1
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Bruch D, Wang ZG. A model for zwitterionic polymers and their capacitance applications. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:104901. [PMID: 39254163 DOI: 10.1063/5.0226496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Zwitterions have been shown experimentally to enhance the dielectric constant of ionic media, owing to their large molecular dipole. Many studies since explored the enhancement of ionic conductivity with zwitterion additives as well as bulk behavior of zwitterions. Here, we examine the capacitance behavior of zwitterions between charged parallel plates using a mean-field theory. Employing only chain connectivity of a cation and anion with neutral monomers in between with mean-field electrostatics, we show that our model captures the high-dielectric behavior of zwitterions. We also predict an optimum in the capacitance of zwitterionic media as a function of chain length. To address the issue of zwitterion screening near charged surfaces, we demonstrate that zwitterions simultaneously partially screen charged walls and act as a pure dielectric that propagates the electric field far from the surface. Moreover, we show that salt solutions with zwitterionic additives outperform the energy density of both salt-only and zwitterion-only capacitors. We find that salt-only capacitors perform better at low applied potential, whereas salt capacitors with zwitterionic additives perform better at high applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Bruch
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Zhen-Gang Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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2
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Liu X, Kong X. Minimal Coarse-Grained Models of Polar Solvent for Electrolytes: Stockmayer Versus Dumbbell. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3953-3963. [PMID: 38520347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the potential of the dumbbell solvent as a minimal model for understanding electrolyte solutions in polar solvents. Our investigation involves a comparative analysis of the dumbbell model and the Stockmayer model, focusing on ion solvation and ion-ion correlations. We examine electrolytes containing symmetric monovalent salts dissolved in polar solvents while varying the ion density and solvent polarity. Both models predict an augmented solvent coordination number around ions as the solvent polarity increases, with the dumbbell solvent displaying a more pronounced effect. Notably, radial distribution functions (RDFs) between solvent and ions yield differing trends; Stockmayer models exhibit a nonmonotonic relationship due to strong dipole-dipole interactions at higher polarity, while RDFs for ions and dumbbell solvents consistently rise. In response to increased solvent polarity, Stockmayer solvents within the ion's solvation shell undergo continuous dipole orientation shifts, whereas the dumbbell solvent predominantly adopts pointing-away dipole orientations, diminishing pointing-to orientations. This underscores the significance of the interplay between the solvent molecular orientation and dipole rotation. Both models qualitatively predict ion pairing and clustering behaviors across varying solvent dipole strengths and salt concentrations. The Stockmayer solvent generally provides stronger electrostatic screening than the dumbbell solvent due to its neglect of the coupling between molecular orientation and dipole rotation. What's more, at a high dipole moment regime, ion-ion correlations in Stockmayer solvent can become stronger with increasing dipole moment due to stronger solvent-solvent correlations. This study underscores the effectiveness of the dumbbell solvent model in systematically elucidating the fundamental principles governing electrolytes and offers potential applications in the rational design of electrolyte systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqiang Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xian Kong
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Jäger H, Schlaich A, Yang J, Lian C, Kondrat S, Holm C. A screening of results on the decay length in concentrated electrolytes. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:520-539. [PMID: 37602784 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00043e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Screening of electrostatic interactions in room-temperature ionic liquids and concentrated electrolytes has recently attracted much attention as surface force balance experiments have suggested the emergence of unanticipated anomalously large screening lengths at high ion concentrations. Termed underscreening, this effect was ascribed to the bulk properties of concentrated ionic systems. However, underscreening under experimentally relevant conditions is not predicted by classical theories and challenges our understanding of electrostatic correlations. Despite the enormous effort in performing large-scale simulations and new theoretical investigations, the origin of the anomalously long-range screening length remains elusive. This contribution briefly summarises the experimental, analytical and simulation results on ionic screening and the scaling behaviour of screening lengths. We then present an atomistic simulation approach that accounts for the solvent and ion exchange with a reservoir. We find that classical density functional theory (DFT) for concentrated electrolytes under confinement reproduces ion adsorption at charged interfaces surprisingly well. With DFT, we study confined electrolytes using implicit and explicit solvent models and the dependence on the solvent's dielectric properties. Our results demonstrate how the absence vs. presence of solvent particles and their discrete nature affect the short and long-range screening in concentrated ionic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Jäger
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alexander Schlaich
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Cheng Lian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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4
