1
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Chen LX, Yano J. Deciphering Photoinduced Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms in Natural and Artificial Photosynthetic Systems on Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales Using X-ray Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5421-5469. [PMID: 38663009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable energies for catalytically generating value-added chemicals is highly desirable in this era of rising energy demands and climate change impacts. Artificial photosynthetic systems or photocatalysts utilize light to convert abundant CO2, H2O, and O2 to fuels, such as carbohydrates and hydrogen, thus converting light energy to storable chemical resources. The emergence of intense X-ray pulses from synchrotrons, ultrafast X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers, and table-top laser-driven sources over the past decades opens new frontiers in deciphering photoinduced catalytic reaction mechanisms on the multiple temporal and spatial scales. Operando X-ray spectroscopic methods offer a new set of electronic transitions in probing the oxidation states, coordinating geometry, and spin states of the metal catalytic center and photosensitizers with unprecedented energy and time resolution. Operando X-ray scattering methods enable previously elusive reaction steps to be characterized on different length scales and time scales. The methodological progress and their application examples collected in this review will offer a glimpse into the accomplishments and current state in deciphering reaction mechanisms for both natural and synthetic systems. Looking forward, there are still many challenges and opportunities at the frontier of catalytic research that will require further advancement of the characterization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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2
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Xu X, Marlton SJP, Flint KL, Hudson RJ, Keene FR, Hall CR, Smith TA. Photophysical Studies of Helicate and Mesocate Double-Stranded Dinuclear Ru(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 38640443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The metal-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) and phosphorescence-quenching metal-centered (3MC) states of the helicate and mesocate diastereoisomers of a double-stranded dinuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complex have been investigated using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. At 294 K, transient signals of the helicate decayed significantly slower than those of the mesocate, whereas at 77 K, no clear contrast in kinetics was observed. Contributions to excited-state decay from high-lying 3MLCT states were identified at both temperatures. Spectroscopic data (294 K) suggest that the 3MC state of the helicate lies above the 3MLCT and that the reverse is true for the mesocate; this was further validated by density functional theory calculations. The stabilization of the 3MC state relative to the 3MLCT state in the mesocate was explained by a reduction in ligand field strength due to distortion near the ligand bridge, which causes further deviation from octahedral geometry compared to the helicate. This work illustrates how minor structural differences can significantly influence excited state dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xu
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Samuel J P Marlton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kate L Flint
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Rohan J Hudson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - F Richard Keene
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Christopher R Hall
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A Smith
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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3
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Prakash O, Chábera P, Kaul N, Hlynsson VF, Rosemann NW, Losada IB, Hoang Hai YT, Huang P, Bendix J, Ericsson T, Häggström L, Gupta AK, Strand D, Yartsev A, Lomoth R, Persson P, Wärnmark K. How Rigidity and Conjugation of Bidentate Ligands Affect the Geometry and Photophysics of Iron N-Heterocyclic Complexes: A Comparative Study. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4461-4473. [PMID: 38421802 PMCID: PMC10934811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Two iron complexes featuring the bidentate, nonconjugated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,1'-methylenebis(3-methylimidazol-2-ylidene) (mbmi) ligand, where the two NHC moieties are separated by a methylene bridge, have been synthesized to exploit the combined influence of geometric and electronic effects on the ground- and excited-state properties of homoleptic FeIII-hexa-NHC [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 and heteroleptic FeII-tetra-NHC [Fe(mbmi)2(bpy)](PF6)2 (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) complexes. They are compared to the reported FeIII-hexa-NHC [Fe(btz)3](PF6)3 and FeII-tetra-NHC [Fe(btz)2(bpy)](PF6)2 complexes containing the conjugated, bidentate mesoionic NHC ligand 3,3'-dimethyl-1,1'-bis(p-tolyl)-4,4'-bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) (btz). The observed geometries of [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 and [Fe(mbmi)2(bpy)](PF6)2 are evaluated through L-Fe-L bond angles and ligand planarity and compared to those of [Fe(btz)3](PF6)3 and [Fe(btz)2(bpy)](PF6)2. The FeII/FeIII redox couples of [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 (-0.38 V) and [Fe(mbmi)2(bpy)](PF6)2 (-0.057 V, both vs Fc+/0) are less reducing than [Fe(btz)3](PF6)3 and [Fe(btz)2(bpy)](PF6)2. The two complexes show intense absorption bands in the visible region: [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 at 502 nm (ligand-to-metal charge transfer, 2LMCT) and [Fe(mbmi)2(bpy)](PF6)2 at 410 and 616 nm (metal-to-ligand charge transfer, 3MLCT). Lifetimes of 57.3 ps (2LMCT) for [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 and 7.6 ps (3MLCT) for [Fe(mbmi)2(bpy)](PF6)2 were probed and are somewhat shorter than those for [Fe(btz)3](PF6)3 and [Fe(btz)2(bpy)](PF6)2. [Fe(mbmi)3](PF6)3 exhibits photoluminescence at 686 nm (2LMCT) in acetonitrile at room temperature with a quantum yield of (1.2 ± 0.1) × 10-4, compared to (3 ± 0.5) × 10-4 for [Fe(btz)3](PF6)3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Chemical
Physics Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nidhi Kaul
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valtýr F. Hlynsson
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils W. Rosemann
- Chemical
Physics Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Iria Bolaño Losada
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yen Tran Hoang Hai
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ping Huang
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesper Bendix
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tore Ericsson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lennart Häggström
- Department
of Physics − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arvind Kumar Gupta
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Strand
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Chemical
Physics Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Reiner Lomoth
- Department
of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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4
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Lindh L, Pascher T, Persson S, Goriya Y, Wärnmark K, Uhlig J, Chábera P, Persson P, Yartsev A. Multifaceted Deactivation Dynamics of Fe(II) N-Heterocyclic Carbene Photosensitizers. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10210-10222. [PMID: 38000043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Excited state dynamics of three iron(II) carbene complexes that serve as prototype Earth-abundant photosensitizers were investigated by ultrafast optical spectroscopy. Significant differences in the dynamics between the investigated complexes down to femtosecond time scales are used to characterize fundamental differences in the depopulation of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) excited states in the presence of energetically accessible triplet metal-centered (3MC) states. Novel insights into the full deactivation cascades of the investigated complexes include evidence of the need to revise the deactivation model for a prominent iron carbene prototype complex, a refined understanding of complex 3MC dynamics, and a quantitative discrimination between activated and barrierless deactivation steps along the 3MLCT → 3MC → 1GS path. Overall, the study provides an improved understanding of photophysical limitations and opportunities for the use of iron(II)-based photosensitizers in photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Lindh
