1
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Zhang Z, Wang W, Rao H, Pan Z, Zhong X. Improving the efficiency of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells by increasing the QD loading amount. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5482-5495. [PMID: 38638208 PMCID: PMC11023064 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06911g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSCs), optimized quantum dot (QD) loading mode and high QD loading amount are prerequisites for great device performance. Capping ligand-induced self-assembly (CLIS) mode represents the mainstream QD loading strategy in the fabrication of high-efficiency QDSCs. However, there remain limitations in CLIS that constrain further enhancement of QD loading levels. This review illustrates the development of various QD loading methods in QDSCs, with an emphasis on the outstanding merits and bottlenecks of CLIS. Subsequently, thermodynamic and kinetic factors dominating QD loading behaviors in CLIS are analyzed theoretically. Upon understanding driving forces, resistances, and energy effects in a QD assembly process, various novel strategies for improving the QD loading amount in CLIS are summarized, and the related functional mechanism is established. Finally, the article concludes and outlooks some remaining academic issues to be solved, so that higher QD loading amount and efficiencies of QDSCs can be anticipated in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Wenran Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Huashang Rao
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Zhenxiao Pan
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China
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2
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Quantitatively controlled electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystal films from non-aqueous suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 636:363-377. [PMID: 36638575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel method to correlate the mass and charge transfer kinetics during the electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystal films by using a purpose-built double quartz crystal microbalance combined with simultaneous current-measurement. Our data support a multistep process for film formation: generation of charged nanocrystal flux, charge transfer at the electrode, and polarization of neutral nanocrystals near the electrode surface. The polarized particles are then subject to dielectrophoretic forces that reduce diffusion away from the interface, generating a sufficiently high neutral particle concentration at the interface to form a film. The correlation of mass and charge transfer enables quantification of the nanocrystal charge, the fraction of charged nanocrystals, and the initial sticking coefficient of the particles. These quantities permit calculation of the film thickness, providing a theoretical basis for using concentration and voltage as process parameters to grow films of targeted thicknesses.
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3
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Chai Z, Childress A, Busnaina AA. Directed Assembly of Nanomaterials for Making Nanoscale Devices and Structures: Mechanisms and Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17641-17686. [PMID: 36269234 PMCID: PMC9706815 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanofabrication has been utilized to manufacture one-, two-, and three-dimensional functional nanostructures for applications such as electronics, sensors, and photonic devices. Although conventional silicon-based nanofabrication (top-down approach) has developed into a technique with extremely high precision and integration density, nanofabrication based on directed assembly (bottom-up approach) is attracting more interest recently owing to its low cost and the advantages of additive manufacturing. Directed assembly is a process that utilizes external fields to directly interact with nanoelements (nanoparticles, 2D nanomaterials, nanotubes, nanowires, etc.) and drive the nanoelements to site-selectively assemble in patterned areas on substrates to form functional structures. Directed assembly processes can be divided into four different categories depending on the external fields: electric field-directed assembly, fluidic flow-directed assembly, magnetic field-directed assembly, and optical field-directed assembly. In this review, we summarize recent progress utilizing these four processes and address how these directed assembly processes harness the external fields, the underlying mechanism of how the external fields interact with the nanoelements, and the advantages and drawbacks of utilizing each method. Finally, we discuss applications made using directed assembly and provide a perspective on the future developments and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Chai
- State
Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Anthony Childress
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
| | - Ahmed A. Busnaina
- NSF
Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center for High-Rate Nanomanufacturing
(CHN), Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts02115, United States
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4
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Park Y, Jeong W, Ahn J, Hong YK, Hwang E, Kim M, Hwang YJ, Oh SJ, Ha DH. Contact Enhancement in Nanoparticle Assemblies through Electrophoretic Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:41021-41032. [PMID: 36406526 PMCID: PMC9670711 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A strong interparticle connection needs to be realized to harvest unique nanoscale features of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) in film structures. Constructing a strong contact and adhesion of NPs on a substrate is an essential process for improved NP film properties, and therefore, its key factors should be determined by understanding the NP deposition mechanism. Herein, we investigated the critical factors leading to the robust and strong adherence of the film structure and revealed that the NP deposition mechanism involved the role of surfactant ligands during electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The high amount of surfactant ligand treatment results in a high deposition rate of NPs in the early stage; however, the ligand treatment does not influence the deposition rate in the later stage. Furthermore, the deposition mechanism is found to involve three steps during EPD: island formation, lateral growth, and layer-by-layer deposition. Rapid NP deposition kinetics controlled by ligand treatments demonstrate the strong contact and adhesion of NP film structures; they are characterized by the fast charge transfer, low resistivity, and rigid NP layers of the Cu2-x S NP-based devices. Finally, the controlled role of surfactant ligands in EPD enables design of high-performance nanostructured NP film devices with contact enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsu Park
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Wooseok Jeong
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Ahn
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, 145 Anam-ro,
Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Kun Hong
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Eunseo Hwang
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Minyoung Kim
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Yun Jae Hwang
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
| | - Soong Ju Oh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, 145 Anam-ro,
Seongbuk-gu, Seoul02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Don-Hyung Ha
- School
of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul06974, Republic
of Korea
