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Tang J, Liu Z, Wang R, Wang Y, Zou Z, Xie J, Zhang P, Fu Z. Bio-Inspired Photosynthesis Platform for Enhanced NADH Conversion and L-Glutamate Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2198. [PMID: 39125224 PMCID: PMC11314224 DOI: 10.3390/polym16152198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the layered structure, light absorption, and charge carrier pathway of chloroplast thylakoids in natural photosynthesis, we propose a novel artificial photosynthesis platform, which is composed of layered structured vaterite as the scaffold with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), photosensitizer eosin Y (EY), and redox enzyme L-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) as the functional components. The EY exhibited significantly enhanced light absorption and charge carrier generation due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) around the AuNPs and light refraction within the layers. This artificial photosynthesis platform can regenerate reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) under visible light and promote the rapid conversion of α-ketoglutarate to L-glutamate (0.453 Mm/h). The excellent biocompatibility of layered vaterite significantly enhances the resistance of GDH to harsh conditions, including high pH (pH = 10) and elevated temperatures (37-57 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Rongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Yanze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Pengchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.T.); (R.W.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.)
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2
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Al-Otaibi JS, Mary YS, Mary YS, Krátký M, Vinsova J, Gawad J, Gamberini MC. SERS spectra of a bioactive carboximidamide derivative at different concentrations: Experimental and DFT investigations. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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3
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Concentration dependent SERS study of a bioactive methylsulfonyl derivative. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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4
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Premkumar R, Hussain S, Jayram ND, Koyambo-Konzapa SJ, Revathy M, Mathavan T, Milton Franklin Benial A. Adsorption and orientation characteristics of 1-methylpyrrole-2-carbonyl chloride using SERS and DFT investigations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Ma H, Tian Y, Jiao A, Wang C, Zhang M, Zheng L, Li G, Li S, Chen M. Extraordinary approach to further boost plasmonic NIR-SERS by cryogenic temperature-suppressed non-radiative recombination. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:670-673. [PMID: 35103704 DOI: 10.1364/ol.447995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report an effective strategy to promote the near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (NIR-SERS) activity by boosting the photon-induced charge transfer (PICT) efficiency at cryogenic temperature. Based on as-prepared Au/Ag nano-urchins (NUs) with abundant surface defects, the extremely low temperature (77 K) can significantly weaken the metallic lattice vibration and reduce the recombination of thermal phonons and photoexcited electrons, then accelerate the migration of energetic electrons. It enables the NIR-SERS detection limit of dye molecules to be achieved at 10-17 M, which is nearly three orders of magnitude better than that at room temperature. The present work provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach for ultra-trace NIR-SERS bioanalysis.
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Dyes of a Shadow Theatre: Investigating Tholu Bommalu Indian Puppets through a Highly Sensitive Multi-Spectroscopic Approach. HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tholu Bommalu are typical leather puppets of the traditional Indian shadow theatre. Two of these objects are part of a collection in the International Puppets Museum “Antonio Pasqualino” (Palermo, Sicily, Italy), which can count on one hundred-seventy-three of artifacts. These Indian puppets were investigated to obtain information related to the use of dyes for their manufacturing through a multi-technical approach exploiting the combination of highly sensitive spectroscopic techniques. Wet cotton stubbons were used to entrap small particles of dyes on the fibers from the art objects for the consequent analyses. Visible Light Micro-Reflectance spectroscopy was employed for the preliminary identification of the molecular class of dyes directly on the swabs, while Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering allowed the identification of the specific dye. Several synthetic dyes belonging to different typologies of coloring compounds were identified. The study resulted in an interesting overview of dyes used in recent Tholu Bommalata manufacturing through the combination of micro-invasive techniques directly on the sampling substrate.