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Yang J, Kondrat S, Lian C, Liu H, Schlaich A, Holm C. Solvent Effects on Structure and Screening in Confined Electrolytes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:118201. [PMID: 37774307 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Using classical density functional theory, we investigate the influence of solvent on the structure and ionic screening of electrolytes under slit confinement and in contact with a reservoir. We consider a symmetric electrolyte with implicit and explicit solvent models and find that spatially resolving solvent molecules is essential for the ion structure at confining walls, excess ion adsorption, and the pressure exerted on the walls. Despite this, we observe only moderate differences in the period of oscillations of the pressure with the slit width and virtually coinciding decay lengths as functions of the scaling variable σ_{ion}/λ_{D}, where σ_{ion} is the ion diameter and λ_{D} the Debye length. Moreover, in the electrostatic-dominated regime, this scaling behavior is practically independent of the relative permittivity and its dependence on the ion concentration. In contrast, the crossover to the hard-core-dominated regime depends sensitively on all three factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Svyatoslav Kondrat
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cheng Lian
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Alexander Schlaich
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Stuttgart Center for Simulation Science (SC SimTech), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Holm
- Institute for Computational Physics, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Jildani SR, Keshavarzi E. Exploring the electrosorption and surface charge amplification at the ionic liquid/cavity interface: influence of imidazolium alkyl chain length and the size of the spherical cavities of the porous electrode. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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6
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Yang S, Deng Y, Zhou S. Capacitive Behavior of Aqueous Electrical Double Layer Based on Dipole Dimer Water Model. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:16. [PMID: 36615925 PMCID: PMC9824578 DOI: 10.3390/nano13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper is to investigate the possibility of using the dipole dimer as water model in describing the electrical double layer capacitor capacitance behaviors. Several points are confirmed. First, the use of the dipole dimer water model enables several experimental phenomena of aqueous electrical double layer capacitance to be achievable: suppress the differential capacitance values gravely overestimated by the hard sphere water model and continuum medium water model, respectively; reproduce the negative correlation effect between the differential capacitance and temperature, insensitivity of the differential capacitance to bulk electrolyte concentration, and camel-shaped capacitance-voltage curves; and more quantitatively describe the camel peak position of the capacitance-voltage curve and its dependence on the counter-ion size. Second, we fully illustrate that the electric dipole plays an irreplaceable role in reproducing the above experimentally confirmed capacitance behaviors and the previous hard sphere water model without considering the electric dipole is simply not competent. The novelty of the paper is that it shows the potential of the dipole dimer water model in helping reproduce experimentally verified aqueous electric double layer capacitance behaviors. One can expect to realize this potential by properly selecting parameters such as the dimer site size, neutral interaction, residual dielectric constant, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songming Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Zhili College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Youer Deng
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Shiqi Zhou
- School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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7
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Rabiei Jildani S, Keshavarzi E. Influence of cation shape asymmetry on the interfacial features and capacitance curve of ionic liquids inside the spherical cavity of the porous electrode as an ionic liquid-based supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Simonin JP, Høye JS. Inclusion of solvent polarizability in the modeling of ion-dipole mixtures within the mean spherical approximation (MSA). J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Jeanmairet G, Rotenberg B, Salanne M. Microscopic Simulations of Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10860-10898. [PMID: 35389636 PMCID: PMC9227719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are devices allowing the storage or production of electricity. They function through the adsorption of ions from an electrolyte on high-surface-area electrodes and are characterized by short charging/discharging times and long cycle-life compared to batteries. Microscopic simulations are now widely used to characterize the structural, dynamical, and adsorption properties of these devices, complementing electrochemical experiments and in situ spectroscopic analyses. In this review, we discuss the main families of simulation methods that have been developed and their application to the main family of EDLCs, which include nanoporous carbon electrodes. We focus on the adsorption of organic ions for electricity storage applications as well as aqueous systems in the context of blue energy harvesting and desalination. We finally provide perspectives for further improvement of the predictive power of simulations, in particular for future devices with complex electrode compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Jeanmairet
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Benjamin Rotenberg
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Électrochimique de l’Énergie
(RS2E), FR CNRS 3459, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Mathieu Salanne
- Réseau
sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E), FR CNRS
3459, 80039 Amiens, France
- Sorbonne
Université, CNRS, Physico-chimie
des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes Interfaciaux, PHENIX, F-75005 Paris, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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10