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5
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Zhao Q, Zhitomirsky I. Biomimetic strategy for electrophoretic deposition of composite ferroelectric poly(vinylidene, fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) – ferrimagnetic NiFe2O4 films. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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6
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Versatile Strategy for Electrophoretic Deposition of Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247902. [PMID: 34947495 PMCID: PMC8707764 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is an advanced functional polymer which exhibits excellent chemical and thermal stability, and good mechanical, piezoelectric and ferroelectic properties. This work opens a new strategy for the fabrication of nanocomposites, combining the functional properties of PVDF and advanced inorganic nanomaterials. Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) has been developed for the fabrication of films containing PVDF and nanoparticles of TiO2, MnO2 and NiFe2O4. An important finding was the feasibility of EPD of electrically neutral PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles using caffeic acid (CA) and catechol violet (CV) as co-dispersants. The experiments revealed strong adsorption of CA and CV on PVDF and inorganic nanoparticles, which involved different mechanisms and facilitated particle dispersion, charging and deposition. The analysis of the deposition yield data, chemical structure of the dispersants and the microstructure and composition of the films provided an insight into the adsorption and dispersion mechanisms and the influence of deposition conditions on the deposition rate, film microstructure and composition. PVDF films provided the corrosion protection of stainless steel. Overcoming the limitations of other techniques, this investigation demonstrates a conceptually new approach for the fabrication of PVDF-NiFe2O4 films, which showed superparamagnetic properties. The approach developed in this investigation offers versatile strategies for the EPD of advanced organic-inorganic nanocomposites.
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7
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Liu Y, Widmer-Cooper A. A dissipative particle dynamics model for studying dynamic phenomena in colloidal rod suspensions. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104120. [PMID: 33722052 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model is developed and demonstrated for studying dynamics in colloidal rod suspensions. The solvent is modeled as conventional DPD particles, while individual rods are represented by a rigid linear chain consisting of overlapping solid spheres, which interact with solvent particles through a hard repulsive potential. The boundary condition on the rod surface is controlled using a surface friction between the solid spheres and the solvent particles. In this work, this model is employed to study the diffusion of a single colloid in the DPD solvent and compared with theoretical predictions. Both the translational and rotational diffusion coefficients obtained at a proper surface friction show good agreement with calculations based on the rod size defined by the hard repulsive potential. In addition, the system-size dependence of the diffusion coefficients shows that the Navier-Stokes hydrodynamic interactions are correctly included in this DPD model. Comparing our results with experimental measurements of the diffusion coefficients of gold nanorods, we discuss the ability of the model to correctly describe dynamics in real nanorod suspensions. Our results provide a clear reference point from which the model could be extended to enable the study of colloid dynamics in more complex situations or for other types of particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Liu
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Asaph Widmer-Cooper
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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8
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Electrophoretic Deposition of Aged and Charge Controlled Colloidal Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010133. [PMID: 33429956 PMCID: PMC7827911 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) have been recently spotlighted as building blocks for various nanostructured devices. Their collective properties have been exhibited by arranging them on a substrate to form assembled NPs. In particular, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is an emerging fabrication method for such nanostructured films. To maximize the benefits of this method, further studies are required to fully elucidate the key parameters that influence the NP deposition. Herein, two key parameters are examined, namely: (i) the aging of colloidal NPs and (ii) the charge formation by surface ligands. The aging of Cu2-xS NPs changes the charge states, thus leading to different NP deposition behaviors. The SEM images of NP films, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential results demonstrated that the charge control and restoration of interparticle interactions for aged NPs were achieved via simple ligand engineering. The charge control of colloidal NPs was found to be more dominant than the influence of aging, which can alter the surface charges of the NPs. The present results thus reveal that the charge formation on the colloidal NPs, which depends on the surface ligands, is an important controllable parameter in EPD.
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9
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Deng K, Luo Z, Tan L, Quan Z. Self-assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles into functional superstructures. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6002-6038. [PMID: 32692337 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00541j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) into superstructures offers a flexible and promising pathway to manipulate the nanometer-sized particles and thus make full use of their unique properties. This bottom-up strategy builds a bridge between the NP regime and a new class of transformative materials across multiple length scales for technological applications. In this field, anisotropic NPs with size- and shape-dependent physical properties as self-assembly building blocks have long fascinated scientists. Self-assembly of anisotropic NPs not only opens up exciting opportunities to engineer a variety of intriguing and complex superlattice architectures, but also provides access to discover emergent collective properties that stem from their ordered arrangement. Thus, this has stimulated enormous research interests in both fundamental science and technological applications. This present review comprehensively summarizes the latest advances in this area, and highlights their rich packing behaviors from the viewpoint of NP shape. We provide the basics of the experimental techniques to produce NP superstructures and structural characterization tools, and detail the delicate assembled structures. Then the current understanding of the assembly dynamics is discussed with the assistance of in situ studies, followed by emergent collective properties from these NP assemblies. Finally, we end this article with the remaining challenges and outlook, hoping to encourage further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerong Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zhishan Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Li Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
| | - Zewei Quan
- Department of Chemistry, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Technologies, Ministry of Education, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China.
