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Bhattacharjee S, Srivastava S. Ordered stripes to crack patterns in dried particulates of DNA-coated gold colloids via modulating nanoparticle-substrate interactions. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2265-2274. [PMID: 36919352 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01446g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface pattern in dried droplets of nanoparticle suspension possesses direct correlation with the evaporation profile, which apart from the bulk parameters, can also be altered by tuning the nanoscale interactions. Here, we show that, for sessile drops of DNA-coated gold nanoparticle (DNA-AuNP) solution, the alteration in evaporation pathway of TPCL (three-phase contact line) from stick-slip to mixed mode leads to a surface morphological transition from concentric rings with stripes to radial crack formation within the coffee ring deposit. A freshly cleaned silicon substrate offers hydrophilic/favorable substrate-nanoparticle interaction and produces multiple ordered stripes due to stick-slip motion of the TPCL. Using a SiO2/Si substrate with ∼200 nm of oxide layer leads to an increase in the initial water contact angle θi-w by ∼40°, due to increased hydrophobicity of the substrate. Three distinct modes of evaporation are observed - constant contact radius (CCR), constant contact angle (CCA) and mixed mode, resulting in the formation of radial cracks on a thick coffee ring structure. The critical thickness (hc), beyond which the cracks start to appear, was measured to be ∼600 nm and is in close agreement with the theoretical estimate of ∼510 nm. Through in situ contact angle and ex situ SEM measurements, we provide an understanding of the observed surface morphological transition in the dried particulate at various nanoparticle densities. Further analysis of the coffee ring width (d), linear crack density (σ) and crack spacing (λ) provides insight into the mechanism of crack formation for droplets dried on oxide-coated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Bhattacharjee
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology & Science (CRNTS), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, India
- Soft Matter and Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, India.
| | - Sunita Srivastava
- Soft Matter and Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai-400 076, India.
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2
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Ma X, Liu Z, Zeng W, Lin T, Tian X, Cheng X. Crack patterns of drying dense bacterial suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5239-5248. [PMID: 35771131 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drying of bacterial suspensions is frequently encountered in a plethora of natural and engineering processes. However, the evaporation-driven mechanical instabilities of dense consolidating bacterial suspensions have not been explored heretofore. Here, we report the formation of two different crack patterns of drying suspensions of Escherichia coli (E. coli) with distinct motile behaviors. Circular cracks are observed for wild-type E. coli with active swimming, whereas spiral-like cracks form for immotile bacteria. Using the elastic fracture mechanics and the poroelastic theory, we show that the formation of the circular cracks is determined by the tensile nature of the radial drying stress once the cracks are initiated by the local order structure of bacteria due to their collective swimming. Our study demonstrates the link between the microscopic swimming behaviors of individual bacteria and the mechanical instabilities and macroscopic pattern formation of drying bacterial films. The results shed light on the dynamics of active matter in a drying process and provide useful information for understanding various biological processes associated with drying bacterial suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Zhengyang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
| | - Tianyi Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Xin Tian
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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3
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Kumar S, Basavaraj MG, Satapathy DK. Effect of the Shape of the Confining Boundary and Particle Shape Anisotropy on the Morphology of Desiccation Cracks. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7906-7913. [PMID: 35732025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The control of the morphology of desiccation cracks is fascinating not only from the application point of view but also from the rich physics behind it. Here, we present a seemingly simple method to tailor the morphology of desiccation cracks by exploitation of the combined effect of particle shape anisotropy and the shape of the confining boundary. This allows us to make circular, square, and triangular-shaped desiccation cracks in the vicinity of the confining boundaries. As the colloidal dispersion dries in confined wells, a drying front appears at the center of the well. With further evaporation, the drying front recedes toward the boundary from the center of the well. We show that the temporal evolution of the drying front is strongly influenced by the shape of the well. Subsequently, desiccation cracks appear in the penultimate stage of drying, and the morphology of the cracks is governed by the shape of the drying front and hence by the shape of the wells. The spatial evolution of the crack pattern is quantified by estimation of the curvature of the cracks, which suggests that the influence of the confining boundary on crack formation is long-ranged. However, the cracks in the dried deposit consisting of spherical particles remain unaffected by the shape of the well, and the cracks are always radial. We establish a one-to-one correspondence between the shape of the drying front and the morphology of the crack pattern in the final dried deposit of ellipsoids.
