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Stäter S, Woering EF, Lombeck F, Sommer M, Hildner R. Hexylation Stabilises Twisted Backbone Configurations in the Prototypical Low-Bandgap Copolymer PCDTBT. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300971. [PMID: 38372667 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated donor-acceptor copolymers hold great potential as materials for high-performance organic photovoltaics, organic transistors and organic thermoelectric devices. Their low optical bandgap is achieved by alternation of donor and acceptor moieties along the polymer chain, leading to a pronounced charge-transfer character of electronic excitations. However, the influence of appended side chains and of chemical defects of the backbone on their photophysical and conformational properties remains largely unexplored on the level of individual chains. Here, we employ room temperature single-molecule photoluminescence spectroscopy on four compounds based on the prototypical copolymer PCDTBT with systematically changed chemical structure. Our results show that an increasing density of statistically added hexyl chains to the TBT comonomer distorts the molecular conformation, likely through the increase of average dihedral angles along the backbone. We find that, although the conformation becomes more twisted with high hexyl density, the side chains appear to stabilize the backbone in this twisted conformation. In addition, we demonstrate that homocoupling defects along the backbone barely influence the PL spectra of single chains, and thus intra-chain electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stäter
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Erik F Woering
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Florian Lombeck
- Makromolekulare Chemie, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, Universität Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Optoelectronics Group, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Michael Sommer
- TU Chemnitz, Institute for Chemistry, Str. der Nationen 62, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Richard Hildner
- University of Groningen, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, 9747AG, Groningen, Netherlands
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2
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Piwoński H, Nozue S, Habuchi S. The Pursuit of Shortwave Infrared-Emitting Nanoparticles with Bright Fluorescence through Molecular Design and Excited-State Engineering of Molecular Aggregates. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:253-283. [PMID: 37102065 PMCID: PMC10125152 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.1c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Shortwave infrared (SWIR) fluorescence detection gradually becomes a pivotal real-time imaging modality, allowing one to elucidate biological complexity in deep tissues with subcellular resolution. The key challenge for the further growth of this imaging modality is the design of new brighter biocompatible fluorescent probes. This review summarizes the recent progress in the development of organic-based nanomaterials with an emphasis on new strategies that extend the fluorescence wavelength from the near-infrared to the SWIR spectral range and amplify the fluorescence brightness. We first introduce the most representative molecular design strategies to obtain near-infrared-SWIR wavelength fluorescence emission from small organic molecules. We then discuss how the formation of nanoparticles based on small organic molecules contributes to the improvement of fluorescence brightness and the shift of fluorescence to SWIR, with a special emphasis on the excited-state engineering of molecular probes in an aggregate state and spatial packing of the molecules in nanoparticles. We build our discussion based on a historical perspective on the photophysics of molecular aggregates. We extend this discussion to nanoparticles made of conjugated polymers and discuss how fluorescence characteristics could be improved by molecular design and chain conformation of the polymer molecules in nanoparticles. We conclude the article with future directions necessary to expand this imaging modality to wider bioimaging applications including single-particle deep tissue imaging. Issues related to the characterization of SWIR fluorophores, including fluorescence quantum yield unification, are also mentioned.
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3
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Abstract
The present short review discusses the computational studies carried out on polyacetylene (PAc), polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and other conducting polymers for predicting their electronic, optoelectronic and structural properties. Studies...
