bromide ion, its rate of oxidation by ozone is surface catalyzed through the stabilization of the bromide ozonide intermediate at the interface. In another reaction system, the one between Fe2+ and H2O2, a similar intermediate in the form of highly valent iron species could not be detected by XPS under the experimental conditions employed, shedding light on the abundance of this intermediate in the environment but also on the constraints within which surface species can be detected. Emphasizing the importance of electrostatic effects, we show how a cationic surfactant attracts charged bromide anions to the interface, accompanied by enhanced oxidation rates by ozone, overriding the role of surfactants as a barrier for the access of gas-phase reactants. The reactivity and structure at interfaces thus result from a subtle balance between hygroscopic and hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic effects, and the structural properties of both liquids and solutes.
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7
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Riso RR, Haugland TS, Ronca E, Koch H. On the characteristic features of ionization in QED environments. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234103. [PMID: 35732519 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionization of molecular systems is important in many chemical processes, such as electron transfer and hot electron injection. Strong coupling between molecules and quantized fields (e.g., inside optical cavities) represents a new promising way to modify molecular properties in a non-invasive way. Recently, strong light-matter coupling has shown the potential to significantly improve the rates of hot electron driven processes, for instance, in water splitting. In this paper, we demonstrate that inside an optical cavity, the residual interaction between an outgoing free electron and the vacuum field is significant. We further show that since the quantized field is also interacting with the ionized molecule, the free electron and the molecular system are correlated. We develop a theoretical framework to account for the field induced correlation and show that the interaction between the free electron and the field, free electron-field interaction, has sizable effects on the ionization potential of typical organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario R Riso
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tor S Haugland
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Enrico Ronca
- Istituto per i Processi Chimico Fisici del CNR (IPCF-CNR), Via G.Moruzzi, 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Henrik Koch
- Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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8
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Reynolds JG. Solubilities in aqueous nitrate solutions that appear to reverse the law of mass action. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21407-21418. [PMID: 34553199 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03124d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Non-ideal aqueous electrolyte solutions have been studied since the start of the application of thermodynamics to chemistry in the late 19th century. The present study examines some of the most extreme non-ideal behavior ever observed: solubilities of alkali and NH4+ nitrate salts in water that appear to behave the opposite of how the Law of Mass Action would predict. A literature review discovered that the solubilities of NH4NO3 and many alkali nitrate salts increases when another nitrate-bearing electrolyte is added to solution. These occurrences were in concentrated solutions with insufficient water to provide all ions their preferred hydration number without sharing waters between ions. This water deficit results in the formation of contact ion-pairs as well as larger ion-clusters. These ion-clusters may be favored when there is more than one type of monovalent cation present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Reynolds
- Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC, P. O. Box 850, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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9
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Bruce JP, Zhang K, Balasubramani SG, Haines AR, Galhenage RP, Voora VK, Furche F, Hemminger JC. Exploring the Solvation of Acetic Acid in Water Using Liquid Jet X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Core Level Electron Binding Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8862-8868. [PMID: 34339193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid jet X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate changes in the local electronic structure of acetic acid in the bulk of aqueous solutions induced by solvation effects. These effects manifest themselves as shifts in the difference in the carbon 1s binding energy (ΔBE) between the methyl and carboxyl carbons of acetic acid. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations, coupled with correlated electronic structure calculations of the first solvation sphere, provide insight into the number of water molecules directly interacting with the carboxyl group that are required to match the ΔBE from the photoelectron spectroscopy experiments. This comparison shows that a single water molecule in the first solvation shell describes the photoelectron ΔBE of acetic acid while at least 20 water molecules are required for the conjugate base, acetate, in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared P Bruce
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Kimberly Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | | | - Amanda R Haines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Randima P Galhenage
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Vamsee K Voora
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - John C Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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10
