1
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Herbert JM. Visualizing and characterizing excited states from time-dependent density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:3755-3794. [PMID: 38226636 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04226j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) is the most widely-used electronic structure method for excited states, due to a favorable combination of low cost and semi-quantitative accuracy in many contexts, even if there are well recognized limitations. This Perspective describes various ways in which excited states from TD-DFT calculations can be visualized and analyzed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. This includes not just orbitals and densities but also well-defined statistical measures of electron-hole separation and of Frenkel-type exciton delocalization. Emphasis is placed on mathematical connections between methods that have often been discussed separately. Particular attention is paid to charge-transfer diagnostics, which provide indicators of when TD-DFT may not be trustworthy due to its categorical failure to describe long-range electron transfer. Measures of exciton size and charge separation that are directly connected to the underlying transition density are recommended over more ad hoc metrics for quantifying charge-transfer character.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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2
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Bhat V, Callaway CP, Risko C. Computational Approaches for Organic Semiconductors: From Chemical and Physical Understanding to Predicting New Materials. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37141497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
While a complete understanding of organic semiconductor (OSC) design principles remains elusive, computational methods─ranging from techniques based in classical and quantum mechanics to more recent data-enabled models─can complement experimental observations and provide deep physicochemical insights into OSC structure-processing-property relationships, offering new capabilities for in silico OSC discovery and design. In this Review, we trace the evolution of these computational methods and their application to OSCs, beginning with early quantum-chemical methods to investigate resonance in benzene and building to recent machine-learning (ML) techniques and their application to ever more sophisticated OSC scientific and engineering challenges. Along the way, we highlight the limitations of the methods and how sophisticated physical and mathematical frameworks have been created to overcome those limitations. We illustrate applications of these methods to a range of specific challenges in OSCs derived from π-conjugated polymers and molecules, including predicting charge-carrier transport, modeling chain conformations and bulk morphology, estimating thermomechanical properties, and describing phonons and thermal transport, to name a few. Through these examples, we demonstrate how advances in computational methods accelerate the deployment of OSCsin wide-ranging technologies, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic thermoelectrics, organic batteries, and organic (bio)sensors. We conclude by providing an outlook for the future development of computational techniques to discover and assess the properties of high-performing OSCs with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Bhat
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Connor P Callaway
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Chad Risko
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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3
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Lee S, Jen M, Lee G, Jang T, Pang Y. Intramolecular charge transfer of a push-pull chromophore with restricted internal rotation of an electron donor. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5794-5802. [PMID: 35195633 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05541k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-[2-(2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-9-yl)vinyl]-4H-pyran (LD688) in DMSO solution was investigated by femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy (FSRS) with 403 nm excitation. The molecular structure of LD688 is similar to that of a well-known push-pull chromophore, 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-(p-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM), except that the internal rotation of the electron-donating dimethylamino group is restricted with the introduction of the julolidine moiety. Upon photo-excitation, LD688 shows an ultrafast (1.0 ps) ICT followed by the vibrational relaxation (3-8 ps) in the charge-transfer (CT) state. Two distinct Raman spectra of LD688 in the locally excited (LE) and CT state of the S1 state were retrieved from FSRS measurements. Based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) simulations, a "twisted" julolidine geometry of LD688 was proposed for the ICT state, which was further confirmed in comparison to the spectral changes of several push-pull chromophores with the π-conjugated backbone of stilbene, biphenyl, styrylpyran, styrylpyridinium, and styrene in terms of the skeletal vibrational modes of ν19b,py, νCC,ph, and νCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Myungsam Jen
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gisang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Taehyung Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonsoo Pang
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Gurskiy SI, Maklakov SS, Dmitrieva NE, Tafeenko VA. Effects of transition metal cations and temperature on the luminescence of a 3-cyano-4-dicyanomethylene-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1 H-pyrrole-2-olate anion. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01225h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The luminescence intensity of a 3-cyano-4-dicyanomethylene-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrol-2-olate anion (HA−) drops to zero upon complexation with transition metal cations, and reversibly drops by 6–7 times upon heating from 27 up to 123 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav I. Gurskiy
- Moscow State University of Civil Engineering, Yaroslavskoye Shosse, 26, Moscow, 129337, Russia
| | - Sergey S. Maklakov
- Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electromagnetics RAS (ITAE RAS), Izhorskaya St., 13, Moscow, 125412, Russia
| | - Natalia E. Dmitrieva