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Pascher
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel Persson
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Yogesh Goriya
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Center for Analysis and Synthesis (CAS), Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Hernández‐Castillo D, Nau REP, Schmid M, Tschierlei S, Rau S, González L. Mehrere Triplett-Metall-zentrierte Jahn-Teller-Isomere bestimmen die temperaturabhängigen Lumineszenzlebensdauern in [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202308803. [PMID: 38529088 PMCID: PMC10962581 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202308803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
AbstractEin genaues Verständnis der Faktoren, welche die Lumineszenzlebensdauer von Übergangsmetallverbindungen bestimmen, ist für Anwendungen in der Photokatalyse und der photodynamischen Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die im Falle von [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2’‐Bipyridin) allgemein akzeptierte Theorie besagt, dass die Emissionslebensdauer durch Optimierung der Energiebarriere zwischen dem emittierenden Triplett‐Zustand des Metall‐Liganden‐Ladungstransfers (3MLCT) und dem thermisch aktivierten Triplett‐Zustand des Metall‐Zentrums (3MC), oder der Energielücke zwischen beiden Zuständen gesteuert werden kann. Hier zeigen wir, dass dies nicht allgemeingültig ist. Darüber hinaus demonstrieren wir, dass die Betrachtung eines einzelnen Relaxationspfades, der vom energetisch niedrigsten Minimum aus bestimmt wird, zu falschen Vorhersagen der temperaturabhängigen Emissionslebensdauer führt. Stattdessen erhalten wir eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen temperaturabhängigen Lebensdauern, wenn ein erweitertes kinetisches Modell herangezogen wird, welches alle Pfade im Zusammenhang mit mehreren Jahn–Teller‐Isomeren und ihren effektiven Reaktionsbarrieren beinhaltet. Diese Konzepte sind für das Design weiterer lumineszierender Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit individuell angepassten Emissionslebensdauern auf der Grundlage theoretischer Vorhersagen unerlässlich.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández‐Castillo
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Straße 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Roland E. P. Nau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marie‐Ann Schmid
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Research Platform Accelerating Photoreaction DiscoveryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
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6
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Hernández‐Castillo D, Nau REP, Schmid M, Tschierlei S, Rau S, González L. Multiple Triplet Metal-Centered Jahn-Teller Isomers Determine Temperature-Dependent Luminescence Lifetimes in [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308803. [PMID: 37433755 PMCID: PMC10962642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that determine the luminescence lifetime of transition metal compounds is key for applications in photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy. Here we show that for[ Ru ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + ${[{\rm{Ru}}({\rm{bpy}})_{\rm{3}} ]^{{\rm{2 + }}} }$ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), the generally accepted idea that emission lifetimes can be controlled optimizing the energy barrier from the emissive triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3 MLCT) state to the thermally-activated triplet metal-centered (3 MC) state or the energy gap between both states is a misconception. Further, we demonstrate that considering a single relaxation pathway determined from the minimum that is lowest in energy leads to wrong temperature-dependent emission lifetimes predictions. Instead, we obtain excellent agreement with experimental temperature-dependent lifetimes when an extended kinetic model that includes all the pathways related to multiple Jahn-Teller isomers and their effective reaction barriers is employed. These concepts are essential to correctly design other luminescent transition metal complexes with tailored emission lifetimes based on theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández‐Castillo
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Straße 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Roland E. P. Nau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marie‐Ann Schmid
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Research Platform Accelerating Photoreaction DiscoveryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
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7
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Lanquist AP, Piechota EJ, Wickramasinghe LD, Marques Silva A, Thummel RP, Turro C. New Tridentate Ligand Affords a Long-Lived 3MLCT Excited State in a Ru(II) Complex: DNA Photocleavage and 1O 2 Production. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15927-15935. [PMID: 37733276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Two new complexes, [Ru(tpy)(qdppz)](PF6)2 (1; qdppz = 2-(quinolin-8-yl)dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine, tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) and [Ru(qdppz)2](PF6)2 (2), were investigated for their potential use as phototherapeutic agents through their ability to photosensitize the production of singlet oxygen, 1O2, upon irradiation with visible light. The complexes exhibit strong Ru(dπ) → qdppz(π*) metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorption with maxima at 485 and 495 nm for 1 and 2 in acetone, respectively, red-shifted from the Ru(dπ) → tpy(π*) absorption at 470 nm observed for [Ru(tpy)2]2+ (3) in the same solvent. Complexes 1 and 3 are not luminescent at room temperature, but 3MLCT emission is observed for 2 with maximum at 690 nm (λexc = 480 nm) in acetone. The lifetimes of the 3MLCT states of 1 and 2 were measured using transient absorption spectroscopy to be ∼9 and 310 ns in methanol, respectively, at room temperature (λexc = 490 nm). The bite angle of the qdppz ligand is closer to octahedral geometry than that of tpy, resulting in the longer lifetime of 2 as compared to those of 1 and 3. Arrhenius treatment of the temperature dependence of the luminescence results in similar activation energies, Ea, from the 3MLCT to the 3LF (ligand-field) state for the two complexes, 2520 cm-1 in 1 and 2400 cm-1 in 2. However, the pre-exponential factors differ by approximately two orders of magnitude, 2.3 × 1013 s-1 for 1 and 1.4 × 1011 s-1 for 2, which, together with differences in the Huang-Rhys factors, lead to markedly different 3MLCT lifetimes. Although both 1 and 2 intercalate between the DNA bases, only 2 is able to photocleave DNA owing to its 1O2 production upon irradiation with ΦΔ = 0.69. The present work highlights the profound effect of the ligand bite angle on the electronic structure, providing guidelines for extending the lifetime of 3MLCT Ru(II) complexes with tridentate ligands, a desired property for a number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Lanquist
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Eric J Piechota
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | | | - Alexia Marques Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Randolph P Thummel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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8