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Malerz S, Trinter F, Hergenhahn U, Ghrist A, Ali H, Nicolas C, Saak CM, Richter C, Hartweg S, Nahon L, Lee C, Goy C, Neumark DM, Meijer G, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Thürmer S. Low-energy constraints on photoelectron spectra measured from liquid water and aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8246-8260. [PMID: 33710216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on the effects of electron collision and indirect ionization processes, occurring at photoexcitation and electron kinetic energies well below 30 eV, on the photoemission spectra of liquid water. We show that the nascent photoelectron spectrum and, hence, the inferred electron binding energy can only be accurately determined if electron energies are large enough that cross sections for quasi-elastic scattering processes, such as vibrational excitation, are negligible. Otherwise, quasi-elastic scattering leads to strong, down-to-few-meV kinetic energy scattering losses from the direct photoelectron features, which manifest in severely distorted intrinsic photoelectron peak shapes. The associated cross-over point from predominant (known) electronically inelastic to quasi-elastic scattering seems to arise at surprisingly large electron kinetic energies, of approximately 10-14 eV. Concomitantly, we present evidence for the onset of indirect, autoionization phenomena (occurring via superexcited states) within a few eV of the primary and secondary ionization thresholds. These processes are inferred to compete with the direct ionization channels and primarily produce low-energy photoelectrons at photon and electron impact excitation energies below ∼15 eV. Our results highlight that vibrational inelastic electron scattering processes and neutral photoexcitation and autoionization channels become increasingly important when photon and electron kinetic energies are decreased towards the ionization threshold. Correspondingly, we show that for neat water and aqueous solutions, great care must be taken when quantitatively analyzing photoelectron spectra measured too close to the ionization threshold. Such care is essential for the accurate determination of solvent and solute ionization energies as well as photoelectron branching ratios and peak magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Malerz
- Molecular Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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11
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Dupuy R, Richter C, Winter B, Meijer G, Schlögl R, Bluhm H. Core level photoelectron spectroscopy of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces: Current status, challenges, and prospects. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:060901. [PMID: 33588531 DOI: 10.1063/5.0036178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid-vapor interfaces, particularly those between aqueous solutions and air, drive numerous important chemical and physical processes in the atmosphere and in the environment. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is an excellent method for the investigation of these interfaces due to its surface sensitivity, elemental and chemical specificity, and the possibility to obtain information on the depth distribution of solute and solvent species in the interfacial region. In this Perspective, we review the progress that was made in this field over the past decades and discuss the challenges that need to be overcome for investigations of heterogeneous reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces under close-to-realistic environmental conditions. We close with an outlook on where some of the most exciting and promising developments might lie in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Schlögl
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Anglada JM, Martins-Costa MTC, Francisco JS, Ruiz-López MF. Reactivity of Undissociated Molecular Nitric Acid at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:453-462. [PMID: 33355444 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent experiments and theoretical calculations have shown that HNO3 may exist in molecular form in aqueous environments, where in principle one would expect this strong acid to be completely dissociated. Much effort has been devoted to understanding this fact, which has huge environmental relevance since nitric acid is a component of acid rain and also contributes to renoxification processes in the atmosphere. Although the importance of heterogeneous processes such as oxidation and photolysis have been evidenced by experiments, most theoretical studies on hydrated molecular HNO3 have focused on the acid dissociation mechanism. In the present work, we carry out calculations at various levels of theory to obtain insight into the properties of molecular nitric acid at the surface of liquid water (the air-water interface). Through multi-nanosecond combined quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the interface affinity of nitric acid and provide an order of magnitude for its lifetime with regard to acid dissociation, which is close to the value deduced using thermodynamic data in the literature (∼0.3 ns). Moreover, we study the electronic absorption spectrum and calculate the rate constant for the photolytic process HNO3 + hν → NO2 + OH, leading to 2 × 10-6 s-1, about twice the value in the gas phase. Finally, we describe the reaction HNO3 + OH → NO3 + H2O using a cluster model containing 21 water molecules with the help of high-level ab initio calculations. A large number of reaction paths are explored, and our study leads to the conclusion that the most favorable mechanism involves the formation of a pre-reactive complex (HNO3)(OH) from which product are obtained through a coupled proton-electron transfer mechanism that has a free-energy barrier of 6.65 kcal·mol-1. Kinetic calculations predict a rate constant increase by ∼4 orders of magnitude relative to the gas phase, and we conclude that at the air-water interface, a lower limit for the rate constant is k = 1.2 × 10-9 cm3·molecule-1·s-1. The atmospheric significance of all these results is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Anglada
- Departament de Química Biològica, Institut de Química Avançada de Catalunya (IQAC - CSIC), c/Jordi Girona 18, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marilia T C Martins-Costa
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, United States
| | - Manuel F Ruiz-López
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques, UMR CNRS 7019, University of Lorraine, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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13
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Roy S, Schenter GK, Napoli JA, Baer MD, Markland TE, Mundy CJ. Resolving Heterogeneous Dynamics of Excess Protons in Aqueous Solution with Rate Theory. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5665-5675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Roy
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Gregory K. Schenter
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Joseph A. Napoli
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marcel D. Baer