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SERS and DFT investigations of methyl 4‑bromo-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate adsorbed on silver and gold substrates: In perspective of biosensor applications. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Molecule Characterization: HIM Investigation into Sources of SERS Activity of Silver-Coated Butterfly Scales. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071741. [PMID: 34361126 PMCID: PMC8308157 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for obtaining structural information of molecules in solution at low concentrations. While commercial SERS substrates are available, high costs prevent their wide-spread use in the medical field. One solution is to prepare requisite noble metal nanostructures exploiting natural nanostructures. As an example of biomimetic approaches, butterfly wing scales with their intricate nanostructures have been found to exhibit exquisite SERS activity when coated with silver. Selecting appropriate scales from particular butterfly species and depositing silver of certain thicknesses leads to significant SERS activity. For morphological observations we used scanning electron microscopes as well as a helium ion microscope, highly suitable for morphological characterization of poorly conducting samples. In this paper, we describe a protocol for carrying out SERS measurements based on butterfly wing scales and demonstrate its LOD with a common Raman reporter, rhodamine 6 G. We also emphasize what special care is necessary in such measurements. We also try to shed light on what makes scales work as SERS substrates by carefully modifying the original nanostructures. Such a study allows us to either use scales directly as a raw material for SERS substrate or provides an insight as to what nanostructures need to be recreated for synthetic SERS substrates.
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9
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Wan D, Chen J, Xiao S. Adsorption of toxic dye Eosin Y from aqueous solution by clay/carbon composite derived from spent bleaching earth. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2021; 93:159-169. [PMID: 32564442 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The environmentally friendly clay/carbon composite (SBE/C) was prepared by one-step pyrolysis under N2 atmosphere at 700°C of spent bleaching earth (SBE) from the industrial waste of the refined oil industry. SBE/C was tested to remove anionic dye Eosin Y from aqueous water. The results revealed that SBE/C had larger specific surface area than SBE, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of SBE/C (11.15 mg/g) was about 3 times than that of SBE (4.04 mg/g). The adsorption process was found to be exothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption capacity of SBE/C was independent on pH (5-12), and exhibits satisfactorily recyclable performance. Combined with characterization analysis, the adsorption mechanism likely includes electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interaction, halogen bonding, and π-π interaction. Overall, this exploration of SBE/C might open a window to the design of an efficient and low-cost adsorbent for Eosin Y dye elimination from wastewater. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The resource utilization of industrial waste SBE was achieved. SBE/C was synthesized and tested to adsorb Eosin Y for the first time. SBE/C had characteristics with porous structure and large surface area. pH had little effect on adsorption capacity of SBE/C for Eosin Y. SBE/C exhibited potential for dye elimination from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongde Liu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Combined Pollution Control Research Academician Workstation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yahui Shi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dongjin Wan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Combined Pollution Control Research Academician Workstation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Combined Pollution Control Research Academician Workstation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuhu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
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Singh P, Yadav RK, Kumar K, Lee Y, Gupta AK, Kumar K, Yadav BC, Singh SN, Dwivedi DK, Nam SH, Singh AP, Kim TW. Eosin-Y and sulfur-codoped g-C3N4 composite for photocatalytic applications: the regeneration of NADH/NADPH and the oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00991e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The successful development of eosin-Y and sulfur-codoped g-C3N4 composite as a highly efficient photocatalyst for the regeneration of NADH/NADPH (64.38%/81.14%) and the light-driven oxidation of sulfide to sulfoxide with an yield of 99.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - Rajesh K. Yadav
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - Krishna Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - Yubin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Abhishek K. Gupta
- Department of Physics and Material Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University of Lucknow, U.P, 226025, India
| | - B. C. Yadav
- Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University of Lucknow, U.P, 226025, India
| | - S. N. Singh
- Department of Humanities and Management Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - D. K. Dwivedi
- Department of Physics and Material Science, Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gorakhpur, U.P, 273010, India
| | - Sang-Ho Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic & Inorganic Materials and Natural Products, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Atul P. Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, 140413, India
| | - Tae Wu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
- Spectrochemical Analysis Center for Organic & Inorganic Materials and Natural Products, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeollanam-do, 58554, Republic of Korea
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11
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Nair RV, Murukeshan VM. (Cu2O-Au) – Graphene - Au layered structures as efficient near Infra - Red SERS substrates. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4152. [PMID: 32139732 PMCID: PMC7058041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Near Infra-Red Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (NIR SERS) has gained huge attention in recent years as the conventional visible SERS suffers from overwhelming fluorescence background from the fluorophore resulting in the masking of Raman signals. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-layered SERS substrate- (Cu2O - Au) - Graphene – Au - for efficient NIR SERS applications. The proposed structure has a monolayer of Cu2O - Au core-shell particles on a Au substrate with 1 nm thick graphene spacer layer. Mie simulations are used to optimize the aspect ratios of core-shell particles to shift their plasmon resonances to NIR region using MieLab software. Further, Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulations using Lumerical software are used for the design of the multiparticle layered SERS substrate as MieLab software works only for single particle systems. Designed structure is shown to provide high field enhancement factor of the order of 108 at an excitation of 1064 nm thus ensuring the possibility of using the proposed structure as efficient NIR SERS substrate which could probably be used for various NIR sensing applications.