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Building 3, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Viktor A. Tafeenko
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, Building 3, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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5
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Yang L, Li Z, Wei T, Zhou L, Li F, Fang S, Song Y. Tunable Non-linear Refraction Properties and Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics of Dicyanomethylene Dihydrofuran Derivative. Front Chem 2020; 8:522974. [PMID: 33344411 PMCID: PMC7744724 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.522974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The third order non-linear optical response of a dicyanomethylene dihydrofuran compound (DCDHF-2V) was investigated using a Z-scan technique in picosecond and nanosecond time regimes. The results show that DCDHF-2V has excellent excited state non-linear refraction properties on both time regimes, and the non-linear refraction index is also solvent-dependent in the nanosecond regime. The excited state relaxation dynamics of DCDHF-2V were demystified via femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The TA spectra reveal that the solvent viscosities have a substantial impact on the excited state relaxation of DCDHF-2V. The exotic photophysical phenomena in DCDHF-2V reported herein can shed new light on future development of small organic non-linear optical materials with large non-linear coefficients and fast response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpo Yang
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhongguo Li
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu, China
| | - Taihui Wei
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feng Li
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoming Fang
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinglin Song
- Department of Physics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,College of Physics, Optoelectronics and Energy, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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6
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Kendrick WJ, Jirásek M, Peeks MD, Greetham GM, Sazanovich IV, Donaldson PM, Towrie M, Parker AW, Anderson HL. Mechanisms of IR amplification in radical cation polarons. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2112-2120. [PMID: 34123299 PMCID: PMC8150116 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Break down of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is caused by mixing of electronic and vibrational transitions in the radical cations of some conjugated polymers, resulting in unusually intense vibrational bands known as infrared active vibrations (IRAVs). Here, we investigate the mechanism of this amplification, and show that it provides insights into intramolecular charge migration. Spectroelectrochemical time-resolved infrared (TRIR) and two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopies were used to investigate the radical cations of two butadiyne-linked conjugated porphyrin oligomers, a linear dimer and a cyclic hexamer. The 2D-IR spectra reveal strong coupling between all the IRAVs and the electronic π-π* polaron band. Intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR) and vibrational relaxation occur within ∼0.1-7 ps. TRIR spectra show that the transient ground state bleach (GSB) and excited state absorption (ESA) signals have anisotropies of 0.31 ± 0.07 and 0.08 ± 0.04 for the linear dimer and cyclic hexamer cations, respectively. The small TRIR anisotropy for the cyclic hexamer radical cation indicates that the vibrationally excited polaron migrates round the nanoring on a time scale faster than the measurement, i.e. within 0.5 ps, at 298 K. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations qualitatively reproduce the emergence of the IRAVs. The first singlet (S1) excited states of the neutral porphyrin oligomers exhibit similar IRAVs to the radical cations, implying that the excitons have similar electronic structures to polarons. Our results show that IRAVs originate from the strong coupling of charge redistribution to nuclear motion, and from the similar energies of electronic and vibrational transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Kendrick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Michael Jirásek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Martin D Peeks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Gregory M Greetham
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Igor V Sazanovich
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Paul M Donaldson
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Anthony W Parker
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology Facilities Council Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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7
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Inaoka S, Iwata K, Saha S. Towards the critical understanding of selected vibrational features in biologically important dicyano aromatic conjugated molecules: Importance of electron donating/withdrawal groups and geometry associated with dicyano group. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 224:117419. [PMID: 31369992 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Raman spectra of a series of synthesized DC molecules (benzylidene malononitrile derivatives) with different electron donating (EDG) and electron withdrawing (EWG) group have been presented and analyzed with DFT calculated spectra. In particular, different functional groups effect on cyano stretching (∼2200 cm-1), phenyl ring breathing and alkenic double bond stretch which often appears mixed up (1475-1650 cm-1) are studied systematically for several aromatic conjugated DC derivatives. Interestingly, symmetric stretching frequency of the DC compounds having two CN groups at geminal position appears at higher wavenumber (by 11-15 cm-1) compared to their corresponding asymmetric stretch frequency. Angle (between dicyano group) dependent theoretical study indicates that the relative appearance of cyano symmetric/anti-symmetric stretching frequency depends on whether dicyano groups are at the geminal or vicinal position and the angle between them. Complete band assignments of observed Raman frequencies have been performed by potential energy distributions (PEDs) available in GAR2PED software. Our results will help to understand the vibrational feature of this important class of compounds in biological medium when used as probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Inaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Japan