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4
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Chang X, Balooch Qarai M, Spano FC. HJ-aggregates of donor-acceptor-donor oligomers and polymers. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034905. [PMID: 34293903 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A vibronic exciton model is developed to account for the spectral signatures of HJ-aggregates of oligomers and polymers containing donor-acceptor-donor (DAD) repeat units. In (DAD)N π-stacks, J-aggregate-promoting intrachain interactions compete with H-aggregate-promoting interchain interactions. The latter includes Coulombic coupling, which arises from "side-by-side" fragment transition dipole moments as well as intermolecular charge transfer (ICT), which is enhanced in geometries with substantial overlap between donors on one chain and acceptors on a neighboring chain. J-behavior is dominant in single (DAD)N chains with enhanced intrachain order as evidenced by an increased red-shift in the low-energy absorption band along with a heightened A1/A2 peak ratio, where A1 and A2 are the oscillator strengths of the first two vibronic peaks in the progression sourced by the symmetric quinoidal-aromatic vibration. By contrast, the positive H-promoting interchain Coulomb interactions operative in aggregates cause the vibronic ratio to attenuate, similar to what has been established in H-aggregates of homopolymers such as P3HT. An attenuated A1/A2 ratio can also be caused by H-promoting ICT which occurs when the electron and hole transfer integrals are out-of-phase. In this case, the A1 peak is red-shifted, in contrast to conventional Kasha H-aggregates. With slight modifications, the ratio formula derived previously for P3HT aggregates is shown to apply to (DAD)N aggregates as well, allowing one to determine the effective free-exciton interchain coupling from the A1/A2 ratio. Applications are made to polymers based on 2T-DPP-2T and 2T-BT-2T repeat units, where the importance of the admixture of the excited acceptor state in the lowest energy band is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | | | - Frank C Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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5
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Piwoński H, Nozue S, Fujita H, Michinobu T, Habuchi S. Organic J-Aggregate Nanodots with Enhanced Light Absorption and Near-Unity Fluorescence Quantum Yield. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2840-2847. [PMID: 33784810 PMCID: PMC8155199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Development of biocompatible fluorophores with small size, bright fluorescence, and narrow spectrum translate directly into major advances in fluorescence imaging and related techniques. Here, we discover that a small donor-acceptor-donor-type organic molecule consisting of a carbazole (Cz) donor and benzothiazole (BT) acceptor (CzBTCz) assembles into quasi-crystalline J-aggregates upon a formation of ultrasmall nanoparticles. The 3.5 nm CzBTCz Jdots show a narrow absorption spectrum (fwhm = 27 nm), near-unity fluorescence quantum yield (ϕfl = 0.95), and enhanced peak molar extinction coefficient. The superior spectroscopic characteristics of the CzBTCz Jdots result in two orders of magnitude brighter photoluminescence of the Jdots compared with semiconductor quantum dots, which enables continuous single-Jdots imaging over a 1 h period. Comparison with structurally similar CzBT nanoparticles demonstrates a critical role played by the shape of CzBTCz on the formation of the Jdots. Our findings open an avenue for the development of a new class of fluorescent nanoparticles based on J-aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Piwoński
- King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering
Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shuho Nozue
- King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering
Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Tokyo
Institute of Technology, Department of Materials
Science and Engineering, 2-12-1 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Satoshi Habuchi
- King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering
Division, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Balooch Qarai M, Chang X, Spano FC. Vibronic exciton model for low bandgap donor–acceptor polymers. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:244901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0029193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
| | - F. C. Spano
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA
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7
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Kimpel J, Yoshitake Y, Michinobu T. Poly(3,9-carbazole)s: A Chemically Stable Extended Form of Polyaniline for Nitro-Aromatic Sensor Applications. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Kimpel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshitake
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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8
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Kidwell NM, Nebgen B, Slipchenko LV, Zwier TS. The effects of site asymmetry on near-degenerate state-to-state vibronic mixing in flexible bichromophores. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:084313. [PMID: 31470719 DOI: 10.1063/1.5107423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael M. Kidwell
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, USA
| | - Benjamin Nebgen
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87544, USA
| | | | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA
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9
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Michinobu T. Development of N-Type Semiconducting Polymers for Transistor Applications. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2019. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.32.563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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10