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10
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Zhang H, Kinnear C, Mulvaney P. Fabrication of Single-Nanocrystal Arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904551. [PMID: 31576618 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
To realize the full potential of nanocrystals in nanotechnology, it is necessary to integrate single nanocrystals into addressable structures; for example, arrays and periodic lattices. The current methods for achieving this are reviewed. It is shown that a combination of top-down lithography techniques with directed assembly offers a platform for attaining this goal. The most promising of these directed assembly methods are reviewed: capillary force assembly, electrostatic assembly, optical printing, DNA-based assembly, and electrophoretic deposition. The last of these appears to offer a generic approach to fabrication of single-nanocrystal arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyou Zhang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Calum Kinnear
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Ian Wark Laboratories, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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11
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Zhao Q, Liu X, Veldhuis S, Zhitomirsky I. Sodium deoxycholate as a versatile dispersing and coating-forming agent: A new facet of electrophoretic deposition technology. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Elbert KC, Vo T, Krook NM, Zygmunt W, Park J, Yager KG, Composto RJ, Glotzer SC, Murray CB. Dendrimer Ligand Directed Nanoplate Assembly. ACS NANO 2019; 13:14241-14251. [PMID: 31756073 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Many studies on nanocrystal (NC) self-assembly into ordered superlattices have focused mainly on attractive forces between the NCs, whereas the role of organic ligands on anisotropic NCs is only in its infancy. Herein, we report the use of a series of dendrimer ligands to direct the assembly of nanoplates into 2D and 3D geometries. It was found that the dendrimer-nanoplates consistently form a directionally offset architecture in 3D films. We present a theory to predict ligand surface distribution and Monte Carlo simulation results that characterize the ligand shell around the nanoplates. Bulky dendrimer ligands create a nontrivial corona around the plates that changes with ligand architecture. When this organic-inorganic effective shape is used in conjunction with thermodynamic perturbation theory to predict both lattice morphology and equilibrium relative orientations between NCs, a lock-and-key type of mechanism is found for the 3D assembly. We observe excellent agreement between our experimental results and theoretical model for 2D and 3D geometries, including the percent of offset between the layers of NCs. Such level of theoretical understanding and modeling will help guide future design frameworks to achieve targeted assemblies of NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine C Elbert
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Thi Vo
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Nadia M Krook
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - William Zygmunt
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Jungmi Park
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton , New York 11973 , United States
| | - Russell J Composto
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Sharon C Glotzer
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
- Biointerfaces Institute , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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13
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Bree G, Geaney H, Ryan KM. Electrophoretic Deposition of Tin Sulfide Nanocubes as High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Battery Anodes. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201900524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Bree
- Bernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland V94 T9PX
| | - Hugh Geaney
- Bernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland V94 T9PX
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Bernal InstituteUniversity of Limerick Limerick Ireland V94 T9PX
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14
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Dillon AD, Mengel S, Fafarman AT. Influence of Compact, Inorganic Surface Ligands on the Electrophoretic Deposition of Semiconductor Nanocrystals at Low Voltage. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9598-9605. [PMID: 30036477 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
For electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to achieve its potential as a method for assembling functional semiconductors, it will be necessary to understand both what governs the threshold voltage for deposition and how to reduce that threshold. Herein we demonstrate that postsynthetic modification of the surface chemistry of all-inorganic copper zinc tin sulfide (CZTS) nanocrystals (NCs) enables EPD at voltages of as low as 4 V, which is a 3-fold or greater reduction over previous examples of nonoxide semiconductors. The chemical exchange of the original surfactant-based NC-surface ligands with selenide ions yields essentially bare, highly surface-charged NCs. Thus, both the electrophoretic mobility and electrochemical reactivity of these particles are increased, favoring deposition. In situ imaging of the reactor during deposition provides a quantitative measure of the electric field in the bulk of the reactor, yielding fundamental insight into the reaction mechanism and mass transport in the low-voltage regime. A crossover from mass-transport-limited to reaction-rate-limited EPD is observed. Under the latter conditions, the influence of gravity can result in boundary-layer instabilities that are severely deleterious to the uniformity of the deposited film, despite the gravitational stability of the colloids in the absence of electric fields. This knowledge is applied to deposit thick, uniform, and crack-free films without sintering, from stable, well-dispersed colloidal starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Dillon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Shawn Mengel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Aaron T Fafarman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , Drexel University , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
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15
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Electrophoretic deposition of single-source precursors as a general approach for the formation of hybrid nanorod array heterostructures. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 515:221-231. [PMID: 29335188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Subjecting colloids to electric fields often results in (electrophoretic) deposition on conductive substrates. Dispersing a single-source precursor (SSP) of choice in an appropriate solvent, should allow its deposition on different substrates. The SSP-solvent interaction might play a role in the deposition (e.g., direction, rate, coverage). After thermal decomposition, the SSPs convert to the designed material, thus allowing formation of thin films or hybrid nanostructures. EXPERIMENTS Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was applied on two representative SSPs in different solvents. These SSPs were deposited onto substrates covered with vertically-aligned ZnO nanorod (NR) arrays. After thermal decomposition, hybrid nanostructures were obtained and their morphology and interfaces were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV-vis, and electrochemistry. FINDINGS Tuning the organic dispersant-SSP interaction allows control over the final film morphology, which can result in coating and filling of NRs with metal-sulfides or metal-oxides after thermal decomposition of the SSP. These findings introduce a new facile method for a fast and large-scale uniform deposition of different (nanostructured) thin film semiconductors on a variety of substrates. We discuss the influence of the dispersant medium on the deposition of metallo-organic SSPs. As an example, the formed ZnO-CdS interface supports charge transfer upon illumination.