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4
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Dewangan JK, Basu N, Chowdhury M. Scaling mechanical instabilities in drying micellar droplets. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:4253-4264. [PMID: 35608257 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00304j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Drying-induced mechanical instabilities in aqueous solution droplets occur primarily because, during evaporation, the central liquid minimizes the surface tension by pulling the packed gel-like region, leading to a stretching effect of the liquid region at the receding wet front. Under an appropriate scenario, it finally perturbs the gel-like zone at the droplet periphery, generating cracks, wrinkles, folds, cavities, buckles, etc. Here we report unique wrinkling patterns from evaporating sessile micellar aqueous droplets on rigid and soft substrates kept at temperatures well above the ambient. The wrinkling patterns remarkably vary depending on the material's elastic modulus and substrate, the concentration of the micellar solution (CCTAB), and the substrate temperature (TS). In the low concentration regime (CCTAB ≤ 0.0364 wt%), coffee-ring-like morphologies are observed devoid of any wrinkling morphology irrespective of TS and the substrate's elastic modulus. In the high initial concentration regime (CCTAB ≥ 0.0364 wt%), for droplets deposited at TS ≥ 85 °C, wrinkle formation starts at the droplet peripheral zone, radial on the stiff glass substrate, and annular on the soft cross-linked PDMS substrate. At CCTAB ≥ 2.73 wt%, radial wrinkles on the glass substrate and annular wrinkles on the cross-linked PDMS substrate nucleate from the edges connecting to the central region of the deposit. The ratio between the width of the gel-like deposit (or wrinkle length) and the droplet's radius scales with the initial concentration of the surfactant and depends on the initial equilibrium contact angle of the micellar droplets. Our results support existing understandings of mechanical instabilities of dried deposits, which satisfies interdependent scaling relationships among their number, lengthscale (dried deposit radius, the wavelength of the wrinkles, and peripheral undulations from Rayleigh-Bénard instability), thickness, and elastic modulus. Interestingly, we found substrate-dependent antagonistic interdependence of the elastic modulus of the dried deposit with the initial surfactant concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant K Dewangan
- Lab of Soft Interfaces, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Nandita Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Mithun Chowdhury
- Lab of Soft Interfaces, Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India.
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5
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Janocha M, Tsotsas E. Coating layer formation from deposited droplets: A comparison of nanofluid, microfluid and solution. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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7
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Lama H, Gogoi T, Basavaraj MG, Pauchard L, Satapathy DK. Synergy between the crack pattern and substrate elasticity in colloidal deposits. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:032602. [PMID: 33862708 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.032602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Desiccation cracks in colloidal deposits occur to release the excess strain energy arising from the competition between the drying induced shrinkage of the deposit and its adhesion to the substrate. Here we report remarkably different morphology of desiccation cracks in the dried patterns formed by the evaporation of sessile drops containing colloids on elastomer (soft) or glass (stiff) substrates. The change in the crack pattern, i.e., from radial cracks on stiff substrates to circular cracks on soft substrates, is shown to arise solely due to the variation in elasticity of the underlying substrates. Our experiments and calculations reveal an intricate correlation between the desiccation crack patterns and the substrate's elasticity. The mismatch in modulus of elasticity between the substrate and that of the particulate deposit significantly alters the energy release rate during the nucleation and propagation of cracks. The stark variation in crack morphology is attributed to the tensile or compressive nature of the drying-induced in-plane stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisay Lama
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT Madras, Chennai-600036, India.,IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST, Ulsan-44919, South Korea
| | - Tonmoy Gogoi
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai-600036, India
| | | | - Ludovic Pauchard
- Laboratoire FAST, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - Dillip K Satapathy
- Soft Materials Laboratory, Department of Physics, IIT Madras, Chennai-600036, India
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8
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Yamamura M. Adsorption‐mediated nonlinearity of critical cracking thickness in drying nanoparticle–polymer suspensions. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yamamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry Kyushu Institute of Technology Kitakyushu Japan
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9
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Hamadeh L, Imran S, Bencsik M, Sharpe GR, Johnson MA, Fairhurst DJ. Machine Learning Analysis for Quantitative Discrimination of Dried Blood Droplets. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3313. [PMID: 32094359 PMCID: PMC7040018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59847-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most interesting and everyday natural phenomenon is the formation of different patterns after the evaporation of liquid droplets on a solid surface. The analysis of dried patterns from blood droplets has recently gained a lot of attention, experimentally and theoretically, due to its potential application in diagnostic medicine and forensic science. This paper presents evidence that images of dried blood droplets have a signature revealing the exhaustion level of the person, and discloses an entirely novel approach to studying human dried blood droplet patterns. We took blood samples from 30 healthy young male volunteers before and after exhaustive exercise, which is well known to cause large changes to blood chemistry. We objectively and quantitatively analysed 1800 images of dried blood droplets, developing sophisticated image processing analysis routines and optimising a multivariate statistical machine learning algorithm. We looked for statistically relevant correlations between the patterns in the dried blood droplets and exercise-induced changes in blood chemistry. An analysis of the various measured physiological parameters was also investigated. We found that when our machine learning algorithm, which optimises a statistical model combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised learning method and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) as a supervised learning method, is applied on the logarithmic power spectrum of the images, it can provide up to 95% prediction accuracy, in discriminating the physiological conditions, i.e., before or after physical exercise. This correlation is strongest when all ten images taken per volunteer per condition are averaged, rather than treated individually. Having demonstrated proof-of-principle, this method can be applied to identify diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lama Hamadeh
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom.