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Nemez DB, Lozada IB, Braun JD, Williams JAG, Herbert DE. Synthesis and Coordination Chemistry of a Benzannulated Bipyridine: 6,6'-Biphenanthridine. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13386-13398. [PMID: 35972335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of a doubly π-extended bipyridine analogue, 6,6'-biphenanthridine (biphe), is presented. The structure of the molecule has been determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, showing an angle of 72.6° between the phenanthridine planes. The free, uncoordinated organic molecule displays blue fluorescence in solution. It can be singly protonated with strong acids, and the protonated form displays more intense yellow emission. The effect of acid on the excited states is interpreted with the aid of TDDFT calculations. Two Ru(II) coordination complexes, tris(6,6'-biphenanthridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride, [Ru(biphe)3]Cl2, and bis(2,2'-bipyridine)(6,6'-biphenanthridine)ruthenium(II) tetraphenylborate, [Ru(bpy)2(biphe)](BPh4)2, are also reported and their structures determined in the solid state by X-ray diffraction. Both complexes display emission at 77 K that is strongly bathochromically shifted by almost 200 nm compared to that of the archetypal 3MLCT emitter [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Such a red shift is consistent with the more extended conjugation and lower-energy π* orbitals associated with the biphe ligand, lowering the energy of the 3MLCT excited state, as revealed by TDDFT calculations. The efficient non-radiative decay that is typical of such low-energy emitters renders the phosphorescence extremely weak and short-lived at ambient temperature, and rapid ligand photodissociation also competes with radiative decay, especially in the heteroleptic complex. Electrochemical analysis illustrates the effect of biphe's stabilized vacant π* manifold, with multiple reversible reductions evident at much less negative potentials than those observed for [Ru(bpy)3]2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dion B Nemez
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Issiah B Lozada
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jason D Braun
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | | | - David E Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and the Manitoba Institute for Materials, University of Manitoba, 144 Dysart Road, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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9
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Parr JM, Olivar C, Saal T, Haiges R, Inkpen MS. Pushing steric limits in osmium(IV) tetraaryl complexes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:10558-10570. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01706g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations into the reactivity, properties, and applications of osmium(IV) tetraaryl complexes have been hampered by their low yielding syntheses from volatile and toxic OsO4 (typically ≤34%). Here we show that...
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10
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Ma R, Hong K, Kim Y, Lee JH, Kim TK. Time‐resolved
X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Solvated [Ru(m‐bpy)
3
]
2+
Complex: Electronic Structures of
3
dd State. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rory Ma
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Kiryong Hong
- Gas Metrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory POSTECH Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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11
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Deshpande MS, Morajkar SM, Srinivasan BR, Ahirwar MB, Deshmukh MM. Effect of the electronic structure on the robustness of ruthenium( ii) bis-phenanthroline compounds for photodissociation of the co-ligand: synthesis, structural characterization, and density functional theory study. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodissociation of co-ligand in cis-[Ru(phen)2(L)2](PF6)2 (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, L = isoquinoline 1; phthalazine 2), upon blue light irradiation was investigated via both experimental and DFT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mini Bharati Ahirwar
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
- Sagar
- India
| | - Milind M. Deshmukh
- Department of Chemistry
- Dr Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University)
- Sagar
- India
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12
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Chábera P, Lindh L, Rosemann NW, Prakash O, Uhlig J, Yartsev A, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P. Photofunctionality of iron(III) N-heterocyclic carbenes and related d transition metal complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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13
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Spence P, Fielden J, Waller ZAE. Beyond Solvent Exclusion: i-Motif Detecting Capability and an Alternative DNA Light-Switching Mechanism in a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:13856-13866. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c04789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Livshits MY, Wang L, Vittardi SB, Ruetzel S, King A, Brixner T, Rack JJ. An excited state dynamics driven reaction: wavelength-dependent photoisomerization quantum yields in [Ru(bpy) 2(dmso) 2] 2. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5797-5807. [PMID: 34094082 PMCID: PMC8159332 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00551g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the excited-state behavior of a structurally simple bis-sulfoxide complex, cis-S,S-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+, as investigated by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The results reveal that a single photon prompts phototriggered isomerization of one or both dmso ligands to yield a mixture of cis-S,O-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+ and cis-O,O-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+. The quantum yields of isomerization of each product and relative product distribution are dependent upon the excitation wavelength, with longer wavelengths favoring the double isomerization product, cis-O,O-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+. Transient absorption measurements on cis-O,O-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+ do not reveal an excited-state isomerization pathway to produce either the S,O or S,S isomers. Femtosecond pulse shaping experiments reveal no change in the product distribution. Pump-repump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy of cis-S,S-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+ shows that a pump-repump time delay of 3 ps dramatically alters the S,O : O,O product ratio; pump-repump-probe transient absorption spectroscopy of cis-O,O-[Ru(bpy)2(dmso)2]2+ with a time delay of 3 ps uncovers an excited-state isomerization pathway to produce the S,O isomer. In conjunction with low-temperature steady-state emission spectroscopy, these results are interpreted in the context of an excited-state bifurcating pathway, in which the isomerization product distribution is determined not by thermodynamics, but rather as a dynamics driven reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Y Livshits
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
| | - Sebastian B Vittardi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Stefan Ruetzel
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Albert King
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
| | - Tobias Brixner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jeffrey J Rack
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University Athens OH 45701 USA
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15
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Soupart A, Alary F, Heully JL, Elliott PI, Dixon IM. Recent progress in ligand photorelease reaction mechanisms: Theoretical insights focusing on Ru(II) 3MC states. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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On the Possible Coordination on a 3MC State Itself? Mechanistic Investigation Using DFT-Based Methods. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding light-induced ligand exchange processes is key to the design of efficient light-releasing prodrugs or photochemically driven functional molecules. Previous mechanistic investigations had highlighted the pivotal role of metal-centered (MC) excited states in the initial ligand loss step. The question remains whether they are equally important in the subsequent ligand capture step. This article reports the mechanistic study of direct acetonitrile coordination onto a 3MC state of [Ru(bpy)3]2+, leading to [Ru(bpy)2(κ1-bpy)(NCMe)]2+ in a 3MLCT (metal-to-ligand charge transfer) state. Coordination of MeCN is indeed accompanied by the decoordination of one pyridine ring of a bpy ligand. As estimated from Nudged Elastic Band calculations, the energy barrier along the minimum energy path is 20 kcal/mol. Interestingly, the orbital analysis conducted along the reaction path has shown that creation of the metallic vacancy can be achieved by reverting the energetic ordering of key dσ* and bpy-based π* orbitals, resulting in the change of electronic configuration from 3MC to 3MLCT. The approach of the NCMe lone pair contributes to destabilizing the dσ* orbital by electrostatic repulsion.