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16
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Prabakar SJR, Park C, Ikhe AB, Sohn KS, Pyo M. Simultaneous Suppression of Metal Corrosion and Electrolyte Decomposition by Graphene Oxide Protective Coating in Magnesium-Ion Batteries: Toward a 4-V-Wide Potential Window. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:43767-43773. [PMID: 29179534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable developments in electrolyte systems over the past 2 decades, magnesium-ion batteries still suffer from corrosion susceptibility and low anodic limits. Herein we describe how graphene oxide (GO), coated onto non-noble metals (Al, Cu, and stainless steel) via electrophoretic deposition, can solve this problem. In all phenyl complex electrolytes, GO coating results in a significant suppression of corrosion and extends the anodic limits (up to 4.0 V vs Mg/Mg2+) with no impact on reversible Mg plating/stripping reactions. The same effect of GO coating is also established in magnesium aluminum chloride complex electrolytes. This remarkable improvement is associated with the electrostatic interaction between the ionic charges of electrolytes and the surface-functional groups of GO. In addition, GO coating does not aggravate the cathode performance of Mo6S8, which allows the use of non-noble metals as current collectors. We also discuss the role of GO in increasing anodic limits when it is hybridized with α-MnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Richard Prabakar
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University , Chonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunguk Park
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University , Chonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Amol Bhairuba Ikhe
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University , Chonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Sun Sohn
- Faculty of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University , Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungho Pyo
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University , Chonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
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17
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Boehm SJ, Lin L, Brljak N, Famularo NR, Mayer TS, Keating CD. Reconfigurable Positioning of Vertically-Oriented Nanowires Around Topographical Features in an AC Electric Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10898-10906. [PMID: 28915051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the effect of topographical features on gold nanowire assemblies in a vertically applied AC electric field. Nanowires 300 nm in diameter ×2.5 μm long, and coated with ∼30 nm silica shell, were assembled in aqueous solution between top and bottom electrodes, where the bottom electrode was patterned with cylindrical dielectric posts. Assemblies were monitored in real time using optical microscopy. Dielectrophoretic and electrohydrodynamic forces were manipulated through frequency and voltage variation, organizing nanowires parallel to the field lines, i.e., standing perpendicular to the substrate surface. Field gradients around the posts were simulated and assembly behavior was experimentally evaluated as a function of patterned feature diameter and spacing. The electric field gradient was highest around these topographic features, which resulted in accumulation of vertically oriented nanowires around the post perimeters when dielectrophoresis dominated (high AC frequency) or between the posts when electrohydrodynamics dominated (low AC frequency). This general type of reconfigurable assembly, coupled with judicious choice of nanowire and post materials/dimensions, could ultimately enable new types of optical materials capable of switching between two functional states by changing the applied field conditions.
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18
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Qiao F, Wang X, Wang Q, He G, Xie Y. Functionalized self-assembly of colloidal CdX (X = S, Se) nanorods on solid substrates for device applications. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:8066-8079. [PMID: 28585959 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01974b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to randomly oriented nanorods (NRs), self-assembly of the colloidal CdX (X = S, Se) NRs into well-organized large-scale structures results in unique collective properties. Moreover, the anisotropic structural features of self-assemblies preserved from colloidal CdX (X = S, Se) NRs have opened up exciting opportunities in the field of nanotechnology applications. We present the latest strategies for the self-assembly of colloidal NRs on solid substrates, and further focus on the self-assembled NRs for applications in devices. Advanced progress in the preparation of NR building blocks on the basis of nanofabrication techniques and comprehensive studies on the interactions of NRs with substrates will remarkably expand the application of colloidal semiconductor NRs. Understanding and mastering the driving forces behind the assembly of the NRs is the key goal of engineering future functional structures based on NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Qiao
- School of Energy & Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P R China.