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Wu J. Understanding the Electric Double-Layer Structure, Capacitance, and Charging Dynamics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:10821-10859. [PMID: 35594506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in recent years in theoretical modeling of the electric double layer (EDL), a key concept in electrochemistry important for energy storage, electrocatalysis, and multitudes of other technological applications. However, major challenges remain in understanding the microscopic details of the electrochemical interface and charging mechanisms under realistic conditions. This review delves into theoretical methods to describe the equilibrium and dynamic responses of the EDL structure and capacitance for electrochemical systems commonly deployed for capacitive energy storage. Special emphasis is given to recent advances that intend to capture the nonclassical EDL behavior such as oscillatory ion distributions, polarization of nonmetallic electrodes, charge transfer, and various forms of phase transitions in the micropores of electrodes interfacing with an organic electrolyte or ionic liquid. This comprehensive analysis highlights theoretical insights into predictable relationships between materials characteristics and electrochemical performance and offers a perspective on opportunities for further development toward rational design and optimization of electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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11
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Sun Y, Li Y. Application of surface complexation modeling on adsorption of uranium at water-solid interface: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116861. [PMID: 33714063 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Precise prediction of uranium adsorption at water-mineral interface is of great significance for the safe disposal of radionuclides in geologic environments. Surface complexation modeling (SCM) as a very useful tool has been extensively investigated for simulating adsorption behavior of metals/metalloids at water-mineral interface. Numerous studies concerning the fitting of uranium adsorption on various adsorbents using SCM are well documented, but the systematic and comprehensive review of uranium adsorption using various SCM is not available. In this review, we briefly summarized the rationale of SCM, including constant-capacitance-model (CCM), diffuse-layer-model (DLM), triple-layer-model (TLM); The recent progress in the application of SCM on the fitting of uranium adsorption towards metal (hydr)oxides, clay minerals and soil/sediments was reviewed in details. This review hopefully provides the beneficial guidelines for predicting the transport and fate of uranium in geologic environments beyond laboratory timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubing Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China.
| | - Ying Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
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12
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Curvature dependence of the camel-bell curve transition on the capacitance curve of spherical electric double-layer in porous electrodes: Density Functional Theory. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Su H, Lian C, Liu J, Liu H. Machine learning models for solvent effects on electric double layer capacitance. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Li J, Pham PHQ, Zhou W, Pham TD, Burke PJ. Carbon-Nanotube-Electrolyte Interface: Quantum and Electric Double Layer Capacitance. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9763-9774. [PMID: 30226746 PMCID: PMC6429958 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive study of the electrochemical capacitance between a one-dimensional electronic material and an electrolyte. In contrast to a conventional, planar electrode, the nanoscale dimension of the electrode (with diameter smaller than the Debye length and approaching the size of the ions in solution) qualitatively changes the capacitance, which we measure and model herein. Furthermore, the finite density of states in these low dimensional electronic systems results in a quantum capacitance, which is comparable to the electrochemical capacitance. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), we measure the ensemble average, complex, frequency dependent impedance (from 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz) between a purified (99.9%) semiconducting nanotube network and an aqueous electrolyte (KCl) at different concentrations between 10 mM and 1 M. The potential dependence of the capacitance is convoluted with the potential dependence of the in-plane conductance of the nanotube network, which we model using a transmission-line model to account for the frequency dependent in-plane impedance as well as the total interfacial impedance between the network and the electrolyte. The ionic strength dependence of the capacitance is expected to have a root cause from the double layer capacitance, which we model using a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The relative contributions from those two capacitances can be quantitatively decoupled. We find a total capacitance per tube of 0.67-1.13 fF/μm according to liquid gate potential varying from -0.5 to -0.7 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Phi H. Q. Pham
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Ted D. Pham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Peter J. Burke
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Mashayak SY, Aluru NR. A multiscale model for charge inversion in electric double layers. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5026975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Mashayak
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - N. R. Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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16