| | - Koichi Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, 1-5-1 Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Japan
| | - Satyen Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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8
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On the Nature of Interplay among Major Flexibility Channels in Molecular Rotors. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/8359527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As a part of our interest in the excited-state dynamics of flexible materials, we have undertaken a theoretical investigation to the photo-induced reactions of 2-[4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene]malononitrile (BMN) by a combination of the density functional theory, its extended time-dependent (TD-DFT) single reference, and ab initio molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The results showed that double-bond twisting and the neighbor single-bond twisting togetherness in the excited singlet state is the most important nonradiative deactivation channel to the ground state. Double- and single-bond twisting insert clear intersections among the potential energy surfaces of the singlet states (especially S1/S0) leading to fluorescence quenching. Furthermore, effects of molecular dynamic simulations on molecular properties in the femtosecond to picosecond time domain are studied to validate the results. In agreement with the experimental results, the findings conclude the existence of a flexible geometry-dependent single emission band. Such a study may give information on how the molecule could be externally modified/fixed to yield a desired effect, i.e., more fluorescence or more nonradiative decay.
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9
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Budzák Š, Jacquemin D. Excited state intramolecular proton transfer in julolidine derivatives: an ab initio study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25031-25038. [PMID: 30246202 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We have studied, using ab initio tools, a series of recently prepared fluorescent julolidine derivatives, undergoing Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT). We show that the computed free energy change in the excited state (ΔGES) can be used to predict the preference for enol, keto, or dual emission. Indeed, two julolidine molecules experimentally show dual emission, consistent with our finding of a small ΔGES. In agreement with experimental outcomes the complexation between the ESIPT centre and BF2 increases the rigidity of the fluorophore and greatly facilitates emission at energies close to the original enol (E*) fluorescence band. The protonation of the imino group also suppresses ESIPT and sole E* emission is obtained. We disclose that chemical substitution can significantly tune the radiationless deactivation of the enol related to the C[double bond, length as m-dash]N bond rotation of the ESIPT centre. While there is a significant barrier for the experimentally studied compounds we have found a strong correlation between the barrier height and the electron donating strength of the phenyl substituent. Strong donors such as amines facilitate the barrierless non-radiative decay from E* back to the ground state, while weak electron donors make the barrier sufficiently high to allow ESIPT. Strong electron accepting groups such as -NO2 further increase this barrier. This work therefore illustrates the fine interplay necessary to design dual emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šimon Budzák
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Matej Bel University, Tajovkého 40, 97401 Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
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10
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Bull JN, Coughlan NJA, Bieske EJ. Protomer-Specific Photochemistry Investigated Using Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6021-6027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James N. Bull
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Evan J. Bieske
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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11
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Zhou Y, Zhuang Y, Li X, Ågren H, Yu L, Ding J, Zhu L. Selective Dual-Channel Imaging on Cyanostyryl-Modified Azulene Systems with Unimolecularly Tunable Visible-Near Infrared Luminescence. Chemistry 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700947 and 21=21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yaping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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12
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Zhou Y, Zhuang Y, Li X, Ågren H, Yu L, Ding J, Zhu L. Selective Dual-Channel Imaging on Cyanostyryl-Modified Azulene Systems with Unimolecularly Tunable Visible-Near Infrared Luminescence. Chemistry 2017; 23:7642-7647. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yaping Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Xin Li
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans Ågren
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology; KTH Royal Institute of Technology; 10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Liangliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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13
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Suhina T, Amirjalayer S, Woutersen S, Bonn D, Brouwer AM. Ultrafast dynamics and solvent-dependent deactivation kinetics of BODIPY molecular rotors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:19998-20007. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent excited state of a molecular rotor based on the meso-substituted boron-dipyrromethane (BODIPY) core decays rapidly to the ground state via a conical intersection. The fluorescence is strongly increased in viscous solvents, but solvent polarity has only a small effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Suhina
- University of Amsterdam
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Physical Institute
- University of Münster
- Heisenbergstrasse 11
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sander Woutersen
- University of Amsterdam
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- University of Amsterdam
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute
- Institute of Physics
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GL Amsterdam
| | - Albert M. Brouwer
- University of Amsterdam