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17
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Brown CM, Arsenault NE, Cross TNK, Hean D, Xu Z, Wolf MO. Structural, electrochemical and photophysical behavior of Ru( ii) complexes with large bite angle sulfur-bridged terpyridyl ligands. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qi01009b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-bridged terpyridyl ligands expand the bite angles in Ru(ii) species leading to geometries very close to that of a “perfect” octahedron. Altering the donor strength of substituents results in systematic tuning of the redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
| | - Michael O. Wolf
- Department of Chemistry
- University of British Columbia
- Vancouver
- Canada
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18
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Asahara M, Kurimoto H, Nakamizu M, Hattori S, Shinozaki K. H/D solvent isotope effects on the photoracemization reaction of enantiomeric the tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(ii) complex and its analogues. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6361-6369. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06758b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work assessed solvent isotope effects on the photoracemization rate and emission lifetime for [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Asahara
- Department of Materials Science
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience
- Yokohama City University
- Kanazawa-ku
- Japan
| | - Haruhiko Kurimoto
- Department of Materials Science
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience
- Yokohama City University
- Kanazawa-ku
- Japan
| | - Masato Nakamizu
- Department of Materials Science
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience
- Yokohama City University
- Kanazawa-ku
- Japan
| | - Shingo Hattori
- Department of Materials Science
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience
- Yokohama City University
- Kanazawa-ku
- Japan
| | - Kazuteru Shinozaki
- Department of Materials Science
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience
- Yokohama City University
- Kanazawa-ku
- Japan
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19
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Fredin LA, Wallenstein J, Sundin E, Jarenmark M, Barbosa de Mattos DF, Persson P, Abrahamsson M. Excited State Dynamics of Bistridentate and Trisbidentate Ru II Complexes of Quinoline-Pyrazole Ligands. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:16354-16363. [PMID: 31800221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three homoleptic ruthenium(II) complexes, [Ru(Q3PzH)3]2+, [Ru(Q1Pz)3]2+, and [Ru(DQPz)2]2+, based on the quinoline-pyrazole ligands, Q3PzH (8-(3-pyrazole)-quinoline), Q1Pz (8-(1-pyrazole)-quinoline), and DQPz (bis(quinolinyl)-1,3-pyrazole), have been spectroscopically and theoretically investigated. Spectral component analysis, transient absorption spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and ligand exchange reactions with different chlorination agents reveal that the excited state dynamics for Ru(II) complexes with these biheteroaromatic ligands differ significantly from that of traditional polypyridyl complexes. Despite the high energy and low reorganization energy of the excited state, nonradiative decay dominates even at liquid nitrogen temperatures, where triplet metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer emission quantum yields range from 0.7 to 3.8%, and microsecond excited state lifetimes are observed. In contrast to traditional polypyridyl complexes where ligand exchange is facilitated by expansion of the metal-ligand bonds to stabilize a metal-centered state, photoinduced ligand exchange occurs in the bidentate complexes despite no substantial MC state population, while the tridentate complex is extremely photostable despite an activated decay route, highlighting the versatile photochemistry of nonpolypyridine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Fredin
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Center , Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Joachim Wallenstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Elin Sundin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Martin Jarenmark
- Department of Geology , Lund University , Solvegatan 12 , SE-22362 , Lund , Sweden
| | - Deise F Barbosa de Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, Chemical Center , Lund University , Box 124, SE-22100 Lund , Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , SE-41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
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20
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Muniz-Miranda F, De Bruecker L, De Vos A, Vanden Bussche F, Stevens CV, Van Der Voort P, Lejaeghere K, Van Speybroeck V. Optical Properties of Isolated and Covalent Organic Framework-Embedded Ruthenium Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:6854-6867. [PMID: 31322892 PMCID: PMC6698874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Heterogenization
of RuL3 complexes on a support with
proper anchor points provides a route toward design of green catalysts.
In this paper, Ru(II) polypyridyl complexes are investigated with
the aim to unravel the influence on the photocatalytic properties
of varying nitrogen content in the ligands and of embedding the complex
in a triazine-based covalent organic framework. To provide fundamental
insight into the electronic mechanisms underlying this behavior, a
computational study is performed. Both the ground and excited state
properties of isolated and anchored ruthenium complexes are theoretically
investigated by means of density functional theory and time-dependent
density functional theory. Varying the ligands among 2,2′-bipyridine,
2,2′-bipyrimidine, and 2,2′-bipyrazine allows us to
tune to a certain extent the optical gaps and the metal to ligand
charge transfer excitations. Heterogenization of the complex within
a CTF support has a significant effect on the nature and energy of
the electronic transitions. The allowed transitions are significantly
red-shifted toward the near IR region and involve transitions from
states localized on the CTF toward ligands attached to the ruthenium.