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Soleimaninejad H, Ghiggino KP, Smith TA, Paige MF. Fluorescence anisotropy imaging of a polydiacetylene photopolymer film. CAN J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2018-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UV-illumination of phase-separated surfactant films prepared from mixtures of photopolymerizable 10,12-pentacosadiynoic acid and perfluorotetradecanoic acid results in the formation of fluorescent polydiacetylene fibers and aggregates. In this work, the orientation of polymer strands that comprise the resulting photopolymer structures has been probed using fluorescence anisotropy imaging in combination with defocused single-molecule fluorescence imaging. Imaging experiments indicate the presence of significant fiber-to-fiber heterogeneity, as well as anisotropy within each fiber (or aggregate), with both of these properties changing as a function of film preparation conditions. This anisotropy can be attributed to various alignments of the constituent polymer strands that comprise the larger fibers and aggregates. Intriguingly, when using defocused imaging, fiber images consisted of a series of discrete “doughnut” fluorescence emission patterns, which exhibited intermittent on–off blinking behavior; both of these properties are characteristic of individual emission transition dipoles (single molecules). Further, all of the individual emission transition dipoles had a uniform orientation with respect to the axis of the fiber, indicating a common orientation of discrete emitters in the larger polymer fiber. The implications of these results for future studies of the electronic properties of conjugated polymers in larger macroscopic systems are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Soleimaninejad
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Kenneth P. Ghiggino
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Trevor A. Smith
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Matthew F. Paige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
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11
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Jones DR, Point B, Levine M. Effects of Structural Variation in Conjugated Side Chains on the Photophysics of Conjugated Polymers in Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4604-4610. [PMID: 31067055 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are widely used for a variety of applications as a result of their high quantum yields, strong extinction coefficients, and good stability to a variety of experimental conditions. In many cases, the use of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) provides additional practical advantages. The ability to understand how the structure of the CP affects its photophysical properties has the potential to significantly accelerate research in this area. In this work we examine 3 CPs, including two novel polymer architectures, and evaluate how the structures of the conjugated side chains affect the photophysical properties of the free polymer chains as well as the properties of aggregated CPNs. Both the linker identity and the terminal aromatic rings of the side chains were found to affect the photophysical properties of the CPs, with the terminal groups leading to the most substantial changes in photophysical properties in all of the polymeric forms (well-solubilized in organic solvent and aggregated in nanoparticles).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Jones
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Bryant Point
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
| | - Mindy Levine
- Department of Chemistry , University of Rhode Island , 140 Flagg Road , Kingston , Rhode Island 02881 , United States
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12
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Tsai WK, Wang CI, Liao CH, Yao CN, Kuo TJ, Liu MH, Hsu CP, Lin SY, Wu CY, Pyle JR, Chen J, Chan YH. Molecular design of near-infrared fluorescent Pdots for tumor targeting: aggregation-induced emission versus anti-aggregation-caused quenching. Chem Sci 2019; 10:198-207. [PMID: 30713631 PMCID: PMC6333168 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03510e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) have recently emerged as a new type of ultrabright fluorescent probe that has been proved to be very useful for biomedical imaging. However, Pdots often suffer from serious fluorescence aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) especially for near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent Pdots. This article compared two strategies to overcome the ACQ effect in near-infrared emissive Pdot systems: aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and anti-aggregation-caused quenching (anti-ACQ). The results show that the anti-ACQ platform outperforms the AIE system. The fluorescence quantum yield of anti-ACQ-based Pdots can be over 50% and the average per-particle brightness of the Pdots is about 5 times higher than that of the commercially available quantum dots. To help understand why the monomer conformations could greatly affect the optical properties of Pdots, molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the first time in such complicated Pdot systems. To demonstrate applications for in vivo fluorescence imaging, both microangiography imaging on living zebrafish embryos and specific tumor targeting on mice were performed. We anticipate that these studies will pave the way for the design of new highly fluorescent Pdot systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kai Tsai
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University , 70 Lien Hai Road , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 80424
| | - Chun-I Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine , National Health Research Institutes , 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan , Taiwan 35053
| | - Chia-Hsien Liao
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University , 70 Lien Hai Road , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 80424
| | - Chun-Nien Yao
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine , National Health Research Institutes , 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan , Taiwan 35053
| | - Tsai-Jhen Kuo
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University , 70 Lien Hai Road , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 80424
| | - Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Chemistry , National Sun Yat-sen University , 70 Lien Hai Road , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 80424
| | - Chao-Ping Hsu
- Institute of Chemistry , Academia Sinica , Taipei , Taiwan 115
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine , National Health Research Institutes , 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan , Taiwan 35053
| | - Chang-Yi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences , National Sun Yat-sen University , 70 Lien Hai Road , Kaohsiung , Taiwan 80424
| | - Joseph R Pyle
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , USA
| | - Jixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , USA
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry , National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu , Taiwan 30050 .