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- 1090 GD Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
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14
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Suhina T, Amirjalayer S, Mennucci B, Woutersen S, Hilbers M, Bonn D, Brouwer AM. Excited-State Decay Pathways of Molecular Rotors: Twisted Intermediate or Conical Intersection? J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4285-4290. [PMID: 27736089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence intensity of molecular rotors containing the dicyanomethylenedihydrofuran (DCDHF) motif increases strongly with solvent viscosity. Single-bond and double-bond rotations have been proposed as pathways of nonradiative decay for this and related molecular rotors. We show here that both are involved in the case of DCDHF rotors: Fluorescence is quenched by rotation around the dicyanomethylene double bond in nonpolar solvents, but in a sufficiently polar environment rotation about a formally single bond leads to a dark internal charge-transfer state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Suhina
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech) and Physical Institute, University of Münster , Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa , via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sander Woutersen
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Hilbers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Karunakaran V, Das S. Direct Observation of Cascade of Photoinduced Ultrafast Intramolecular Charge Transfer Dynamics in Diphenyl Acetylene Derivatives: Via Solvation and Intramolecular Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7016-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Suresh Das
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
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16
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17
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Yang S, Han K. Effects of Solvent Dielectric Constant and Viscosity on Two Rotational Relaxation Paths of Excited 9-(Dicyanovinyl) Julolidine. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:4961-5. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b12612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songqiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular
Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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18
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El Khoury Y, Van Wilderen LJGW, Vogt T, Winter E, Bredenbeck J. A spectroelectrochemical cell for ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2015; 86:083102. [PMID: 26329169 DOI: 10.1063/1.4927533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A spectroelectrochemical cell has been designed to combine electrochemistry and ultrafast two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) spectroscopy, which is a powerful tool to extract structure and dynamics information on the femtosecond to picosecond time scale. Our design is based on a gold mirror with the dual role of performing electrochemistry and reflecting IR light. To provide the high optical surface quality required for laser spectroscopy, the gold surface is made by electron beam evaporation on a glass substrate. Electrochemical cycling facilitates in situ collection of ultrafast dynamics of redox-active molecules by means of 2D-IR. The IR beams are operated in reflection mode so that they travel twice through the sample, i.e., the signal size is doubled. This methodology is optimal for small sample volumes and successfully tested with the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide redox system of which the corresponding electrochemically induced 2D-IR difference spectrum is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef El Khoury
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Luuk J G W Van Wilderen
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Vogt
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ernst Winter
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jens Bredenbeck
- Institut für Biophysik, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Hanson-Heine MWD, Wriglesworth A, Uroos M, Calladine JA, Murphy TS, Hamilton M, Clark IP, Towrie M, Dowden J, Besley NA, George MW. Calculating singlet excited states: Comparison with fast time-resolved infrared spectroscopy of coumarins. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:154119. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4917311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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20
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Zhang W, Gaffney KJ. Mechanistic studies of photoinduced spin crossover and electron transfer in inorganic complexes. Acc Chem Res 2015; 48:1140-8. [PMID: 25789406 DOI: 10.1021/ar500407p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electronic excited-state phenomena provide a compelling intersection of fundamental and applied research interests in the chemical sciences. This holds true for coordination chemistry, where harnessing the strong optical absorption and photocatalytic activity of compounds depends on our ability to control fundamental physical and chemical phenomena associated with the nonadiabatic dynamics of electronic excited states. The central events of excited-state chemistry can critically influence the dynamics of electronic excited states, including internal conversion (transitions between distinct electronic states) and intersystem crossing (transitions between electronic states with different spin multiplicities), events governed by nonadiabatic interactions between electronic states in close proximity to conical intersections, as well as solvation and electron transfer. The diversity of electronic and nuclear dynamics also makes the robust interpretation of experimental measurements challenging. Developments in theory, simulation, and experiment can all help address the interpretation and understanding of chemical dynamics in organometallic and coordination chemistry. Synthesis presents the opportunity to chemically engineer the strength and symmetry of the metal-ligand interactions. This chemical control can be exploited to understand the influence of electronic ground state properties on electronic excited-state dynamics. New time-resolved experimental methods and the insightful exploitation of established methods have an important role in understanding, and ideally controlling, the photophysics and photochemistry of transition metal complexes. Techniques that can disentangle the coupled motion