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Li Q, Zhu G, Liu Z, Xu J. Molecular dynamics simulation studies on the ionic liquid N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate on the gold surface. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32710. [PMID: 38975103 PMCID: PMC11225740 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of solid/liquid interface is of great significance for understanding various phenomena such as the nanostructure of the interface, liquid wetting, crystal growth and nucleation. In this work, the nanostructure of the pyridinium ionic liquid [BPy]BF4 on different gold surfaces was studied by molecular dynamics simulation. The results indicate that the density of the ionic liquids near the gold surface is significantly higher than that in the bulk phase. Cation's tail (the alkyl chain) orients parallel to the surface under all studied conditions. Cation's head (the pyridine ring) orientation varies from parallel to perpendicular, which depends on the temperature and corrugation of the Au(hkl) surface. Interestingly, analysis of simulated mass and number densities revealed that surface corrugation randomizes the cations packing. On smooth Au(111) and Au(100) surfaces, parallel and perpendicular orientations are well distinguished for densely packed cations. While on corrugated Au(110), cations' packing density and order are decreased. Overall, this study explores the adsorption effect of the gold surface on ionic liquids, providing some valuable insights into their behavior on the solid/liquid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
- Faculty of Engineering, Anhui Sanlian University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Guanglai Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Zhicong Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory for Control and Applications of Optoelectronic Information Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Information, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China
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2
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Wang H, Peng W, Hu L, Zhang W. Effect of water film evaporation on the shale gas transmission in inorganic nanopores under viscosity. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:134501. [PMID: 38557846 DOI: 10.1063/5.0195708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shale gas reservoirs generally have ultra-low water saturation, and the water in reservoirs is closely bound to the walls of inorganic nanopores, forming a water film structure on the hydrophilic surface. When shale gas enters the inorganic nanopores, the water films in the inorganic pores will be removed by evaporation instead of being driven away by the gas, which increases the difficulty of predicting production during shale gas extraction. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, a water film evaporation model is proposed, considering the evaporation of water films during shale gas transport and the influence of water film evaporation on the shale gas transport mechanism. The Green-Kubo method is employed to calculate the viscosity of the water film. The evaporation flux of the water film under the influence of viscosity is discussed in the evaporation model. The transport mechanisms of shale gas in nanopores and the effect of water film evaporation on shale gas transport mechanisms are analyzed in detail. The result indicates that the water films in the inorganic nanopores are constrained on the hydrophilic surface, and the viscosity normal to the surface of the water film of 4 Å is 0.005 26 Pa⋅S, which is 6.12 times the reference value of viscosity at 298 K. In the process of water film evaporation, the evaporation flux of the water film is influenced by viscosity. In the study of the shale gas transport mechanism, water films in inorganic nanopores can hinder the surface diffusion of the methane molecules adsorbed on boundary and significantly reduce the mass flux of shale gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Wang
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Weihong Peng
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Liangyu Hu
- School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
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3
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Carbon nanotubes@fly ash Janus composite membrane prepared from fly ash and waste plastics for efficient solar membrane distillation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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4
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Ye M, Li C, Tao N, Xiao Y, Li X, Zhang T, Liu X. Inhibition of phenolic compounds from entering condensed freshwater by surfactant-modified evaporators during solar-driven seawater desalination. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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5
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Yang RY, Jiang WZ, Huo PY. Anisotropic energy absorption from mid-infrared laser pulses in constrained water systems. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Huang Y, Zhang C, Meng S. Molecular origin of fast evaporation at the solid-water-vapor line in a sessile droplet. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2729-2734. [PMID: 35112686 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07479b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By analyzing the behaviors of water molecules at the solid-water-vapor contact line, we explore the molecular origin of large evaporation rates at the contact line and find new ways to increase the evaporation of the droplet. In contrast to previous models considering macroscopic surroundings and the geometry of the droplet, here we study the behaviors of water molecules by introducing cohesive energy which includes interactions of water molecules with both other water molecules in the droplet and atoms in the substrate. Molecules at the contact line bear the smallest evaporating energy barrier and therefore, possess the largest possibility to evaporate. Further analyses show that the evaporation rate of the droplet is enhanced through the large length of the contact line. These analyses are corroborated by experiments, where the evaporation rate of the droplet is enhanced up to 30% by incorporating hollow glass spheres in the droplet. Our theoretical and experimental efforts illustrate the underlying molecular mechanisms of large evaporation rates of a droplet, providing new avenues to accelerate droplet evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Huang
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Cui Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Sheng Meng