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19
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Singh A, Singh A, Ong GK, Jones MR, Nordlund D, Bustillo K, Ciston J, Alivisatos AP, Milliron DJ. Dopant Mediated Assembly of Cu 2ZnSnS 4 Nanorods into Atomically Coupled 2D Sheets in Solution. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:3421-3428. [PMID: 28485598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of anisotropic nanocrystals into ordered superstructures is an area of intense research interest due to its relevance to bring nanocrystal properties to macroscopic length scales and to impart additional collective properties owing to the superstructure. Numerous routes have been explored to assemble such nanocrystal superstructures ranging from self-directed to external field-directed methods. Most of the approaches require sensitive control of experimental parameters that are largely environmental and require extra processing steps, increasing complexity and limiting reproducibility. Here, we demonstrate a simple approach to assemble colloidal nanorods in situ, wherein dopant incorporation during the particle synthesis results in the formation of preassembled 2D sheets of close-packed ordered arrays of vertically oriented nanorods in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amita Singh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gary K Ong
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew R Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource , P.O. Box 20450, Stanford, California 94309, United States
| | - Karen Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jim Ciston
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - A Paul Alivisatos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Delia J Milliron
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin , 200 East Dean Keeton Street, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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20
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Coughlan C, Ibáñez M, Dobrozhan O, Singh A, Cabot A, Ryan KM. Compound Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5865-6109. [PMID: 28394585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review captures the synthesis, assembly, properties, and applications of copper chalcogenide NCs, which have achieved significant research interest in the last decade due to their compositional and structural versatility. The outstanding functional properties of these materials stems from the relationship between their band structure and defect concentration, including charge carrier concentration and electronic conductivity character, which consequently affects their optoelectronic, optical, and plasmonic properties. This, combined with several metastable crystal phases and stoichiometries and the low energy of formation of defects, makes the reproducible synthesis of these materials, with tunable parameters, remarkable. Further to this, the review captures the progress of the hierarchical assembly of these NCs, which bridges the link between their discrete and collective properties. Their ubiquitous application set has cross-cut energy conversion (photovoltaics, photocatalysis, thermoelectrics), energy storage (lithium-ion batteries, hydrogen generation), emissive materials (plasmonics, LEDs, biolabelling), sensors (electrochemical, biochemical), biomedical devices (magnetic resonance imaging, X-ray computer tomography), and medical therapies (photochemothermal therapies, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and drug delivery). The confluence of advances in the synthesis, assembly, and application of these NCs in the past decade has the potential to significantly impact society, both economically and environmentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Coughlan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
| | - Maria Ibáñez
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oleksandr Dobrozhan
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Computing, Sumy State University , 2 Rymskogo-Korsakova st., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
| | - Ajay Singh
- Materials Physics & Applications Division: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andreu Cabot
- Catalonia Energy Research Institute - IREC, Sant Adria de Besos , Jardins de les Dones de Negre n.1, Pl. 2, 08930 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick , Limerick, Ireland
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Liu P, Singh S, Guo Y, Wang JJ, Xu H, Silien C, Liu N, Ryan KM. Assembling Ordered Nanorod Superstructures and Their Application as Microcavity Lasers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43884. [PMID: 28272427 PMCID: PMC5341026 DOI: 10.1038/srep43884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the formation of multi-layered arrays of vertically aligned and close packed semiconductor nanorods in perfect registry at a substrate using electric field assisted assembly. The collective properties of these CdSexS1-x nanorod emitters are harnessed by demonstrating a relatively low amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) threshold and a high net optical gain at medium pump intensity. The importance of order in the system is highlighted where a lower ASE threshold is observed compared to disordered samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Liu
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Yina Guo
- Bernal Institute University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Hongxing Xu
- The School of Physics and Technology, The Institute for Advanced Studies and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Christophe Silien
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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22
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Dillon AD, Le Quoc L, Goktas M, Opasanont B, Dastidar S, Mengel S, Baxter JB, Fafarman AT. Thin films of copper indium selenide fabricated with high atom economy by electrophoretic deposition of nanocrystals under flow. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Rezaei B, Taki M, Ensafi AA. Modulated electrical field as a new pulse method to make TiO2 film for high- performance photo-electrochemical cells and modeling of the deposition process. J Solid State Electrochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-016-3363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Gabardo CM, Soleymani L. Deposition, patterning, and utility of conductive materials for the rapid prototyping of chemical and bioanalytical devices. Analyst 2016; 141:3511-25. [PMID: 27001624 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00210b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Rapid prototyping is a critical step in the product development cycle of miniaturized chemical and bioanalytical devices, often categorized as lab-on-a-chip devices, biosensors, and micro-total analysis systems. While high throughput manufacturing methods are often preferred for large-volume production, rapid prototyping is necessary for demonstrating and predicting the performance of a device and performing field testing and validation before translating a product from research and development to large volume production. Choosing a specific rapid prototyping method involves considering device design requirements in terms of minimum feature sizes, mechanical stability, thermal and chemical resistance, and optical and electrical properties. A rapid prototyping method is then selected by making engineering trade-off decisions between the suitability of the method in meeting the design specifications and manufacturing metrics such as speed, cost, precision, and potential for scale up. In this review article, we review four categories of rapid prototyping methods that are applicable to developing miniaturized bioanalytical devices, single step, mask and deposit, mask and etch, and mask-free assembly, and we will focus on the trade-offs that need to be made when selecting a particular rapid prototyping method. The focus of the review article will be on the development of systems having a specific arrangement of conductive or semiconductive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gabardo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, Canada