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Härtel A. Structure of electric double layers in capacitive systems and to what extent (classical) density functional theory describes it. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:423002. [PMID: 28898203 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing scientific interest is aimed at the properties and structure of electric double layers (EDLs), which are crucial for capacitive energy storage, water treatment, and energy harvesting technologies like supercapacitors, desalination devices, blue engines, and thermocapacitive heat-to-current converters. A promising tool to describe their physics on a microscopic level is (classical) density functional theory (DFT), which can be applied in order to analyze pair correlations and charge ordering in the primitive model of charged hard spheres. This simple model captures the main properties of ionic liquids and solutions and it predicts many of the phenomena that occur in EDLs. The latter often lead to anomalous response in the differential capacitance of EDLs. This work constructively reviews the powerful theoretical framework of DFT and its recent developments regarding the description of EDLs. It explains to what extent current approaches in DFT describe structural ordering and in-plane transitions in EDLs, which occur when the corresponding electrodes are charged. Further, the review briefly summarizes the history of modeling EDLs, presents applications, and points out limitations and strengths in present theoretical approaches. It concludes that DFT as a sophisticated microscopic theory for ionic systems is expecting a challenging but promising future in both fundamental research and applications in supercapacitive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härtel
- Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Hermann-Herder-Str. 3, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Zhan C, Lian C, Zhang Y, Thompson MW, Xie Y, Wu J, Kent PRC, Cummings PT, Jiang D, Wesolowski DJ. Computational Insights into Materials and Interfaces for Capacitive Energy Storage. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700059. [PMID: 28725531 PMCID: PMC5515120 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Supercapacitors such as electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitors are becoming increasingly important in the field of electrical energy storage. Theoretical study of energy storage in EDLCs focuses on solving for the electric double-layer structure in different electrode geometries and electrolyte components, which can be achieved by molecular simulations such as classical molecular dynamics (MD), classical density functional theory (classical DFT), and Monte-Carlo (MC) methods. In recent years, combining first-principles and classical simulations to investigate the carbon-based EDLCs has shed light on the importance of quantum capacitance in graphene-like 2D systems. More recently, the development of joint density functional theory (JDFT) enables self-consistent electronic-structure calculation for an electrode being solvated by an electrolyte. In contrast with the large amount of theoretical and computational effort on EDLCs, theoretical understanding of pseudocapacitance is very limited. In this review, we first introduce popular modeling methods and then focus on several important aspects of EDLCs including nanoconfinement, quantum capacitance, dielectric screening, and novel 2D electrode design; we also briefly touch upon pseudocapactive mechanism in RuO2. We summarize and conclude with an outlook for the future of materials simulation and design for capacitive energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521United States
| | - Cheng Lian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia92521United States
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai200237P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - Matthew W. Thompson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - Yu Xie
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCalifornia92521United States
| | - Paul R. C. Kent
- Center for Nanophase Materials SciencesOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
- Computer Science and Mathematics DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
| | - Peter T. Cummings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringVanderbilt UniversityNashvilleTennessee37235United States
| | - De‐en Jiang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCA92521United States
| | - David J. Wesolowski
- Chemcial Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTennessee37831United States
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18
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Reindl A, Bier M, Dietrich S. Electrolyte solutions at curved electrodes. II. Microscopic approach. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:154704. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4979948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Mashayak SY, Aluru NR. Langevin-Poisson-EQT: A dipolar solvent based quasi-continuum approach for electric double layers. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:044108. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Mashayak
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - N. R. Aluru
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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20
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Härtel A, Samin S, van Roij R. Dense ionic fluids confined in planar capacitors: in- and out-of-plane structure from classical density functional theory. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:244007. [PMID: 27116552 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/24/244007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing scientific interest in the properties and structure of electric double layers (EDLs) stems from their pivotal role in (super)capacitive energy storage, energy harvesting, and water treatment technologies. Classical density functional theory (DFT) is a promising framework for the study of the in- and out-of-plane structural properties of double layers. Supported by molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the adequate performance of DFT for analyzing charge layering in the EDL perpendicular to the electrodes. We discuss charge storage and capacitance of the EDL and the impact of screening due to dielectric solvents. We further calculate, for the first time, the in-plane structure of the EDL within the framework of DFT. While our out-of-plane results already hint at structural in-plane transitions inside the EDL, which have been observed recently in simulations and experiments, our DFT approach performs poorly in predicting in-plane structure in comparison to simulations. However, our findings isolate fundamental issues in the theoretical description of the EDL within the primitive model and point towards limitations in the performance of DFT in describing the out-of-plane structure of the EDL at high concentrations and potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härtel