| | - Samia Imran
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Bencsik
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Graham R Sharpe
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A Johnson
- Exercise and Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - David J Fairhurst
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Clifton Campus, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
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10
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Chen Y, Askounis A, Koutsos V, Valluri P, Takata Y, Wilson SK, Sefiane K. On the Effect of Substrate Viscoelasticity on the Evaporation Kinetics and Deposition Patterns of Nanosuspension Drops. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:204-213. [PMID: 31860312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the evaporation of sessile pure water and nanosuspension drops on viscoelastic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films. We varied the viscoelasticity of the PDMS films by controlling the curing ratio and categorized them into three types: stiff (10:1, 20:1, 40:1), soft (60:1, 80:1), and very soft (100:1, 120:1, 140:1, 160:1). On stiff surfaces, pure water drops initially evaporate in a constant contact radius (CCR) mode, followed by a constant contact angle mode, and finally in a mixed mode of evaporation. Nanosuspension drops follow the same trend as water drops but with a difference toward the end of their lifetimes, when a short second CCR mode is observed. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on stiff substrates leads to particle deposition patterns similar to a coffee ring with cracks and deposition tails. On soft surfaces, the initial spreading is followed by a pseudo-CCR mode. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on soft substrates leads to deposits in the form of a uniform ring with a sharp ox-horn profile. Unexpectedly, the initial spreading is followed by a mixed mode on very soft substrates, on which wetting ridges (WRs) pulled up by the vertical component of surface tension are clearly observed in the vicinity of the contact line (CL). As the evaporation proceeds, the decreasing contact angle breaks the force balance in the horizontal direction at the CL and gives rise to a net horizontal force, which causes the CL to recede, transferring the horizontal force to the WR. Because of the viscoelastic nature of the very soft substrate, this horizontal force acting on the WR cannot be completely countered by the bulk of the substrate underneath. As a result, the WR moves horizontally in a viscous-flow way, which also enables the CL to be continuously anchored to the ridge and to recede relative to the bulk of the substrate. Consequently, a mixed mode of evaporation occurs. Complete evaporation of nanosuspension drops on very soft substrates leads to finger-like deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Chen
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
| | - Alexandros Askounis
- Engineering, Faculty of Science , University of East Anglia , Norwich Research Park , Norwich NR4 7TJ , U.K
| | - Vasileios Koutsos
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road , Edinburgh EH9 3FB , U.K
| | - Prashant Valluri
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
| | | | - Stephen K Wilson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Strathclyde , Livingstone Tower, 26 Richmond Street , Glasgow G1 1XH , U.K
| | - Khellil Sefiane
- Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, School of Engineering , University of Edinburgh , The King's Buildings, Mayfield Road , Edinburgh EH9 3JL , U.K
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11
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Ma X, Lowensohn J, Burton JC. Universal scaling of polygonal desiccation crack patterns. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:012802. [PMID: 30780299 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.012802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polygonal desiccation crack patterns are commonly observed in natural systems. Despite their quotidian nature, it is unclear whether similar crack patterns which span orders of magnitude in length scales share the same underlying physics. In thin films, the characteristic length of polygonal cracks is known to monotonically increase with the film thickness; however, existing theories that consider the mechanical, thermodynamic, hydrodynamic, and statistical properties of cracking often lead to contradictory predictions. Here we experimentally investigate polygonal cracks in drying suspensions of micron-sized particles by varying film thickness, boundary adhesion, packing fraction, and solvent. Although polygonal cracks were observed in most systems above a critical film thickness, in cornstarch-water mixtures, multiscale crack patterns were observed due to two distinct desiccation mechanisms. Large-scale, primary polygons initially form due to capillary-induced film shrinkage, whereas small-scale, secondary polygons appear later due to the deswelling of the hygroscopic particles. In addition, we find that the characteristic area of the polygonal cracks, A_{p}, obeys a universal power law, A_{p}=αh^{4/3}, where h is the film thickness. By quantitatively linking α with the material properties during crack formation, we provide a robust framework for understanding multiscale polygonal crack patterns from microscopic to geologic scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Janna Lowensohn