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25
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English NJ, Waldron CJ. Perspectives on external electric fields in molecular simulation: progress, prospects and challenges. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:12407-40. [PMID: 25903011 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00629e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the application of a wide variety of external electric fields in molecular simulation shall be discussed, including time-varying and electromagnetic, as well as the utility and potential impact and prospects for exploitation of such simulations for real-world and industrial end use. In particular, non-equilibrium molecular dynamics will be discussed, as well as challenges in addressing adequate thermostatting and scaling field amplitudes to more experimentally relevant levels. Attention shall be devoted to recent progress and advances in external fields in ab initio molecular simulation and dynamics, as well as elusive challenges thereof (and, to some extent, for molecular dynamics from empirical potentials), such as timescales required to observe low-frequency and intensity field effects. The challenge of deterministic molecular dynamics in external fields in sampling phase space shall be discussed, along with prospects for application of fields in enhanced-sampling simulations. Finally, the application of external electric fields to a wide variety of aqueous, nanoscale and biological systems will be discussed, often motivated by the possibility of exploitation in real-world applications, which serve to underpin our molecular-level understanding of field effects in terms of microscopic mechanisms, and possibly with a view to control thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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26
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Pita IA, Singh S, Silien C, Ryan KM, Liu N. Heteroaggregation assisted wet synthesis of core-shell silver-silica-cadmium selenide nanowires. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:1200-9. [PMID: 26667182 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr06615h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed for the wet solution synthesis of core shell heterogeneous nanowires. An ultrathin silica layer was first grown around plain silver nanowires to act as a suitable insulator. An outer nanoparticle layer was then attached through heteroaggregation by dispersing the un-functionalized nanowires in toluene solutions containing nanoparticles of CdSe or Au. Total coverage of nanoparticles on nanowires was found to increase with the nanoparticle size, which is attributed to the increase in the van der Waals interaction between the nanoparticles and the nanowire with the increasing size of nanoparticles. Using this method, we achieved over 79.5% coverage of CdSe nanoparticles (24 nm × 11 nm) on the nanowire surface. Although following the same trend, Au nanoparticles show an overall lower coverage than CdSe, with only 24.2% coverage at their largest particle size of 19 nm in diameter. This result is attributed to the increase in steric repulsion during attachment due to the increasing length of capping ligands. Investigation of the core-shell nanowire's optical properties yielded CdSe Raman peak enhancement by a factor of 2-3 due to the excitation of surface plasmon propagation. Our method can be applied to the attachment of a wide range of nanoparticles to nanowire materials in non-polar solution and the core-shell nanowires show great potential for incorporation into various microscopic and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Pita
- Department of Physics and Energy, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Ireland, Ireland.
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Christophe Silien
- Department of Physics and Energy, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Ireland, Ireland.
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Science, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Physics and Energy, Materials and Surface Science Institute, University of Limerick Ireland, Ireland.
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27
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Mohammadimasoudi M, Hens Z, Neyts K. Full alignment of dispersed colloidal nanorods by alternating electric fields. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02620f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The parallel alignment of an ensemble of colloidal nanorods may unleash their application as the optically anisotropic constituent in polarized fluorescent sheets or polarization-selective detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mohammadimasoudi
- Electronics and Information Systems Department
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Gent
- Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics
| | - Z. Hens
- Physics and Chemistry of Nanostructures
- Ghent University
- 9000 Gent
- Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics
| | - K. Neyts
- Electronics and Information Systems Department
- Ghent University
- B-9052 Gent
- Belgium
- Center for Nano- and Biophotonics
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28
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Liu P, Singh S, Bree G, Ryan KM. Complete assembly of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanorods at substrate interfaces using a combination of self and directed organisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11587-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06417e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the two stage assembly of semiconductor nanorods at substrate interfaces using both self and field directed assembly methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Liu
- Materials and Surface Science Institute (MSSI) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Materials and Surface Science Institute (MSSI) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Gerard Bree
- Materials and Surface Science Institute (MSSI) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
| | - Kevin M. Ryan
- Materials and Surface Science Institute (MSSI) and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick
- Ireland
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29