The study shows how variations in ligands and anchoring on proper
supports allows us to increase the range of wavelengths that may be
exploited for photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Muniz-Miranda
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Liesbeth De Bruecker
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Arthur De Vos
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Flore Vanden Bussche
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653 bl. B , 9000 Gent , Belgium.,Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Research Group SynBioC, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering , Ghent University , Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653 bl. B , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Pascal Van Der Voort
- Center for Ordered Materials, Organometallics and Catalysis (COMOC), Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry , Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 (S3) , 9000 Gent , Belgium
| | - Kurt Lejaeghere
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
| | - Veronique Van Speybroeck
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM) , Ghent University , Technologiepark 46 , 9052 Zwijnaarde , Belgium
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21
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. High-Yielding Syntheses of Multifunctionalized Ru II Polypyridyl-Type Sensitizer: Experimental and Computational Insights into Coordination. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9822-9832. [PMID: 31322344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RuII complexes based on functionalized 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine (dqp) ligands feature excellent photophysical and geometrical properties, thus suggesting dqp ligands as ideal surrogates for 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (tpy). However, the synthesis of multifunctionalized [Ru(dqp)2]2+-based complexes is often low-yielding, which has hampered their practical value to date. In this study, a universal high-yielding route was explored and corroborated by a mechanistic investigation based on 1H NMR, MS, and density functional theory. With application of high-boiling but less-coordinating solvents (i.e., DMF) during the coordination of dqp by the precursor [Ru(dqp)(MeCN)3]2+, the required reaction temperature is lowered considerably (by 30 °C). In comparison to tpy, the reaction rate for dqp is further reduced which is assigned to the higher steric demand upon the coordination process. Namely, the onset of coordination of a tpy derivative at 60 °C and of dqp at 90 °C is significantly milder than in previous protocols. The versatility of the procedure is demonstrated by the high-yielding syntheses of multifunctionalized RuII complexes reaching up to 90%, whereby the presence of hydroxyl groups and losses during purification may lower the isolated yields substantially. In addition, the same strategy of high-boiling but less-coordinating solvents enabled a milder one-pot protocol to prepare [Ru(dqp)2]2+ from a [Ru(MeCN)6]2+ source, i.e., without the need for in situ reduction or halide abstraction as typical for RuIIICl3 hydrate. Hence, the developed protocol benefits from an improved thermal tolerance of sensitive functional groups, which may be applicable also to related polypyridyl-type ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a , 07743 Jena , Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10 , 07743 Jena , Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) , Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a , 07743 Jena , Germany
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22
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Fredin LA, Persson P. Influence of Triplet Surface Properties on Excited-State Deactivation of Expanded Cage Bis(tridentate)Ruthenium(II) Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5293-5299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b02927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Fredin
- Chemistry Department, Theoretical Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Chemistry Department, Theoretical Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Mede T, Jäger M, Schubert US. "Chemistry-on-the-complex": functional Ru II polypyridyl-type sensitizers as divergent building blocks. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7577-7627. [PMID: 30246196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium polypyridyl type complexes are potent photoactive compounds, and have found - among others - a broad range of important applications in the fields of biomedical diagnosis and phototherapy, energy conversion schemes such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and molecular assemblies for tailored photo-initiated processes. In this regard, the linkage of RuII polypyridyl-type complexes with specific functional moieties is highly desirable to enhance their inherent photophysical properties, e.g., with a targeting function to achieve cell selectivity, or with a dye or redox-active subunits for energy- and electron-transfer. However, the classical approach of performing ligand syntheses first and the formation of Ru complexes in the last steps imposes synthetic limitations with regard to tolerating functional groups or moieties as well as requiring lengthy convergent routes. Alternatively, the diversification of Ru complexes after coordination (termed "chemistry-on-the-complex") provides an elegant complementary approach. In addition to the Click chemistry concept, the rapidly developing synthesis and purification methodologies permit the preparation of Ru conjugates via amidation, alkylation and cross-coupling reactions. In this regard, recent developments in chromatography shifted the limits of purification, e.g., by using new commercialized surface-modified silica gels and automated instrumentation. This review provides detailed insights into applying the "chemistry-on-the-complex" concept, which is believed to stimulate the modular preparation of unpreceded molecular assemblies as well as functional materials based on Ru-based building blocks, including combinatorial approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Mede
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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24
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Eberhard J, Peuntinger K, Fröhlich R, Guldi DM, Mattay J. Synthesis and Properties of Acridine and Acridinium Dye Functionalized Bis(terpyridine) Ruthenium(II) Complexes. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Eberhard
- Organische Chemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Katrin Peuntinger
- Physikalische Chemie I; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Roland Fröhlich
- Röntgenstrukturanalyse; Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstr. 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Physikalische Chemie I; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Mattay
- Organische Chemie I; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33501 Bielefeld Germany
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25
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Krauklis IV, Reshetova KI, Podkopaeva OY, Chizhov YV. Electronically exited states in triphenylphosphine complexes of Ruthenium (II): TD DFT study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Soupart A, Dixon IM, Alary F, Heully JL. DFT rationalization of the room-temperature luminescence properties of Ru(bpy)
3
2+
and Ru(tpy)
2
2+
: 3MLCT–3MC minimum energy path from NEB calculations and emission spectra from VRES calculations. Theor Chem Acc 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-018-2216-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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27
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Abrahamsson M, Becker HC, Hammarström L. Microsecond 3MLCT excited state lifetimes in bis-tridentate Ru(ii)-complexes: significant reductions of non-radiative rate constants. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:13314-13321. [PMID: 28799607 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02437a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we report the photophysical properties of a series of bis-tridentate RuII-complexes, based on the dqp-ligand (dqp = 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine), which display several microsecond long excited state lifetimes for triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (3MLCT) at room temperature. Temperature dependence of the excited state lifetimes for [Ru(dqp)2]2+ and [Ru(dqp)(ttpy)]2+ (ttpy = 4'-tolyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) is reported and radiative and non-radiative rate constants for the whole series are reported and discussed. We can confirm previous assumptions that the near-octahedricity of the bis-dqp complexes dramatically slows down activated decay at room temperature, as compared to most other and less long-lived bis-tridentate RuII-complexes, such as [Ru(tpy)2]2+ with τ = 0.25 ns at room temperature (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine). Moreover, the direct non-radiative decay to the ground state is comparatively slow for ∼700 nm room-temperature emission when considering the energy-gap law. Analysis of the 77 K emission spectra suggests that this effect is not primarily due to smaller excited state distortion than that for comparable complexes. Instead, an analysis of the photophysical parameters suggests a weaker singlet-triplet mixing in the MLCT state, which slows down both radiative and non-radiative decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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28