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Justin C Burton
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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12
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Parsa M, Harmand S, Sefiane K. Mechanisms of pattern formation from dried sessile drops. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 254:22-47. [PMID: 29628116 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of patterns after the evaporation of colloidal droplets deposited on a solid surface is an everyday natural phenomenon. During the past two decades, this topic has gained broader audience due to its numerous applications in biomedicine, nanotechnology, printing, coating, etc. This paper presents a detailed review of the experimental studies related to the formation of various deposition patterns from dried droplets of complex fluids (i.e., nanofluids, polymers). First, this review presents the fundamentals of sessile droplet evaporation including evaporation modes and internal flow fields. Then, the most observed dried patterns are presented and the mechanisms behind them are discussed. The review ends with the categorisation and exhaustive investigation of a wide range of factors affecting pattern formation.
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13
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Chen R, Zhang L, Zang D, Shen W. Understanding desiccation patterns of blood sessile drops. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:8991-8998. [PMID: 32264126 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02290e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Desiccation of a blood sessile drop on a glass surface leads to the formation of interesting cracking patterns. These desiccation patterns have been identified to have three characteristic regions, i.e., peripheral, coronal and central regions. Driving forces responsible for the formation of cracking patterns are the redistribution of colloidal materials driven by a "coffee ring" effect and the time- and location-dependent development of internal stresses caused by water evaporation and progressive gelation from the drop edge to its center. Since the concentrations of colloidal materials, i.e., cellular components, protein macromolecules and other constituents (glucose, bilirubin and lipids) in blood, influence the cracking patterns, an understanding of these patterns can potentially reveal clues for the evaluation of health conditions and offer a low-cost diagnostic tool for human diseases. This study presents a mechanistic analysis of the pattern formation in desiccating blood sessile drops. We focus on the build-up and release of internal stresses by examining the cracking process. Optical and scanning electron microscopes (SEM) were used to capture the initiation, propagation and directions of cracks in different regions. The propagation and widening of orthoradial and radial cracks in relation to the adhesion and cohesion of the blood sessile drops were observed and characterized. New microscopic insights into internal stress releasing processes provide a new understanding of physical events occurring underneath the gelled film of the blood sessile drop and differences in the distribution of strain energy in different regions, which will aid our understanding of different cracking patterns in those regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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14
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Harikrishnan AR, Dhar P, Agnihotri PK, Gedupudi S, Das SK. Wettability of Complex Fluids and Surfactant Capped Nanoparticle-Induced Quasi-Universal Wetting Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6081-6095. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. R. Harikrishnan
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Purbarun Dhar
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Prabhat K. Agnihotri
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Sateesh Gedupudi
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Sarit Kumar Das
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
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15
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Flores JC. Mean-field crack networks on desiccated films and their applications: Girl with a Pearl Earring. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1352-1356. [PMID: 28111688 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02849g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Usual requirements for bulk and fissure energies are considered in obtaining the interdependence among external stress, thickness and area of crack polygons in desiccated films. The average area of crack polygons increases with thickness as a power-law of 4/3. The sequential fragmentation process is characterized by a topological factor related to a scaling finite procedure. Non-sequential overly tensioned (prompt) fragmentation is briefly discussed. Vermeer's painting, Girl with a Pearl Earring, is considered explicitly by using computational image tools and simple experiments and applying the proposed theoretical analysis. In particular, concerning the source of lightened effects on the girl's face, the left/right thickness layer ratio (≈1.34) and the stress ratio (≈1.102) are evaluated. Other master paintings are briefly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Flores
- Instituto de Alta Investigación IAI, Universidad de Tarapacá, Casilla 7-D, Arica, Chile.