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English NJ. Electric field-controlled semiconductor nanorod assembly in solution: mechanistic insights from non-equilibrium molecular dynamics. CAN J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) of small, charged cadmium selenide nanorods have been carried out in the absence and presence of static applied electric fields. In the absence of applied fields, it was found that opposite dipolar alignment (antiferromagnetic) was achieved, along with self-assembly of the nanorods. However, in the case of induced electrophoresis in applied fields, the rods approached each other less readily, while at and above a field intensity of 0.05 V/Å, preferential alignment with the field was achieved for all rods, in contrast to the zero-field case. These results have implications for electric field-mediated control of nanorod assembly in solution, of key importance in a wide range of areas from photovoltaics to energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J. English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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30
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Singh A, Singh A, Ciston J, Bustillo K, Nordlund D, Milliron DJ. Synergistic Role of Dopants on the Morphology of Alloyed Copper Chalcogenide Nanocrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6464-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b02880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Singh
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- The
Molecular Foundry and §National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Amita Singh
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- The
Molecular Foundry and §National Center for Electron Microscopy, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | | | | | - Dennis Nordlund
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, Stanford, California 94309, United States
| | - Delia J. Milliron
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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31
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Lin Z, He Q, Yin A, Xu Y, Wang C, Ding M, Cheng HC, Papandrea B, Huang Y, Duan X. Cosolvent approach for solution-processable electronic thin films. ACS NANO 2015; 9:4398-405. [PMID: 25867535 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature solution-processable electronic materials are of considerable interest for large-area, low-cost electronics, thermoelectrics, and photovoltaics. Using a soluble precursor and suitable solvent to formulate a semiconductor ink is essential for large-area fabrication of semiconductor thin films. To date, it has been shown that hydrazine can be used as a versatile solvent to process a wide range of inorganic semiconductors. However, hydrazine is highly toxic and not suitable for large-scale manufacturing. Here we report a binary mixed solvent of amine and thiol for effective dispersion and dissolution of a large number of inorganic semiconductors including Cu2S, Cu2Se, In2S3, In2Se3, CdS, SnSe, and others. The mixed solvent is significantly less toxic and safer than hydrazine, while at the same time offering the comparable capability of formulating diverse semiconductor ink with a concentration as high as >200 mg/mL. We further show that such ink material can be readily processed into high-performance semiconducting thin films (Cu2S and Cu2Se) with the highest room-temperature conductivity among solution-based materials. Furthermore, we show that complex semiconductor alloys with tunable band gaps, such as CuIn(S(x)Se(1-x))2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1), can also be readily prepared by simply mixing Cu2S, Cu2Se, In2S3, and In2Se3 ink solutions in a proper ratio. Our study outlines a general strategy for the formulation of inorganic semiconductor ink for low-temperature processing of large-area electronic thin films on diverse substrates and can greatly impact diverse areas including flexible electronics, thermoelectrics, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Lin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qiyuan He
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anxiang Yin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuxi Xu
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chen Wang
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mengning Ding
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hung-Chieh Cheng
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Benjamin Papandrea
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yu Huang
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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32
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Doane TL, Alam R, Maye MM. Functionalization of quantum rods with oligonucleotides for programmable assembly with DNA origami. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:2883-2888. [PMID: 25611367 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr07662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The DNA-mediated self-assembly of CdSe/CdS quantum rods (QRs) onto DNA origami is described. Two QR types with unique optical emission and high polarization were synthesized, and then functionalized with oligonucleotides (ssDNA) using a novel protection-deprotection approach, which harnessed ssDNA's tailorable rigidity and denaturation temperature to increase DNA coverage by reducing non-specific coordination and wrapping. The QR assembly was programmable, and occurred at two different assembly zones that had capture strands in parallel alignment. QRs with different optical properties were assembled, opening up future studies on orientation dependent QR FRET. The QR-origami conjugates could be purified via gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Assembly yields, QR stoichiometry and orientation, as well as energy transfer implications were studied in light of QR distances, origami flexibility, and conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tennyson L Doane
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse New York, 13244, USA.
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33
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Otelaja OO, Ha DH, Ly T, Zhang H, Robinson RD. Highly conductive Cu2-xS nanoparticle films through room-temperature processing and an order of magnitude enhancement of conductivity via electrophoretic deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:18911-18920. [PMID: 25314692 DOI: 10.1021/am504785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A facile room-temperature method for assembling colloidal copper sulfide (Cu2-xS) nanoparticles into highly electrically conducting films is presented. Ammonium sulfide is utilized for connecting the nanoparticles via ligand removal, which transforms the as-deposited insulating films into highly conducting films. Electronic properties of the treated films are characterized with a combination of Hall effect measurements, field-effect transistor measurements, temperature-dependent conductivity measurements, and capacitance-voltage measurements, revealing their highly doped p-type semiconducting nature. The spin-cast nanoparticle films have carrier concentration of ∼ 10(19) cm(-3), Hall mobilities of ∼ 3 to 4 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), and electrical conductivities of ∼ 5 to 6 S · cm(-1). Our films have hole mobilities that are 1-4 orders of magnitude higher than hole mobilities previously reported for heat-treated nanoparticle films of HgTe, InSb, PbS, PbTe, and PbSe. We show that electrophoretic deposition (EPD) as a method for nanoparticle film assembly leads to an order of magnitude enhancement in film conductivity (∼ 75 S · cm(-1)) over conventional spin-casting, creating copper sulfide nanoparticle films with conductivities comparable to bulk films formed through physical deposition methods. The X-ray diffraction patterns of the Cu2-xS films, with and without ligand removal, match the Djurleite phase (Cu(1.94)S) of copper sulfide and show that the nanoparticles maintain finite size after the ammonium sulfide processing. The high conductivities reported are attributed to better interparticle coupling through the ammonium sulfide treatment. This approach presents a scalable room-temperature route for fabricating highly conducting nanoparticle assemblies for large-area electronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obafemi O Otelaja