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Zhang JJ, Huang H, Lu XY. Molecular Dynamics Study of Binary Nanodroplet Evaporation on a Heated Homogeneous Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:3439-3451. [PMID: 32183513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The evaporation mechanism of miscible binary nanodroplets from heated homogeneous surfaces was studied by molecular dynamics simulations, which has never been studied before. The binary droplets contain a hydrophilic component (type-2 particles) and a hydrophobic component (type-3 particles). It is shown that liquid-liquid interaction strength (ε23) and hydrophilic particle number fraction (φ) have great influence on the surface tension, wetting characteristics, evaporation patterns, evaporation rate, and local mass flux. It is observed that when ε23 ≥ 1, or φ ≈ 0.5, the evaporation mode is the constant-contact-angle mode. Otherwise, it is the mixed mode. We found that the evaporation rate becomes faster when φ and ε23 increase. The droplets become more hydrophilic when φ increases, which promotes heat transfer efficiency between the liquid-solid interface. Besides, a larger ε23 promotes the heat transfer inside the droplet. The mass transfer to the vapor phase occurs preferentially in the vicinity of TPCL (three phase contact line) in the hydrophilic systems (θ < θc), where θc is the critical contact angle, while in most hydrophobic systems (θ > θc), the mass flux close to the TPCL is suppressed. We found that θc ∈ (102°-106°), which is different from the theoretical one, θc = 90°. The discrepancy is attributed to the existence of the adsorption layer near the TPCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jian Zhang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Haibo Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xi-Yun Lu
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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Wang Y, Xu J, Zhu H, Wang S, Yang C. Mechanism and Regulation of Spontaneous Water Transport in Graphene-Based Nanoslits. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Junbo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huajian Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Steven Wang
- School of Engineering; Newcastle University; Newcastle NE1 7RU UK
| | - Chao Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering; Institute of Process Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- College of Chemical Engineering; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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9
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Guo Y, Wan R. Evaporation of nanoscale water on a uniformly complete wetting surface at different temperatures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:12272-12277. [PMID: 29687804 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00037a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaporation of nanoscale water films on surfaces affects many processes in nature and industry. Using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we show the evaporation of a nanoscale water film on a uniformly complete wetting surface at different temperatures. With the increase in temperature, the growth of the water evaporation rate becomes slow. Analyses show that the hydrogen bond (H-bond) lifetimes and orientational autocorrelation times of the outermost water film decrease slowly with the increase in temperature. Compared to a thicker water film, the H-bond lifetimes and orientational autocorrelation times of a monolayer water film are much slower. This suggests that the lower evaporation rate of the monolayer water film on a uniformly complete wetting surface may be caused by the constriction of the water rotation due to the substrate. This finding may be helpful for controlling nanoscale water evaporation within a certain range of temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Guo
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China.
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10
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Zhen Z, Li Z, Zhao X, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Chen Q, Yang T, Zhu H. Formation of Uniform Water Microdroplets on Wrinkled Graphene for Ultrafast Humidity Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703848. [PMID: 29517135 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Portable humidity sensors with ultrafast responses fabricated in wearable devices have promising application prospects in disease diagnostics, health status monitoring, and personal healthcare data collecting. However, prolonged exposures to high-humidity environments usually cause device degradation or failure due to excessive water adsorbed on the sensor surface. In the present work, a graphene film based humidity sensor with a hydrophobic surface and uniformly distributed ring-like wrinkles is designed and fabricated that exhibits excellent performance in breath sensing. The wrinkled morphology of the graphene sensor is able to effectively prevent the aggregation of water microdroplets and thus maximize the evaporation rate. The as-fabricated sensor responds to and recovers from humidity in 12.5 ms, the fastest response of humidity sensors reported so far, yet in a very stable manner. The sensor is fabricated into a mask and successfully applied to monitoring sudden changes in respiratory rate and depth, such as breathing disorder or arrest, as well as subtle changes in humidity level caused by talking, cough and skin evaporation. The sensor can potentially enable long-term daily monitoring of breath and skin evaporation with its ultrafast response and high sensitivity, as well as excellent stability in high-humidity environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zechen Li
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xuanliang Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yujia Zhong
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering and Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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11
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Yaghoubi H, Foroutan M. Molecular investigation of the wettability of rough surfaces using molecular dynamics simulation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22308-22319. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03762k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a computational investigation on the effect of surface roughness on the wettability behavior of water nanodroplets has been performed via molecular dynamics simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamzeh Yaghoubi
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