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16
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Kabi P, Chaudhuri S, Basu S. Insights into Drying of Noncircular Sessile Nanofluid Droplets toward Multiscale Surface Patterning Using a Wall-Less Confinement Architecture. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:10977-10986. [PMID: 27700116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterning with functional colloids is an important research area because of its widespread applicability in domains such as nanoelectronics, pharmaceutics, semiconductors, and photovoltaics among others. In this endeavor, we propose a low-cost patterning technique that aspires to eliminate the more expensive methodologies that are presently in practice. Using a simple document stamp on which patterns of any geometry can be embossed, we are able to print 2D millimeter-scale "wall-less confinement" using an ink-based hydrophobic fence on any plasma-treated superhydrophilic surface. The confinement is subsequently filled with nanocolloidal liquid(s). Using confinement geometry, we are able to control the 3D shape of the droplet to exhibit multiple interfacial curvatures. The droplet in the "wall-less confinements" evaporates naturally, exhibiting unique geometry (curvature)-induced flow structures that induce the nanoparticles to self-assemble into functional patterns. We have also shown that by modifying the geometry of the pattern, evaporation, flow, and particle deposition dynamics get altered, leading to precipitate topologies from macro- to microscales. We present two such geometrical designs that demonstrate the capability of modifying both macroscopic and microscopic features of the final precipitate. We have also provided a description of the physical mechanisms of the drying process by resolving the unique flow pattern using a combination of imaging and microparticle image velocimetry. These provide insights into the coupled dynamics of evaporation and flow responsible for the evolution of particle deposition pattern. Precipitate characterization using scanning electron microscopy and dark-field microscopy highlights the transformation in the deposit morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Kabi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, ‡Department of Aerospace Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Swetaprovo Chaudhuri
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, ‡Department of Aerospace Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Saptarshi Basu
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Energy Research, ‡Department of Aerospace Engineering, and §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
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17
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Role of particle shape anisotropy on crack formation in drying of colloidal suspension. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30708. [PMID: 27477261 PMCID: PMC4967893 DOI: 10.1038/srep30708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cracks in a colloidal film formed by evaporation induced drying can be controlled by changing drying conditions. We show, for the first time that the crack morphologies in colloidal films are dependent on shape of constituting particles apart from the microstructure and particle assembly. In order to investigate the particle shape effect on crack patterns, monodispered spherical and ellipsoidal particles are used in sessile drop experiments. On observing the dried sessile drop we found cracks along the radial direction for spherical particle dispersions and circular crack patterns for ellipsoidal particle dispersions. The change in crack pattern is a result of self assembly of shape anisotropic particles and their ordering. The ordering of particles dictate the crack direction and the cracks follow the path of least resistance to release the excess stress stored in the particle film. Ellipsoids having different aspect ratio (~3 to 7) are used and circular crack patterns are repeatedly observed in all experiments.