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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Smith BD, Fichthorn KA, Kirby DJ, Quimby LM, Triplett DA, González P, Hernández D, Keating CD. Asymmetric van der Waals forces drive orientation of compositionally anisotropic nanocylinders within smectic arrays: experiment and simulation. ACS NANO 2014; 8:657-70. [PMID: 24308771 PMCID: PMC3926316 DOI: 10.1021/nn405312x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how micro- and nanoparticles interact is important for achieving bottom-up assembly of desired structures. Here, we examine the self-assembly of two-component, compositionally asymmetric nanocylinders that sediment from solution onto a solid surface. These particles spontaneously formed smectic arrays. Within the rows of an array, nanocylinders tended to assemble such that neighboring particles had the same orientation of their segments. As a probe of interparticle interactions, we classified nanocylinder alignments by measuring the segment orientations of many sets of neighboring particles. Monte Carlo simulations incorporating an exact expression for the van der Waals (vdW) energy indicate that differences in the vdW interactions, even when small, are the key factor in producing observed segment alignment. These results point to asymmetrical vdW interactions as a potentially powerful means of controlling orientation in multicomponent cylinder arrays, and suggest that designing for these interactions could yield new ways to control self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Kristen A. Fichthorn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - David J. Kirby
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Lisa M. Quimby
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Derek A. Triplett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Pedro González
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Darimar Hernández
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
| | - Christine D. Keating
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
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Widmer-Cooper A, Geissler P. Orientational ordering of passivating ligands on CdS nanorods in solution generates strong rod-rod interactions. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:57-65. [PMID: 24295449 DOI: 10.1021/nl403067p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present the first nearly atomistic molecular dynamics study of nanorod-nanorod association in explicit solvent, showing that inter-rod forces can be dominated by microscopic factors absent in common continuum descriptions. Specifically, we find that alkane ligands on faceted CdS nanorods in n-hexane undergo a temperature-dependent order-disorder transition akin to that of self-assembled monolayers on macroscopic substrates. This collective ligand alignment organizes nearby solvent molecules, strongly influencing the statistics of rod-rod separation. The strong temperature dependence of this mechanism could be exploited in the laboratory to manipulate and optimize the assembly of ordered structures.
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Ryan KM, Singh S, Liu P, Singh A. Assembly of binary, ternary and quaternary compound semiconductor nanorods: From local to device scale ordering influenced by surface charge. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce00679h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article we outline the assembly of binary, ternary and quaternary nanorods using three separate protocols: (a) droplet based assembly, (b) assembly in a vial, (c) electrophoretic deposition. The rods are the important photoabsorbers CdS, CdSexS1−x, CuInxGa1−xS, and Cu2ZnSnS4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Ryan
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick, Ireland
| | - Shalini Singh
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick, Ireland
| | - Pai Liu
- Materials and Surface Science Institute and Department of Chemical and Environmental Sciences
- University of Limerick
- Limerick, Ireland
| | - Ajay Singh
- The Molecular Foundry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley, USA
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Smith BD, Kirby DJ, Rivera IO, Keating CD. Self-assembly of segmented anisotropic particles: tuning compositional anisotropy to form vertical or horizontal arrays. ACS NANO 2013; 7:825-833. [PMID: 23244212 DOI: 10.1021/nn305394s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Columnar arrays of anisotropic nano- and microparticles, in which the long axes of the particles are oriented perpendicular to the substrate, are of interest for photovoltaics and other applications. Array assembly typically requires applied electric or magnetic fields and/or controlled drying, which are challenging over large areas. Here, we describe a scalable approach to self-assemble multicomponent nanowires into columnar arrays. Self-assembly of partially etched nanowires (PENs) occurred spontaneously during sedimentation from suspension, without drying or applied fields. PENs, which have segments that are either gold or "empty" (solvent-filled) surrounded by a silica shell, were produced from striped metal nanowires by first coating with silica and then removing sacrificial segments by acid etching. Electrostatic repulsion between the particles was necessary for array assembly; however, details of PEN surface chemistry were relatively unimportant. The aspect ratio and relative center of mass (COM) of the PENs were important for determining whether the PEN long axes were vertically or horizontally aligned with respect to the underlying substrate. Arrays with predominantly vertically aligned particles were achieved for PENs with a large offset in COM relative to the geometric center, while other types of PENs formed horizontal arrays. Assemblies were formed over >10 cm(2) areas, with over 60% of particles standing. We assessed array uniformity and reproducibility by imaging many positions within each sample and performing multiple assemblies of differently segmented PENs. This work demonstrates the versatility of gravity-driven PEN array assembly and provides a framework for designing other anisotropic particle systems that self-assemble into columnar arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Smith
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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