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Alcover-Fortuny G, Wu J, Caballol R, de Graaf C. Quantum Chemical Study of the Interligand Electron Transfer in Ru Polypyridyl Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:1114-1123. [PMID: 29272128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b11422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Alcover-Fortuny
- Departament
de Química Fı́sica i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jianfang Wu
- Departament
de Química Fı́sica i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Caballol
- Departament
de Química Fı́sica i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Coen de Graaf
- Departament
de Química Fı́sica i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Feng L, Wang Y, Jia J. Triplet Ground-State-Bridged Photochemical Process: Understanding the Photoinduced Chiral Inversion at the Metal Center of [Ru(phen)2(l-ser)]+ and Its Bipy Analogues. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14467-14476. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Feng
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry,
Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, P. R. China
| | - Yuekui Wang
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry,
Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
| | - Jie Jia
- Key Laboratory of
Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of the Education Ministry,
Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, P. R. China
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30
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Chi Y, Chang TK, Ganesan P, Rajakannu P. Emissive bis-tridentate Ir(III) metal complexes: Tactics, photophysics and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Ponseca CS, Chábera P, Uhlig J, Persson P, Sundström V. Ultrafast Electron Dynamics in Solar Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2017; 117:10940-11024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlito S. Ponseca
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Pavel Chábera
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jens Uhlig
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division
of Chemical Physics, Chemical Center, and ‡Theoretical Chemistry Division,
Chemical Center, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
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32
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Schlotthauer T, Parada GA, Görls H, Ott S, Jäger M, Schubert US. Asymmetric Cyclometalated Ru II Polypyridyl-Type Complexes with π-Extended Carbanionic Donor Sets. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:7720-7730. [PMID: 28677955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel cyclometalated RuII complexes were investigated featuring the tridentate dqp ligand platform (dqp is 2,6-di(quinolin-8-yl)pyridine), in order to utilize the octahedral coordination mode around the Ru center to modulate the electrochemical and photophysical properties. The heteroleptic complexes feature C1 symmetry due to symmetry breaking by the peripheral five- or six-membered carbanionic chelate (phenyl, naphthyl, or anthracenyl units). The chelation mode is controlled by the steric effects and C-H activation selectivity of the ligand, which prompted the development of a general synthesis protocol. The optimized conditions to achieve high overall yields (55-75%) involve NaHCO3 as the base and an simplified purification protocol: i.e., facile chromatographic separation using commercially available amino-functionalized silica applying nonaqueous salt-free conditions to omit the necessity of counterion exchange. The structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties were studied in depth, and the results were corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Steady state and time-resolved spectroscopy revealed red-shifted absorption (up to 750 nm) and weak IR emission (800-1000 nm) combined with prolonged emission lifetimes (up to 20 ns) in comparison to classical tpy-based (tpy is 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complexes. An enhanced stability was observed by blocking the reactive positions of the carbanionic ligand framework, while the reactive positions may be exploited for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schlotthauer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanny A Parada
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helmar Görls
- Laboratory of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University , Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Huff GS, Lo WKC, Horvath R, Turner JO, Sun XZ, Weal GR, Davidson HJ, Kennedy ADW, McAdam CJ, Crowley JD, George MW, Gordon KC. Excited States of Triphenylamine-Substituted 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole Complexes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:12238-12253. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Huff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Warrick K. C. Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Raphael Horvath
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jack O. Turner
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Xue-Zhong Sun
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Geoffrey R. Weal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | | | | | - C. John McAdam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 199 Taikang East
Road, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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Fredin LA, Persson P. Computational characterization of competing energy and electron transfer states in bimetallic donor-acceptor systems for photocatalytic conversion. J Chem Phys 2016; 145:104310. [PMID: 27634263 PMCID: PMC5181788 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapidly growing interest in photocatalytic systems for direct solar fuel production such as hydrogen generation from water splitting is grounded in the unique opportunity to achieve charge separation in molecular systems provided by electron transfer processes. In general, both photoinduced and catalytic processes involve complicated dynamics that depend on both structural and electronic effects. Here the excited state landscape of metal centered light harvester-catalyst pairs is explored using density functional theory calculations. In weakly bound systems, the interplay between structural and electronic factors involved can be constructed from the various mononuclear relaxed excited states. For this study, supramolecular states of electron transfer and excitation energy transfer character have been constructed from constituent full optimizations of multiple charge/spin states for a set of three Ru-based light harvesters and nine transition metal catalysts (based on Ru, Rh, Re, Pd, and Co) in terms of energy, structure, and electronic properties. The complete set of combined charge-spin states for each donor-acceptor system provides information about the competition of excited state energy transfer states with the catalytically active electron transfer states, enabling the identification of the most promising candidates for photocatalytic applications from this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Fredin
- Chemical Informatics Research Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8320, Gaithersburg, MD
| | - Petter Persson
- Chemistry Department, Theoretical Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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Liu Y, Persson P, Sundström V, Wärnmark K. Fe N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes as Promising Photosensitizers. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:1477-85. [PMID: 27455191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of transition metal complexes (TMCs) has long been a hot field of interdisciplinary research. Rich metal-based redox processes, together with a high variety in electronic configurations and excited-state dynamics, have rendered TMCs excellent candidates for interconversion between light, chemical, and electrical energies in intramolecular, supramolecular, and interfacial arrangements. In specific applications such as photocatalytic organic synthesis, photoelectrochemical cells, and light-driven supramolecular motors, light absorption by a TMC-based photosensitizer and subsequent excited-state energy or electron transfer constitute essential steps. In this context, TMCs based on rare and expensive metals, such as ruthenium and iridium, are frequently employed as photosensitizers, which is obviously not ideal for large-scale implementation. In the search for abundant and environmentally benign solutions, six-coordinate Fe(II) complexes (Fe(II)L6) have been widely considered as highly desirable alternatives. However, not much success has been achieved due to the extremely short-lived triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) excited state that is deactivated by low-lying metal-centered (MC) states on a 100 fs time scale. A fundamental strategy to design useful Fe-based photosensitizers is thus to destabilize the MC states relative to the (3)MLCT state by increasing the ligand field strength, with special focus on making eg σ* orbitals on the Fe center energetically less accessible. Previous efforts to directly transplant successful strategies from Ru(II)L6 complexes unfortunately met with limited success in this regard, despite their close chemical kinship. In this Account, we summarize recent promising results from our and other groups in utilizing strongly σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands to make strong-field Fe(II)L6 complexes with significantly extended (3)MLCT lifetimes. Already some of the first homoleptic bis(tridentate) complexes incorporating (CNHC^Npyridine^CNHC)-type ligands gratifyingly resulted in