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Thomas E. Markland
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher J. Mundy
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd., Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Affiliate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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14
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Pohl MN, Muchová E, Seidel R, Ali H, Sršeň Š, Wilkinson I, Winter B, Slavíček P. Do water's electrons care about electrolytes? Chem Sci 2019; 10:848-865. [PMID: 30774880 PMCID: PMC6346409 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03381a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ions have a profound effect on the geometrical structure of liquid water and an aqueous environment is known to change the electronic structure of ions. Here we combine photoelectron spectroscopy measurements from liquid microjets with molecular dynamical and quantum chemical calculations to address the reverse question, to what extent do ions affect the electronic structure of liquid water? We study aqueous solutions of sodium iodide (NaI) over a wide concentration range, from nearly pure water to 8 M solutions, recording spectra in the 5 to 60 eV binding energy range to include all water valence and the solute Na+ 2p, I- 4d, and I- 5p orbital ionization peaks. We observe that the electron binding energies of the solute ions change only slightly as a function of electrolyte concentration, less than 150 ± 60 meV over an ∼8 M range. Furthermore, the photoelectron spectrum of liquid water is surprisingly mildly affected as we transform the sample from a dilute aqueous salt solution to a viscous, crystalline-like phase. The most noticeable spectral changes are a negative binding energy shift of the water 1b2 ionizing transition (up to -370 ± 60 meV) and a narrowing of the flat-top shape water 3a1 ionization feature (up to 450 ± 90 meV). A novel computationally efficient technique is introduced to calculate liquid-state photoemission spectra using small clusters from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations embedded in dielectric continuum. This theoretical treatment captured the characteristic positions and structures of the aqueous photoemission peaks, reproducing the experimentally observed narrowing of the water 3a1 feature and weak sensitivity of the water binding energies to electrolyte concentration. The calculations allowed us to attribute the small binding energy shifts to ion-induced disruptions of intermolecular electronic interactions. Furthermore, they demonstrate the importance of considering concentration-dependent screening lengths for a correct description of the electronic structure of solvated systems. Accounting for electronic screening, the calculations highlight the minimal effect of electrolyte concentration on the 1b1 binding energy reference, in accord with the experiments. This leads us to a key finding that the isolated, lowest-binding-energy, 1b1, photoemission feature of liquid water is a robust energetic reference for aqueous liquid microjet photoemission studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin N Pohl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
- Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Eva Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , D-14109 Berlin , Germany .
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Department of Chemistry , Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 , D-12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
- Fachbereich Physik , Freie Universität Berlin , Arnimallee 14 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Štěpán Sršeň
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , D-14109 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft , Faradayweg 4-6 , D-14195 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry , University of Chemistry and Technology , Technická 5 , 16628 Prague , Czech Republic .
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15
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Lewis NHC, Fournier JA, Carpenter WB, Tokmakoff A. Direct Observation of Ion Pairing in Aqueous Nitric Acid Using 2D Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2018; 123:225-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas H. C. Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Joseph A. Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - William B. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Andrei Tokmakoff
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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16
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Werner J, Persson I, Björneholm O, Kawecki D, Saak CM, Walz MM, Ekholm V, Unger I, Valtl C, Caleman C, Öhrwall G, Prisle NL. Shifted equilibria of organic acids and bases in the aqueous surface region. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23281-23293. [PMID: 30191936 PMCID: PMC6146375 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01898g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acid-base equilibria of carboxylic acids and alkyl amines in the aqueous surface region were studied using surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. Solutions of these organic compounds were examined as a function of pH, concentration and chain length to investigate the distribution of acid and base form in the surface region as compared to the aqueous bulk. Results from these experiments show that the neutral forms of the studied acid-base pairs are strongly enriched in the aqueous surface region. Moreover, we show that for species with at least four carbon atoms in their alkyl-chain, their charged forms are also found to be abundant in the surface region. Using a combination of XPS and MD results, a model is proposed that effectively describes the surface composition. Resulting absolute surface concentration estimations show clearly that the total organic mole fractions in the surface region change drastically as a function of solution pH. The origin of the observed surface phenomena, hydronium/hydroxide concentrations in the aqueous surface region and why standard chemical equations, used to describe equilibria in dilute bulk solution are not valid in the aqueous surface region, are discussed in detail. The reported results are of considerable importance especially for the detailed understanding of properties of small aqueous droplets that can be found in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephina Werner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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17