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18
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Chen R, Zhang L, Zang D, Shen W. Blood drop patterns: Formation and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 231:1-14. [PMID: 26988066 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The drying of a drop of blood or plasma on a solid substrate leads to the formation of interesting and complex patterns. Inter- and intra-cellular and macromolecular interactions in the drying plasma or blood drop are responsible for the final morphologies of the dried patterns. Changes in these cellular and macromolecular components in blood caused by diseases have been suspected to cause changes in the dried drop patterns of plasma and whole blood, which could be used as simple diagnostic tools to identify the health of humans and livestock. However, complex physicochemical driving forces involved in the pattern formation are not fully understood. This review focuses on the scientific development in microscopic observations and pattern interpretation of dried plasma and whole blood samples, as well as the diagnostic applications of pattern analysis. Dried drop patterns of plasma consist of intricate visible cracks in the outer region and fine structures in the central region, which are mainly influenced by the presence and concentration of inorganic salts and proteins during drying. The shrinkage of macromolecular gel and its adhesion to the substrate surface have been thought to be responsible for the formation of the cracks. Dried drop patterns of whole blood have three characteristic zones; their formation as functions of drying time has been reported in the literature. Some research works have applied engineering treatment to the evaporation process of whole blood samples. The sensitivities of the resultant patterns to the relative humidity of the environment, the wettability of the substrates, and the size of the drop have been reported. These research works shed light on the mechanisms of spreading, evaporation, gelation, and crack formation of the blood drops on solid substrates, as well as on the potential applications of dried drop patterns of plasma and whole blood in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Liyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Duyang Zang
- Functional Soft Matter and Materials Group (FS2M), Key Laboratory of Space Applied Physics and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, School of Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710129, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton Campus, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Liu T, Luo H, Ma J, Xie W, Wang Y, Jing G. Surface roughness induced cracks of the deposition film from drying colloidal suspension. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2016; 39:24. [PMID: 26920527 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2016-16024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigate crack formation in deposition films from drying colloidal suspension drops, by varying the roughness and texture of the substrate. The experimental results indicate that the crack number or crack spacing presents a general dependence on the substrate roughness, despite the orientation of the substrate textures. Interestingly, the crack spacing decreases with the increase of the roughness. Two possible mechanisms are proposed to understand the dependence of the cracks on roughness. Firstly, the concentration reduction of the drying suspension due to collecting colloidal particles from the substrate textures decreases the crack spacing. Secondly, stress concentration resulting from the defects (the notches in textures) in the dried deposition enhances crack formation. However, a quantitative estimation by the calculation of the stress concentrating factors reveals that the notch of the substrate textures dominates crack variation. The results here bring forth a practical method for controlling the crack orientation and suppression, and a potential application to crack-free coatings, films and paintings during the drying of complex fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- School of Physics, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Luo
- School of Physics, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Physics, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiguang Xie
- Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Aeronautical Science & Technology Research Institute of COMAC, 102211, Beijing>, China
| | - Guangyin Jing
- School of Physics, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China.
- National Key Laboratory and Incubation Base of Photoelectric Technology and Functional Materials, Northwest University, 710069, Xian, China.
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Huang X, Liu H, Zhang X, Jiang H. High Performance All-Solid-State Flexible Micro-Pseudocapacitor Based on Hierarchically Nanostructured Tungsten Trioxide Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:27845-52. [PMID: 26618406 PMCID: PMC5132158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b09257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are promising energy storage devices to power miniaturized portable electronics and microelectromechanical systems. With the increasing attention on all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors, new strategies for high-performance flexible MSCs are highly desired. Here, we demonstrate all-solid-state, flexible micropseudocapacitors via direct laser patterning on crack-free, flexible WO3/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites containing high levels of porous hierarchically structured WO3 nanomaterials (up to 50 wt %) and limited binder (PVDF, <25 wt %). The work leads to an areal capacitance of 62.4 mF·cm(-2) and a volumetric capacitance of 10.4 F·cm(-3), exceeding that of graphene based flexible MSCs by a factor of 26 and 3, respectively. As a noncarbon based flexible MSC, hierarchically nanostructured WO3 in the narrow finger electrode is essential to such enhancement in energy density due to its pseudocapacitive property. The effects of WO3/PVDF/MWCNTs composite composition and the dimensions of interdigital structure on the performance of the flexible MSCs are investigated.