of electrons and nuclear dynamics warrant emphasis. We present a review of electron localization dynamics in charge transfer excited states and the dynamics of photoinitiated spin crossover dynamics. Both electron localization and spin crossover have been investigated by numerous research groups with femtosecond resolution spectroscopy, but challenges in experimental interpretation have left significant uncertainty about the molecular properties that control these phenomena. Our Account will emphasize how tailoring the experimental probe, femtosecond resolution vibrational anisotropy for electron localization, and femtosecond resolution hard X-ray fluorescence for spin crossover can make a significant impact on the interpretability of experimental measurements. The emphasis on thorough and robust interpretation has also led to an emphasis on simpler molecular systems. This enables iteration between experiment and theory, a requirement for the development of a more predictive understanding of electronic excited-state phenomena and an essential step to the development of design rules for solar materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kelly J. Gaffney
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and PULSE Institute, SLAC National
Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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21
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Breffke J, Williams BW, Maroncelli M. The Photophysics of Three Naphthylmethylene Malononitriles. J Phys Chem B 2014; 119:9254-67. [DOI: 10.1021/jp509882q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Breffke
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brian W. Williams
- Department
of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania 17837, United States
| | - Mark Maroncelli
- Department
of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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22
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van der Loop TH, Ruesink F, Amirjalayer S, Sanders HJ, Buma WJ, Woutersen S. Unraveling the Mechanism of a Reversible Photoactivated Molecular Proton Crane. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12965-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508911v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tibert H. van der Loop
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Ruesink
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saeed Amirjalayer
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J. Sanders
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wybren J. Buma
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. Woutersen
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Thompson LM, Lasoroski A, Champion PM, Sage JT, Frisch MJ, van Thor JJ, Bearpark MJ. Analytical Harmonic Vibrational Frequencies for the Green Fluorescent Protein Computed with ONIOM: Chromophore Mode Character and Its Response to Environment. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:751-66. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400664p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Thompson
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Aurélie Lasoroski
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Ecole Normale
Supérieure, Département de Chimie, ENS-CNRS-UPMC UMR8640, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Paul M. Champion
- Department
of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - J. Timothy Sage
- Department
of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Michael J. Frisch
- Gaussian, Inc., 340 Quinnipiac Street, Building 40, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Jasper J. van Thor
- Division
of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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24
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Zhuang X, Wang J, Lan Z. Tracking of the Molecular Motion in the Primary Event of Photoinduced Reactions of a Phytochromobilin Model. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:15976-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jp408799b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhuang
- Key
Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- The
Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- The
Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Key
Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- The
Qingdao Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, P. R. China
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25
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Zhuang X, Wang J, Lan Z. Photoinduced Nonadiabatic Decay and Dissociation Dynamics of Dimethylnitramine. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4785-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402180p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhuang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, 189 Songling Road, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 Shandong, P. R. China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Solar
Energy Utilization and Energy Storage Technology, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, Shandong, P. R. China
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26
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Zhu L, Li X, Zhang Q, Ma X, Li M, Zhang H, Luo Z, Ågren H, Zhao Y. Unimolecular photoconversion of multicolor luminescence on hierarchical self-assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5175-82. [PMID: 23488680 DOI: 10.1021/ja400456h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Facile tuning of photophysical properties is highly desirable for boosting the performance and versatility of photoluminescent materials. In an attempt to overcome the challenge of achieving the photoswitching of multicolor luminescence on unimolecular platforms, we here report a novel hierarchical self-assembly of a cyanostilbene-naphthalimide dyad as the realization of phototunable luminescence at the unimolecular level. The work takes advantage of the photoisomerization of the cyanostilbene moiety from the Z form to its E form, which causes a morphological disorder in the molecular self-assembly and gives rise to a dual fluorescent characteristic accompanied by a progressive luminescent color conversion from yellow to green and finally to blue. Such systems with convertible multicolor luminescence might exhibit application potentials for unimolecular selective imaging and labeling, as exemplified by the cell imaging studies presented in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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