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Musat R, Denisov SA, Marignier JL, Mostafavi M. Decoding the Three-Pronged Mechanism of NO 3• Radical Formation in HNO 3 Solutions at 22 and 80 °C Using Picosecond Pulse Radiolysis. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2121-2129. [PMID: 29365267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With nitric acid (HNO3) being at the core of nuclear technology through actinides separation and extraction processes, achieving a complete characterization of the complex processes involving concentrated HNO3 solutions under ionizing radiation equates bringing efficiency and safety into their operation. In this work, the three mechanisms contributing to the formation of nitrate radicals (NO3•) in concentrated nitric acid were investigated by measuring the radiolytic yield of NO3• in HNO3 solutions (0.5-23.5 M) at room (22.5 °C) and elevated (80 °C) temperatures on time scales spanning from picosecond to microsecond by pulse radiolysis measurements. We conclude that the formation yield of NO3•, just after the 7 ps electron pulse, is due to the direct effect and to the ultrafast electron transfer reaction between NO3- and the water cation radical, H2O•+. The absolute formation yield of NO3• radicals due to the direct effect, GNO3•dir, is found to be (3.4 ± 0.1) × 10-7 mol·J-1, irrespective of the concentration and temperature. On longer time scales, >1 ns, an additional contribution to NO3• formation from the reaction between •OH radicals and undissociated HNO3 is observed. The rate constant of this reaction, which is activation-controlled, was determined to be (5.3 ± 0.2) × 107 M-1·s-1 for 22.5 °C, reaching a value of (1.1 ± 0.2) × 108 M-1·s-1 at 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Musat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud , Bâtiment 349, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Sergey A Denisov
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud , Bâtiment 349, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Jean-Louis Marignier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud , Bâtiment 349, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Mehran Mostafavi
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud , Bâtiment 349, Orsay 91405, France
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18
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Kong X, Waldner A, Orlando F, Artiglia L, Huthwelker T, Ammann M, Bartels-Rausch T. Coexistence of Physisorbed and Solvated HCl at Warm Ice Surfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4757-4762. [PMID: 28902513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial ionization of strong acids is an essential factor of multiphase and heterogeneous chemistry in environmental science, cryospheric science, catalysis research and material science. Using near ambient pressure core level X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, we directly detected a low surface coverage of adsorbed HCl at 253 K in both molecular and dissociated states. Depth profiles derived from XPS data indicate the results as physisorbed molecular HCl at the outermost ice surface and dissociation occurring upon solvation deeper in the interfacial region. Complementary X-ray absorption measurements confirm that the presence of Cl- ions induces significant changes to the hydrogen bonding network in the interfacial region. This study gives clear evidence for nonuniformity across the air-ice interface and questions the use of acid-base concepts in interfacial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Kong
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg , SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Waldner
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zürich , CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Orlando
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Huthwelker
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute , CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut , CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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19
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Seidel R, Pohl MN, Ali H, Winter B, Aziz EF. Advances in liquid phase soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy: A new experimental setup at BESSY II. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:073107. [PMID: 28764540 DOI: 10.1063/1.4990797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A state-of-the-art experimental setup for soft X-ray photo- and Auger-electron spectroscopy from liquid phase has been built for operation at the synchrotron-light facility BESSY II, Berlin. The experimental station is named SOL3, which is derived from solid, solution, and solar, and refers to the aim of studying solid-liquid interfaces, optionally irradiated by photons in the solar spectrum. SOL3 is equipped with a high-transmission hemispherical electron analyzer for detecting electrons emitted from small molecular aggregates, nanoparticles, or biochemical molecules and their components in (aqueous) solutions, either in vacuum or in an ambient pressure environment. In addition to conventional energy-resolved electron detection, SOL3 enables detection of electron angular distributions by the combination of a ±11° acceptance angle of the electron analyzer and a rotation of the analyzer in the polarization plane of the incoming synchrotron-light beam. The present manuscript describes the technical features of SOL3, and we also report the very first measurements of soft-X-ray photoemission spectra from a liquid microjet of neat liquid water and of TiO2-nanoparticle aqueous solution obtained with this new setup, highlighting the necessity for state-of-the-art electron detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marvin N Pohl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hebatallah Ali
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Emad F Aziz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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20
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Levanov AV, Isaikina OY, Lunin VV. Dissociation constant of nitric acid. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024417070196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Vasilchenko D, Vorob'eva S, Tkachev S, Baidina I, Belyaev A, Korenev S, Solovyov L, Vasiliev A. Rhodium(III) Speciation in Concentrated Nitric Acid Solutions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201600523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danila Vasilchenko