extension of the (3)MLCT lifetime by more than 2 orders of magnitude compared to the parental [Fe(tpy)2](2+) (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine) complex. Quantum chemical (QC) studies also revealed that the (3)MC instead of the (5)MC state likely dictates the deactivation of the (3)MLCT state, a behavior distinct from traditional Fe(II)L6 complexes but rather resembling Ru analogues. A heteroleptic Fe(II) NHC complex featuring mesoionic bis(1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidene) (btz) ligands also delivered a 100-fold elongation of the (3)MLCT lifetime relative to its parental [Fe(bpy)3](2+) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) complex. Again, a Ru-like deactivation mechanism of the (3)MLCT state was indicated by QC studies. With a COOH-functionalized homoleptic complex, a record (3)MLCT lifetime of 37 ps was recently observed on an Al2O3 nanofilm. As a proof of concept, it was further demonstrated that the significant improvement in the (3)MLCT lifetime indeed benefits efficient light harvesting with Fe(II) NHC complexes. For the first time, close-to-unity electron injection from the lowest-energy (3)MLCT state to a TiO2 nanofilm was achieved by a stable Fe(II) complex. This is in complete contrast to conventional Fe(II)L6-derived photosensitizers that could only make use of high-energy photons. These exciting results significantly broaden the understanding of the fundamental photophysics and photochemistry of d(6) Fe(II) complexes. They also open up new possibilities to develop solar energy-converting materials based on this abundant, inexpensive, and intrinsically nontoxic element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Liu
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Department
of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre
for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund University, Box 124, 22100 Lund, Sweden
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Tsai CN, Mazumder S, Zhang XZ, Schlegel HB, Chen YJ, Endicott JF. Are Very Small Emission Quantum Yields Characteristic of Pure Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer Excited States of Ruthenium(II)-(Acceptor Ligand) Chromophores? Inorg Chem 2016; 55:7341-55. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia Nung Tsai
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New
Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shivnath Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Xiu Zhu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New
Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - H. Bernhard Schlegel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Yuan Jang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New
Taipei City 24205, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Schlotthauer T, Suchland B, Görls H, Parada GA, Hammarström L, Schubert US, Jäger M. Aryl-Decorated RuII Polypyridyl-type Photosensitizer Approaching NIR Emission with Microsecond Excited State Lifetimes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:5405-16. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Schlotthauer
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benedikt Suchland
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Laboratory
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanny A. Parada
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Jäger
- Laboratory
of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Center
for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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38
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Fredin LA, Wärnmark K, Sundström V, Persson P. Molecular and Interfacial Calculations of Iron(II) Light Harvesters. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:667-675. [PMID: 27010851 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron-carbene complexes show considerable promise as earth-abundant light-harvesters, and adsorption onto nanostructured TiO2 is a crucial step for developing solar energy applications. Intrinsic electron injection capabilities of such promising Fe(II) N-heterocyclic complexes (Fe-NHC) to TiO2 are calculated here, and found to correlate well with recent experimental findings of highly efficient interfacial injection. First, we examine the special bonding characteristics of Fe-NHC light harvesters. The excited-state surfaces are examined using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to explore relaxed excited-state properties. Finally, by relaxing an Fe-NHC adsorbed on a TiO2 nanocluster, we show favorable injection properties in terms of interfacial energy level alignment and electronic coupling suitable for efficient electron injection of excited electrons from the Fe complex into the TiO2 conduction band on ∼100 fs time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Fredin
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Wärnmark
- Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Villy Sundström
- Division of Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100, Lund, Sweden.
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39
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Fredin LA, Allison TC. Predicting Structures of Ru-Centered Dyes: A Computational Screening Tool. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2135-43. [PMID: 26982657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) represent a means for harvesting solar energy to produce electrical power. Though a number of light harvesting dyes are in use, the search continues for more efficient and effective compounds to make commercially viable DSCs a reality. Computational methods have been increasingly applied to understand the dyes currently in use and to aid in the search for improved light harvesting compounds. Semiempirical quantum chemistry methods have a well-deserved reputation for giving good quality results in a very short amount of computer time. The most recent semiempirical models such as PM6 and PM7 are parametrized for a wide variety of molecule types, including organometallic complexes similar to DSC chromophores. In this article, the performance of PM6 is tested against a set of 20 molecules whose geometries were optimized using a density functional theory (DFT) method. It is found that PM6 gives geometries that are in good agreement with the optimized DFT structures. In order to reduce the differences between geometries optimized using PM6 and geometries optimized using DFT, the PM6 basis set parameters have been optimized for a subset of the molecules. It is found that it is sufficient to optimize the basis set for Ru alone to improve the agreement between the PM6 results and the DFT results. When this optimized Ru basis set is used, the mean unsigned error in Ru-ligand bond lengths is reduced from 0.043 to 0.017 Å in the set of 20 test molecules. Though the magnitude of these differences is small, the effect on the calculated UV/vis spectra is significant. These results clearly demonstrate the value of using PM6 to screen DSC chromophores as well as the value of optimizing PM6 basis set parameters for a specific set of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Fredin
- Chemical Informatics Research Group, Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8320, United States
| | - Thomas C Allison
- Chemical Informatics Research Group, Chemical Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8320, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8320, United States
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40
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Jäger M, Freitag L, González L. Using computational chemistry to design Ru photosensitizers with directional charge transfer. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2015.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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41
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Nance J, Bowman DN, Mukherjee S, Kelley CT, Jakubikova E. Insights into the Spin-State Transitions in [Fe(tpy)2]2+: Importance of the Terpyridine Rocking Motion. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:11259-68. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Nance
- Department of Mathematics and ‡Department of
Chemistry, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - David N. Bowman
- Department of Mathematics and ‡Department of
Chemistry, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sriparna Mukherjee
- Department of Mathematics and ‡Department of
Chemistry, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - C. T. Kelley
- Department of Mathematics and ‡Department of
Chemistry, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Elena Jakubikova
- Department of Mathematics and ‡Department of
Chemistry, North Carolina State University (NCSU), Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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42