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13
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Otsuka R, Wang Y, Mori T, Michinobu T. Linear-type carbazoledioxazine-based organic semiconductors: the effect of backbone planarity on the molecular orientation and charge transport properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9822-9832. [PMID: 35540857 PMCID: PMC9078715 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01088a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a linear-type dibromocarbazoledioxazine (CZ) derivative as a new precursor for semiconducting polymers. The chemical structures of the CZ unit and its polymers with thiophene or thienothiophene spacers (namely, PCZT and PCZTT) were fully characterized. PCZT and PCZTT possessed similar medium optical band gap (Eoptg) and electrochemical band gap (Ecvg) of around 1.70 eV estimated from the onset absorption and electrochemical redox potentials of the thin films, respectively. Computational density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggested that the backbone of the PCZT might be highly twisted, while that of PCZTT could be very planar. The effect of different backbone geometries on the charge–transport properties was studied by using thin film transistors (TFTs). The TFT device based on PCZTT showed a four times higher hole mobility as compared to that based on PCZT. The superior TFT performances of PCZTT were reasonably attributed to its edge-on backbone packing orientations toward the Si substrate revealed by the grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), which was favorable for in-plane charge transport in the TFT devices. A linear-type dibromocarbazoledioxazine (CZ) derivative and its two polymers are newly designed and synthesized. Structure–property relationship studies reveal that PCZTT shows a four times higher hole mobility than PCZT.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikuo Otsuka
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Takehiko Mori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
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14
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Wang CI, Hsu CH, Hua CC. The correspondence between the conformational and chromophoric properties of amorphous conjugated polymers in mesoscale condensed systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:20818-20828. [PMID: 28744545 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03415f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For π-conjugated polymers, the notion of spectroscopic units or "chromophores" provides illuminating insights into the experimentally observed absorption/emission spectra and the mechanisms of energy/charge transfer. To date, however, no statistical analysis has revealed a direct correspondence between chromophoric and conformational properties-with the latter being fundamental to polymer semiconductors. Herein, we propose a "persistence length" calculation to re-evaluate chain conformation over a full conjugation length. The mesoscale condensed systems of MEH-PPV and MEH-PPV/C60 hybrid (system size ∼10 × 10 × 10 nm3) are utilized as two prototypical model systems, along with a full range of segmental lengths (2-20-mer) and five lowest singlet excited states to hint at the generality of the features presented. We demonstrate, for the first time, that two properly re-defined conformational factors that characterize chain folding and planarity, respectively, capture excellently the population distribution of chromophores in both systems investigated. In contrast, the conventional strategy of utilizing two adjacent monomer units to characterize (local) chain conformation results in only an inconspicuous correlation between the two, as previously reported. It is further shown that chain folding-and not chain planarity-is more relevant in capturing the associated oscillator strength for the first excited state, where the transient dipole moments are known to align with the chain conformation, although the corresponding excitation energy and exciton size seem relatively unaffected. The observed effects of C60 on the MEH-PPV adsorption spectra also agree with recent experimental trends. Overall, the present findings are expected to aid future multiscale computer simulations and spectroscopy-data interpretations for polymer semiconductors and their hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun I Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi 62102, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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15
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Controlling photophysical properties of ultrasmall conjugated polymer nanoparticles through polymer chain packing. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15256. [PMID: 28508857 PMCID: PMC5440812 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Applications of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (Pdots) for imaging and sensing depend on their size, fluorescence brightness and intraparticle energy transfer. The molecular design of conjugated polymers (CPs) has been the main focus of the development of Pdots. Here we demonstrate that proper control of the physical interactions between the chains is as critical as the molecular design. The unique design of twisted CPs and fine-tuning of the reprecipitation conditions allow us to fabricate ultrasmall (3.0–4.5 nm) Pdots with excellent photostability. Extensive photophysical and structural characterization reveals the essential role played by the packing of the polymer chains in the particles in the intraparticle spatial alignment of the emitting sites, which regulate the fluorescence brightness and the intraparticle energy migration efficiency. Our findings enhance understanding of the relationship between chain interactions and the photophysical properties of CP nanomaterials, providing a framework for designing and fabricating functional Pdots for imaging applications. Synthesis of small conjugated polymer nanoparticles (Pdots) with bright and stable fluorescence is an active challenge. Here, the authors introduce a strategy to fabricate ultrasmall Pdots with high fluorescence intensity by using twisted, rather than planar, conjugated polymers, lending new insight into the molecular design of Pdots.