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudinger Weg 9, 55128 Mainz, Germany. Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Brown JR, Seo Y, Maula TAD, Hall LM. Fluids density functional theory and initializing molecular dynamics simulations of block copolymers. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:124904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4943982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Brown
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Youngmi Seo
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Tiara Ann D. Maula
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lisa M. Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Abstract
Capacitive energy storage devices are receiving increasing experimental and theoretical attention due to their enormous potential for energy applications. Current research in this field is focused on the improvement of both the energy and the power density of supercapacitors by optimizing the nanostructure of porous electrodes and the chemical structure/composition of the electrolytes. However, the understanding of the underlying correlations and the mechanisms of electric double layer formation near charged surfaces and inside nanoporous electrodes is complicated by the complex interplay of several molecular scale phenomena. This Perspective presents several aspects regarding the experimental and theoretical research in the field, discusses the current atomistic and molecular scale understanding of the mechanisms of energy and charge storage, and provides a brief outlook to the future developments and applications of these devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenel Vatamanu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Utah , 122 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Dmitry Bedrov
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The University of Utah , 122 S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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Härtel A, Janssen M, Samin S, van Roij R. Fundamental measure theory for the electric double layer: implications for blue-energy harvesting and water desalination. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:194129. [PMID: 25923717 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/19/194129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive mixing (CAPMIX) and capacitive deionization (CDI) are promising candidates for harvesting clean, renewable energy and for the energy efficient production of potable water, respectively. Both CAPMIX and CDI involve water-immersed porous carbon (supercapacitors) electrodes at voltages of the order of hundreds of millivolts, such that counter-ionic packing is important for the electric double layer (EDL) which forms near the surfaces of these porous materials. Thus, we propose a density functional theory (DFT) to model the EDL, where the White-Bear mark II fundamental measure theory functional is combined with a mean-field Coulombic and a mean spherical approximation-type correction to describe the interplay between dense packing and electrostatics, in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations. We discuss the concentration-dependent potential rise due to changes in the chemical potential in capacitors in the context of an over-ideal theoretical description and its impact on energy harvesting and water desalination. Compared to less elaborate mean-field models our DFT calculations reveal a higher work output for blue-energy cycles and a higher energy demand for desalination cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Härtel
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Center for Extreme Matter and Emergent Phenomena, Utrecht University, Leuvenlaan 4, 3584 CE Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Structure of the electrical double layer at aqueous gold and silver interfaces for saline solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 436:99-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Jiang J, Cao D, Henderson D, Wu J. Revisiting density functionals for the primitive model of electric double layers. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:044714. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4862990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lee JW, Templeton JA, Mandadapu KK, Zimmerman JA. Comparison of Molecular and Primitive Solvent Models for Electrical Double Layers in Nanochannels. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 9:3051-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ct4002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jiang DE, Wu J. Microscopic Insights into the Electrochemical Behavior of Nonaqueous Electrolytes in Electric Double-Layer Capacitors. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:1260-1267. [PMID: 26282139 DOI: 10.1021/jz4002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are electrical devices that store energy by adsorption of ionic species at the inner surface of porous electrodes. Compared with aqueous electrolytes, ionic liquid and organic electrolytes have the advantage of larger potential windows, making them attractive for the next generation of EDLCs with superior energy and power densities. The performance of both ionic liquid and organic electrolyte EDLCs hinges on the judicious selection of the electrode pore size and the electrolyte composition, which requires a comprehension of the charging behavior from a microscopic view. In this Perspective, we discuss predictions from the classical density functional theory (CDFT) on the dependence of the capacitance on the pore size for ionic liquid and organic electrolyte EDLCs. CDFT is applicable to electrodes with the pore size ranging from that below the ionic dimensionality to mesoscopic scales, thus unique for investigating the electrochemical behavior of the confined electrolytes for EDLC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-En Jiang
- †Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- ‡Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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29
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Tang WY, Hu GH. Prediction of the effective force on DNA in a nanopore based on density functional theory. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43325k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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