| | - Masumeh Foroutan
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
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12
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Lee S, Kim DI, Kim YY, Park SE, Choi G, Kim Y, Kim HJ. Droplet evaporation characteristics on transparent heaters with different wettabilities. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaporation characteristics of a droplet on the surface of a transparent heater depend on the surface wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhan Lee
- Convergence Medical Devices Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39253
- South Korea
| | - Dong-Ik Kim
- Center for Integrated Smart Sensors (CISS)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
| | - Young-You Kim
- Department of Physics
- Kongju National University
- Gongju 32588
- South Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Park
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Gyuseok Choi
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Yoonkap Kim
- Convergence Materials & Parts Technology Research Center
- Gumi Electronics & Information Technology Research Institute (GERI)
- Gumi 39171
- South Korea
| | - Han-Jung Kim
- Center for Integrated Smart Sensors (CISS)
- Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
- Daejeon 34141
- South Korea
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13
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Abstract
The evaporation rate of water on patterned GO with different degrees of oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzheng Wan
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P.O. Box 800-204
- Shanghai
| | - Guosheng Shi
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- P.O. Box 800-204
- Shanghai
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14
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Wan R, Wang C, Lei X, Zhou G, Fang H. Enhancement of Water Evaporation on Solid Surfaces with Nanoscale Hydrophobic-Hydrophilic Patterns. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2015; 115:195901. [PMID: 26588399 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.115.195901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using molecular dynamics simulations, we show that the evaporation of nanoscale water on hydrophobic-hydrophilic patterned surfaces is unexpectedly faster than that on any surfaces with uniform wettability. The key to this phenomenon is that, on the patterned surface, the evaporation rate from the hydrophilic region only slightly decreases due to the correspondingly increased water thickness; meanwhile, a considerable number of water molecules evaporate from the hydrophobic region despite the lack of water film. Most of the evaporated water from the hydrophobic region originates from the hydrophilic region by diffusing across the contact lines. Further analysis shows that the evaporation rate from the hydrophobic region is approximately proportional to the total length of the contact lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzheng Wan
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Xiaoling Lei
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Guoquan Zhou
- School of Sciences, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, P. R. China
| | - Haiping Fang
- Division of Interfacial Water and Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-204, Shanghai 201800, China
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15
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Abstract
A novel surface-heating algorithm for water is developed for molecular dynamics simulations. The validated algorithm can simulate the transient behavior of the evaporation of water when heated from a surface, which has been lacking in the literature. In this work, the algorithm is used to study the evaporation of water droplets on a platinum surface at different temperatures. The resulting contact angles of the droplets are compared to existing theoretical, numerical, and experimental studies. The evaporation profile along the droplet's radius and height is deduced along with the temperature gradient within the drop, and the evaporation behavior conforms to the Kelvin-Clapeyron theory. The algorithm captures the realistic differential thermal gradient in water heated at the surface and is promising for studying various heating/cooling problems, such as thin film evaporation, Leidenfrost effect, and so forth. The simplicity of the algorithm allows it to be easily extended to other surfaces and integrated into various molecular simulation software and user codes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumith Y D
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Shalabh C Maroo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Syracuse University , Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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16
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Lv W, Wu R. The interfacial-organized monolayer water film (MWF) induced "two-step" aggregation of nanographene: both in stacking and sliding assembly pathways. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:2765-2775. [PMID: 23429907 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr33447c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A computational investigation was carried out to understand the aggregation of nanoscale graphene with two typical pathways of stacking assembly and sliding assembly in water. The interfacial-organized monolayer water film (MWF) induced "two-step" aggregation of nanographene in both stacking and sliding assembly pathways was reported for the first time. By means of potential mean forces (PMFs) calculation, no energy barrier was observed during the sliding assembly of two graphene nanosheets, while the PMF profiles could be impacted by the contact forms of nanographene and the MWF within the interplate of two graphene nanosheets. To explore the potential physical basis of the "hindering role" of self-organized interfacial water, the dynamical and structural properties as well as the status of hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) for interfacial water were investigated. We found that the compact, ordered structure and abundant H-bonds of the MWF could be taken as the fundamental aspects of the "hindering role" of interfacial water for the hydrophobic assembly of nanographene. These findings are displaying a potential to further understand the hydrophobic assembly which mostly dominate the behaviors of nanomaterials, proteins etc. in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Lv
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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