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Kim JY, Cho K, Ryu SA, Kim SY, Weon BM. Crack formation and prevention in colloidal drops. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13166. [PMID: 26279317 PMCID: PMC4538394 DOI: 10.1038/srep13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Crack formation is a frequent result of residual stress release from colloidal films made by the evaporation of colloidal droplets containing nanoparticles. Crack prevention is a significant task in industrial applications such as painting and inkjet printing with colloidal nanoparticles. Here, we illustrate how colloidal drops evaporate and how crack generation is dependent on the particle size and initial volume fraction, through direct visualization of the individual colloids with confocal laser microscopy. To prevent crack formation, we suggest use of a versatile method to control the colloid-polymer interactions by mixing a nonadsorbing polymer with the colloidal suspension, which is known to drive gelation of the particles with short-range attraction. Gelation-driven crack prevention is a feasible and simple method to obtain crack-free, uniform coatings through drying-mediated assembly of colloidal nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Kun Cho
- Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Seul-A Ryu
- Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Byung Mook Weon
- Soft Matter Physics Laboratory, School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
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Ghosh UU, Chakraborty M, Bhandari AB, Chakraborty S, DasGupta S. Effect of Surface Wettability on Crack Dynamics and Morphology of Colloidal Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6001-6010. [PMID: 25973978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of surface wettability on the dynamics of crack formation and their characteristics are examined during the drying of aqueous colloidal droplets (1 μL volume) containing nanoparticles (53 nm mean particle diameter, 1 w/w %). Thin colloidal films, formed during drying, rupture as a result of the evaporation-induced capillary pressure and exhibit microscopic cracks. The crack initiation and propagation velocity as well as the number of cracks are experimentally evaluated for substrates of varying wettability and correlated to their wetting nature. Atomic force and scanning electron microscopy are used to examine the region in the proximity of the crack including the particle arrangements near the fracture zone. The altered substrate-particle Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) interactions, as a consequence of the changed wettability, are theoretically evaluated and found to be consistent with the experimental observations. The resistance of the film to cracking is found to depend significantly on the substrate surface energy and quantified by the critical stress intensity factor, evaluated by analyzing images obtained from confocal microscopy. The results indicate the possibility of controlling crack dynamics and morphology by tuning the substrate wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udita Uday Ghosh
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Monojit Chakraborty
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Aditya Bikram Bhandari
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Suman Chakraborty
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Sunando DasGupta
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
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Zhang Y, Qian Y, Liu Z, Li Z, Zang D. Surface wrinkling and cracking dynamics in the drying of colloidal droplets. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2014; 37:38. [PMID: 25260323 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2014-14084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The cracking behavior accompanied with the drying of colloidal droplets containing polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticles was studied. During evaporation, due to the stretching effect of the liquid zone, the receding wet front leads to the formation of radialized surface wrinkling in the gel zone. This indicates the building of a macroscopic stress field with a similar distribution. As a result, the cracks in the deposited films are in a radial arrangement. The propagation velocity of the cracks depends on the thickness of the film, ∼ H (3/5). In addition, sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) additives can be used to tune crack behavior by causing a reduction of the capillary force between particles. The results highlight the significance of the receding wet front in building the drying deposition stress field and may be helpful in other fields related to drying and cracking processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, Xi'an, China
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25
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Mailer AG, Clegg PS. Cracking in films of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with varying interaction strength. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 417:317-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Routh AF. Drying of thin colloidal films. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2013; 76:046603. [PMID: 23502077 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/76/4/046603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
When thin films of colloidal fluids are dried, a range of transitions are observed and the final film profile is found to depend on the processes that occur during the drying step. This article describes the drying process, initially concentrating on the various transitions. Particles are seen to initially consolidate at the edge of a drying droplet, the so-called coffee-ring effect. Flow is seen to be from the centre of the drop towards the edge and a front of close-packed particles passes horizontally across the film. Just behind the particle front the now solid film often displays cracks and finally the film is observed to de-wet. These various transitions are explained, with particular reference to the capillary pressure which forms in the solidified region of the film. The reasons for cracking in thin films is explored as well as various methods to minimize its effect. Methods to obtain stratified coatings through a single application are considered for a one-dimensional drying problem and this is then extended to two-dimensional films. Different evaporative models are described, including the physical reason for enhanced evaporation at the edge of droplets. The various scenarios when evaporation is found to be uniform across a drying film are then explained. Finally different experimental techniques for examining the drying step are mentioned and the article ends with suggested areas that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Routh
- BP Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK.
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Ma J, Jing G. Possible origin of the crack pattern in deposition films formed from a drying colloidal suspension. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:061406. [PMID: 23367949 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.061406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The fracture mechanics was usually employed to explain the crack propagation in the deposition produced by drying colloidal suspension. However, more complex than conventional fracture, those cracks periodically distribute and make up a unique pattern. Inspired by the concept of spinodal decomposition, here we develop the theory to illustrate the possible mechanism of the spatial arrangement of the cracks. It indicates that before the cracks develop and propagate in the deposition under the law of fracture mechanics, the periodically distributed flaws are generated by the phase separation of colloidal clusters and solvent. Then the cracks originate at the sites of those flaws in terms of fracture mechanics. It concludes that the crack spacing results from the wavelength of the concentration fluctuation during the phase separation, linearly growing with the increase of the deposition thickness and initial particle concentration, which is consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Physics, Northwest University, Xian 710069, China.
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