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sofia Vorob'eva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey Tkachev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Iraida Baidina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Anatoliy Belyaev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey Korenev
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Leonid Solovyov
- Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; SB RAS; 660049 Krasnoyarsk Russia
| | - Alexander Vasiliev
- Kirensky Institute of Physics; SB RAS; Akademgorodok 660036 Krasnoyarsk Russia
- Siberian Federal University; 79 Svobodny pr. 660041 Krasnoyarsk Russia
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22
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Agmon N, Bakker HJ, Campen RK, Henchman RH, Pohl P, Roke S, Thämer M, Hassanali A. Protons and Hydroxide Ions in Aqueous Systems. Chem Rev 2016; 116:7642-72. [PMID: 27314430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure and dynamics of water's constituent ions, proton and hydroxide, has been a subject of numerous experimental and theoretical studies over the last century. Besides their obvious importance in acid-base chemistry, these ions play an important role in numerous applications ranging from enzyme catalysis to environmental chemistry. Despite a long history of research, many fundamental issues regarding their properties continue to be an active area of research. Here, we provide a review of the experimental and theoretical advances made in the last several decades in understanding the structure, dynamics, and transport of the proton and hydroxide ions in different aqueous environments, ranging from water clusters to the bulk liquid and its interfaces with hydrophobic surfaces. The propensity of these ions to accumulate at hydrophobic surfaces has been a subject of intense debate, and we highlight the open issues and challenges in this area. Biological applications reviewed include proton transport along the hydration layer of various membranes and through channel proteins, problems that are at the core of cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Agmon
- The Fritz Haber Research Center, Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Huib J Bakker
- FOM Institute AMOLF , Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Kramer Campen
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard H Henchman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Pohl
- Johannes Kepler University Linz , Institute of Biophysics, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Sylvie Roke
- Laboratory for Fundamental BioPhotonics (LBP), Institute of Bioengineering (IBI), and Institute of Material Science (IMX), School of Engineering (STI), and Lausanne Centre for Ultrafast Science (LACUS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Thämer
- Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ali Hassanali
- CMSP Section, The Abdus Salaam International Center for Theoretical Physics , I-34151 Trieste, Italy
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23
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Murdachaew G, Nathanson GM, Benny Gerber R, Halonen L. Deprotonation of formic acid in collisions with a liquid water surface studied by molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29756-29770. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid has a lower barrier to deprotonation at the air–water interface than in bulk liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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24
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McKenzie H, MacDonald-Taylor J, McLachlan F, Orr R, Woodhead D. Modelling of Nitric and Nitrous Acid Chemistry for Solvent Extraction Purposes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proche.2016.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Baer MD, Fulton JL, Balasubramanian M, Schenter GK, Mundy CJ. Persistent Ion Pairing in Aqueous Hydrochloric Acid. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:7211-20. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501091h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel D. Baer
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John L. Fulton
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | | | - Gregory K. Schenter
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Christopher J. Mundy
- Physical
Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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26
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Baer MD, Kuo IFW, Tobias DJ, Mundy CJ. Toward a unified picture of the water self-ions at the air-water interface: a density functional theory perspective. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8364-72. [PMID: 24762096 DOI: 10.1021/jp501854h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The propensities of the water self-ions, H3O(+) and OH(-), for the air-water interface have implications for interfacial acid-base chemistry. Despite numerous experimental and computational studies, no consensus has been reached on the question of whether or not H3O(+) and/or OH(-) prefer to be at the water surface or in the bulk. Here we report a molecular dynamics simulation study of the bulk vs interfacial behavior of H3O(+) and OH(-) that employs forces derived from density functional theory with a generalized gradient approximation exchange-correlation functional (specifically, BLYP) and empirical dispersion corrections. We computed the potential of mean force (PMF) for H3O(+) as a function of the position of the ion in the vicinity of an air-water interface. The PMF suggests that H3O(+) has equal propensity for the interface and the bulk. We compare the PMF for H3O(+) to our previously computed PMF for OH(-) adsorption, which contains a shallow minimum at the interface, and we explore how differences in solvation of each ion at the interface vs in the bulk are connected with interfacial propensity. We find that the solvation shell of H3O(+) is only slightly dependent on its position in the water slab, while OH(-) partially desolvates as it approaches the interface, and we examine how this difference in solvation behavior is manifested in the electronic structure and chemistry of the two ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel D Baer
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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27
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Benay G, Wipff G. Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Uranyl by an Amide Ligand: Interfacial Features Studied by MD and PMF Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:7399-415. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4028386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Benay