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Yoshikawa N, Yamabe S, Sakaki S, Kanehisa N, Inoue T, Takashima H. Transition states of the 3MLCT to 3MC conversion in Ru(bpy)2(phen derivative)2+ complexes. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Preiß J, Jäger M, Rau S, Dietzek B, Popp J, Martínez T, Presselt M. How Does Peripheral Functionalization of Ruthenium(II)-Terpyridine Complexes Affect Spatial Charge Redistribution after Photoexcitation at the Franck-Condon Point? Chemphyschem 2015; 16:1395-404. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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King AW, Wang L, Rack JJ. Excited state dynamics and isomerization in ruthenium sulfoxide complexes. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1115-22. [PMID: 25761274 DOI: 10.1021/ar500396a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photochromic compounds are those that interconvert between two isomeric forms with light. The two isomeric forms display distinct electronic and molecular structures and must not be in equilibrium with one another. These light-activated molecular switch compounds have found wide application in areas of study ranging from chemical biology to materials science, where conversion from one isomeric form to another by light prompts a response in the environment (e.g., protein or polymeric material). Certain ruthenium and osmium polypyridine sulfoxide complexes are photochromic. The mode of action is a phototriggered isomerization of the sulfoxide from S- to O-bonded. The change in ligation drastically alters both the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of the metal complex. Our laboratory has pioneered the preparation and study of these complexes. In particular, we have applied femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy to reveal excited state details of the isomerization mechanism. The data from numerous complexes allowed us to predict that the isomerization was nonadiabatic in nature, defined as occurring from a S-bonded triplet excited state (primarily metal-to-ligand charge transfer in character) to an O-bonded singlet ground state potential energy surface. This prediction was corroborated by high-level density functional theory calculations. An intriguing aspect of this reactivity is the coupling of nuclear motion to the electronic wave function and how this coupling affects motions productive for isomerization. In an effort to learn more about this coupling, we designed a project to examine phototriggered isomerization in bis-sulfoxide complexes. The goal of these studies was to determine whether certain complexes could be designed in which a single photon excitation event would prompt two sulfoxide isomerizations. We employed chelating sulfoxides in this study and found that both the nature of the chelate ring and the R group on the sulfoxide affect the photochemical reactivity. For example, this reactivity may be tuned such that two sulfoxide ligands isomerize sequentially following two successive excitations or that two sulfoxide ligands isomerize following a single excitation. This Account explains our understanding to date of this photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert W. King
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Lei Wang
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Rack
- Nanoscale and Quantum Phenomena
Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701, United States
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Lam ESH, Lam WH, Yam VWW. A Study on the Effect of Dianionic Tridentate Ligands on the Radiative and Nonradiative Processes for Gold(III) Alkynyl Systems by a Computational Approach. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:3624-30. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.5b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Suk-Hang Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Wai Han Lam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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46
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Kuhar K, Fredin LA, Persson P. Exploring Photoinduced Excited State Evolution in Heterobimetallic Ru(II)–Co(III) Complexes. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:7378-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510950u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Korina Kuhar
- Chemistry
Department, Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa A. Fredin
- Chemistry
Department, Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Petter Persson
- Chemistry
Department, Theoretical
Chemistry Division, Lund University, Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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47
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Lo WKC, Huff GS, Cubanski JR, Kennedy ADW, McAdam CJ, McMorran DA, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Comparison of inverse and regular 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole "click" complexes: structures, stability, electrochemical, and photophysical properties. Inorg Chem 2015; 54:1572-87. [PMID: 25615621 DOI: 10.1021/ic502557w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Two inverse 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole "click" ligands, 2-(4-phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2-(4-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine, and their palladium(II), platinum(II), rhenium(I), and ruthenium(II) complexes have been synthesized in good to excellent yields. The properties of these inverse "click" complexes have been compared to the isomeric regular compounds using a variety of techniques. X-ray crystallographic analysis shows that the regular and inverse complexes are structurally very similar. However, the chemical and physical properties of the isomers are quite different. Ligand exchange studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that metal complexes of the regular 2-(1-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (R = phenyl, benzyl) ligands are more stable than those formed with the inverse 2-(4-R-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine (R = phenyl, benzyl) "click" chelators. Additionally, the bis-2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) ruthenium(II) complexes of the "click" chelators have been shown to have short excited state lifetimes, which in the inverse triazole case, resulted in ejection of the 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ligand from the complex. Under identical conditions, the isomeric regular 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole ruthenium(II) bpy complexes are photochemically inert. The absorption spectra of the inverse rhenium(I) and platinum(II) complexes are red-shifted compared to the regular compounds. It is shown that conjugation between the substituent group R and triazolyl unit has a negligible effect on the photophysical properties of the complexes. The inverse rhenium(I) complexes have large Stokes shifts, long metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited state lifetimes, and respectable quantum yields which are relatively solvent insensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrick K C Lo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago , P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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48
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Sun Q, Mosquera-Vazquez S, Suffren Y, Hankache J, Amstutz N, Lawson Daku LM, Vauthey E, Hauser A. On the role of ligand-field states for the photophysical properties of ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Jarenmark M, Fredin LA, Hedberg JHJ, Doverbratt I, Persson P, Abrahamsson M. A Homoleptic Trisbidentate Ru(II) Complex of a Novel Bidentate Biheteroaromatic Ligand Based on Quinoline and Pyrazole Groups: Structural, Electrochemical, Photophysical, and Computational Characterization. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12778-90. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502432c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joachim H. J. Hedberg
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mazumder S, Thomas RA, Lord RL, Schlegel HB, Endicott JF. A density functional theory and spectroscopic study of intramolecular quenching of metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excited states in some mono-bipyridine ruthenium(II) complexes. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The complexes [Ru(NCCH3)4bpy]2+ and [Ru([14]aneS4)bpy]2+ ([14]aneS4 = 1,4,8,11-tetrathiacyclotetradecane, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) have similar absorption and emission spectra but the 77 K metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state emission lifetime of the latter is less than 0.3% that of the former. Density functional theory modeling of the lowest energy triplet excited states indicates that triplet metal centered (3MC) excited states are about 3500 cm−1 lower in energy than their 3MLCT excited states in both complexes. The differences in excited state lifetimes arise from a much larger coordination sphere distortion for [Ru(NCCH3)4bpy]2+ and the associated larger reorganizational barrier for intramolecular electron transfer. The smaller ruthenium ligand distortions of the [Ru([14]aneS4)bpy]2+ complex are apparently a consequence of stereochemical constraints imposed by the macrocyclic [14]aneS4 ligand, and the 3MC excited state calculated for the unconstrained [Ru(S(CH3)2)4bpy]2+ complex (S(CH3)2 = dimethyl sulfide) is distorted in a manner similar to that of [Ru(NCCH3)4bpy]2+. Despite the lower energy calculated for its 3MC than 3MLCT excited state, [Ru(NCCH3)4bpy]2+ emits strongly in 77 K glasses with an emission quantum yield of 0.47. The emission is biphasic with about a 1 μs lifetime for its dominant (86%) emission component. The 405 nm excitation used in these studies results in a significant amount of photodecomposition in the 77 K glasses. This is a temperature-dependent biphotonic process that most likely involves the bipyridine-radical anionic moiety of the 3MLCT excited state. A smaller than expected value found for the radiative rate constant is consistent with a lower energy 3MC than 3MLCT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivnath Mazumder
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Ryan A. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Richard L. Lord
- Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Dr., Allendale, MI 49401-9403, USA
| | | | - John F. Endicott
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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