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16
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Raithel D, Baderschneider S, de Queiroz TB, Lohwasser R, Köhler J, Thelakkat M, Kümmel S, Hildner R. Emitting Species of Poly(3-hexylthiophene): From Single, Isolated Chains to Bulk. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thiago B. de Queiroz
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, 09510-580, Santo André-SP, Brazil
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17
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Li W, Michinobu T. Structural effects of dibromocarbazoles on direct arylation polycondensation with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00381h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microwave-assisted direct arylation polycondensation of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene produced a solution processable and electrochromic polymer when 3,6-dibromocarbazole was employed as a comonomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Michinobu
- Department of Organic and Polymeric Materials
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8552
- Japan
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18
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Sun Y, Zhang C, Dai B, Lin B, Yang H, Zhang X, Guo L, Liu Y. Side chain engineering and conjugation enhancement of benzodithiophene and phenanthrenequnioxaline based conjugated polymers for photovoltaic devices. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Dai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Baoping Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
| | - Yurong Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Southeast University; Jiangning District Nanjing 211189 Jiangsu Province People's Republic of China
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19
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Guo Z, Lee D, Schaller RD, Zuo X, Lee B, Luo T, Gao H, Huang L. Relationship between Interchain Interaction, Exciton Delocalization, and Charge Separation in Low-Bandgap Copolymer Blends. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:10024-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ja503465s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard D. Schaller
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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20
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Niskanen M, Hukka TI. Modeling of photoactive conjugated donor–acceptor copolymers: the effect of the exact HF exchange in DFT functionals on geometries and gap energies of oligomer and periodic models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13294-305. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used density functionals including an optimally tuned OT-ωB97X functional are benchmarked on oligomer and periodic models of donor–acceptor copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Niskanen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere, Finland
| | - T. I. Hukka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere, Finland
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21
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Fischer FSU, Tremel K, Saur AK, Link S, Kayunkid N, Brinkmann M, Herrero-Carvajal D, Navarrete JTL, Delgado MCR, Ludwigs S. Influence of Processing Solvents on Optical Properties and Morphology of a Semicrystalline Low Bandgap Polymer in the Neutral and Charged States. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400939z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. S. U. Fischer
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - K. Tremel
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - A.-K. Saur
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - S. Link
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - N. Kayunkid
- Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), CNRS 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - M. Brinkmann
- Institut Charles Sadron (UPR22), CNRS 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - D. Herrero-Carvajal
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - J. T. López Navarrete
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - M. C. Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n,
Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - S. Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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22
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Buchanan EG, Walsh PS, Plusquellic DF, Zwier TS. Excitonic splitting and vibronic coupling in 1,2-diphenoxyethane: Conformation-specific effects in the weak coupling limit. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:204313. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4807300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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23
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Banal JL, Subbiah J, Graham H, Lee JK, Ghiggino KP, Wong WWH. Electron deficient conjugated polymers based on benzotriazole. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20850d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Stangl T, Bange S, Schmitz D, Würsch D, Höger S, Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Temporal Switching of Homo-FRET Pathways in Single-Chromophore Dimer Models of π-Conjugated Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 135:78-81. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Stangl
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bange
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Schmitz
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominik Würsch
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für
Organische Chemie und Biochemie der Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Vogelsang
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M. Lupton
- Institut für Experimentelle
und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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25
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Yoo H, Furumaki S, Yang J, Lee JE, Chung H, Oba T, Kobayashi H, Rybtchinski B, Wilson TM, Wasielewski MR, Vacha M, Kim D. Excitonic Coupling in Linear and Trefoil Trimer Perylenediimide Molecules Probed by Single-Molecule Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:12878-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp307394x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Shu Furumaki
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Jaesung Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Heejae Chung
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tatsuya Oba
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Boris Rybtchinski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Thea M. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Michael R. Wasielewski
- Department of Chemistry and Argonne-Northwestern
Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Martin Vacha
- Department of Organic and Polymeric
Materials, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-S8, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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26
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Vogelsang J, Lupton JM. Solvent Vapor Annealing of Single Conjugated Polymer Chains: Building Organic Optoelectronic Materials from the Bottom Up. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:1503-1513. [PMID: 26285629 DOI: 10.1021/jz300294m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices based on organic materials show a strong relationship between the morphological structure of the material and the function of the device. One of the grand challenges in improving the efficiencies of these devices is hence achieving morphological control throughout the entire course of processing. One of the most important postprocessing methods is solvent vapor annealing, which has repeatedly demonstrated its utility in improving the efficiency of organic-material-based devices by changing bulk-film morphology. This Perspective discusses the recent impact of single-molecule spectroscopy techniques in unraveling morphological changes and molecular dynamics and presents solvent vapor annealing as a tool to build organic optoelectronic materials from the bottom up. In particular, we discuss examples of how solvent vapor annealing at the single-chain level can be split into two different regimes, (i) the solvation regime, in which intrachain interactions and molecular dynamics during solvent vapor annealing can be probed, and (ii) the aggregation regime, in which the influence of interchain interactions can be probed. Finally, it will be shown that solvent vapor annealing in the aggregation regime can be used to build highly ordered mesoscopic objects with distinct properties such as long-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vogelsang
- §Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - John M Lupton
- §Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- †Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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