- Laboratoire MSM, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie, 1 rue B. Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - G. Wipff
- Laboratoire MSM, UMR 7177, Institut de Chimie, 1 rue B. Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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28
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Casella AJ, Levitskaia TG, Peterson JM, Bryan SA. Water O–H Stretching Raman Signature for Strong Acid Monitoring via Multivariate Analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4120-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Casella
- Energy and
Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Tatiana G. Levitskaia
- Energy and
Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - James M. Peterson
- Energy and
Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Samuel A. Bryan
- Energy and
Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest
National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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29
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Bisson PJ, Shultz MJ. Hydrogen bonding in the prism face of ice I(h) via sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:6116-25. [PMID: 23451801 DOI: 10.1021/jp400129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The prism face of single crystal ice I(h) has been studied using sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy focusing on identification of resonances in the hydrogen-bonded region. Several modes have been observed at about 3400 cm(-1); each mode is both polarization and orientation dependent. The polarization capabilities of sum frequency generation (SFG) are used in conjunction with the crystal orientation to characterize three vibrational modes. These modes are assigned to three-coordinated water molecules in the top-half bilayer having different bonding and orientation motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Bisson
- Laboratory for Water and Surface Studies, Department of Chemistry, Pearson Laboratory, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, USA
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30
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Křepelová A, Bartels-Rausch T, Brown MA, Bluhm H, Ammann M. Adsorption of Acetic Acid on Ice Studied by Ambient-Pressure XPS and Partial-Electron-Yield NEXAFS Spectroscopy at 230–240 K. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:401-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3102332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Křepelová
- Laboratory
for Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bartels-Rausch
- Laboratory
for Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthew A. Brown
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California
94720, United States
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
for Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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31
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Baer MD, Mundy CJ. An ab initio approach to understanding the specific ion effect. Faraday Discuss 2013; 160:89-101; discussion 103-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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McGrath MJ, Kuo IFW, Ngouana W. BF, Ghogomu JN, Mundy CJ, Marenich AV, Cramer CJ, Truhlar DG, Siepmann JI. Calculation of the Gibbs free energy of solvation and dissociation of HCl in water via Monte Carlo simulations and continuum solvation models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:13578-85. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51762d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moussa SG, Stern AC, Raff JD, Dilbeck CW, Tobias DJ, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Experimental and theoretical studies of the interaction of gas phase nitric acid and water with a self-assembled monolayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:448-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42405c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hlushak S, Simonin JP, De Sio S, Bernard O, Ruas A, Pochon P, Jan S, Moisy P. Speciation in aqueous solutions of nitric acid. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:2853-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt32256k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Marchand P, Marcotte G, Ayotte P. Spectroscopic Study of HNO3 Dissociation on Ice. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:12112-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp309533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Marchand
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Guillaume Marcotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Patrick Ayotte
- Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard université, Sherbrooke,
Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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Kryzhevoi NV, Cederbaum LS. Exploring Protonation and Deprotonation Effects with Auger Electron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:2733-2737. [PMID: 26295900 DOI: 10.1021/jz301130t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Auger electron spectroscopy is demonstrated to be a very efficient tool to probe alterations in local chemical environment due to changes in protonation states. We show that electronic and geometric structure changes induced by protonation or deprotonation are well reflected in Auger spectra through characteristic chemical shifts and spectral shape variations. We also present evidence that Auger spectra are sensitive to relative concentrations of compounds in different protonation states. Special attention is paid to the high kinetic energy spectral regions that exhibit remarkable features resulting from core ICD-like transitions in normal species and Auger transitions in deprotonated fragments. The latter contribution was so far ignored when explaining Auger spectra of species embedded in the environment. This contribution should be reconsidered, taking into account the recently discovered possibility of ultrafast dissociation of core-ionized hydrogen-bonded systems in media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai V Kryzhevoi
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Wren SN, Donaldson D. Glancing-angle Raman study of nitrate and nitric acid at the air–aqueous interface. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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