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12
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Shabunya-Klyachkovskaya EV, Kulakovich OS, Gaponenko SV. Surface enhanced Raman scattering of inorganic microcrystalline art pigments for systematic cultural heritage studies. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117235. [PMID: 31200267 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present work summarizes our experimental data on Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of inorganic pigments. The effect of pigment type on Raman scattering enhancement was studied. The paper also describes the features of the SERS-active substrates used as well as the methods of sample preparation for SERS analysis of the pigments. The results of successful application of SERS and micro-SERS for art pigments identification in the canvas paintings and icons have been demonstrated. The techniques allowed us to clearly identify the composition of blue and green paint layers as well as grounds in the nine artworks. This lead to determination of the lower time limit of work creation, to dating of the restoration interventions, to distinguish red ochers from two different deposit sources of raw mineral. The enhancement of Raman scattering intensities allows to reduce significantly the amount of the sample being taken from artwork (up to 1 μg).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - O S Kulakovich
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus.
| | - S V Gaponenko
- B. I. Stepanov Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 220072 Minsk, Belarus
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13
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Sánchez-Solís A, Karim F, Alam MS, Zhan Q, López-Luke T, Zhao C. Print metallic nanoparticles on a fiber probe for 1064-nm surface-enhanced Raman scattering. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4997-5000. [PMID: 31613262 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This Letter presents 1064-nm surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) on an optical fiber probe, or 1064-nm-SERS-on-fiber. Metallic nanoparticles are printed on an optical fiber probe by using optothermal surface bubbles under ambient conditions. An optothermal surface bubble is a laser-induced micro-sized bubble that is formed on a solid-liquid interface. The SERS activity of the optical fiber probe for 1064-nm Raman microscopy is tested with rhodamine 6G in aqueous solution. The 1064-nm-SERS-on-fiber can reduce the fluorescent background noise that commonly exists in other Raman systems. It can also compensate for the decreased Raman signal due to the use of an infrared Raman laser. The 1064-nm-SERS-on-fiber will find potential applications in low-background-noise biosensing and endoscopy.
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Mchedlov-Petrossyan NO, Cheipesh TA, Shekhovtsov SV, Ushakova EV, Roshal AD, Omelchenko IV. Aminofluoresceins Versus Fluorescein: Ascertained New Unusual Features of Tautomerism and Dissociation of Hydroxyxanthene Dyes in Solution. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8845-8859. [PMID: 31539249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within the course of this spectroscopic research, we revealed novel features of the protolytic behavior, which extend the knowledge of the chemistry of xanthene dyes and rationalize the utilization of these compounds. In addition to the well-known tautomerism of the molecular form, H2R, of fluorescein dyes, new aspects of tautomeric transformation of anions are disclosed. First, for the dyes bearing the substituents in the phthalic acid residue, 4'- and 5'-aminofluoresceins and 4'-fluorescein isothiocyanate, the monoanion HR- exists in non-hydrogen-bond donor solvents not only as a tautomer with the ionized carboxylic and nonionized OH group but also as a "phenolate" ion with a nonionized COOH group. Such state of HR- ions is typical for dyes bearing halogen atoms or NO2 groups in the xanthene moiety but was not observed until now in the case of substitution in the phthalic residue. Second, the possibility of the existence of the HR- species in DMSO in the form of colorless lactone is deduced for the 5'-aminofluorescein using the visible and infrared spectra. This results in a dramatic difference in medium effects. For instance, whereas for fluorescein in DMSO, the inversion of the stepwise ionization constants takes place and the Ka1/Ka2 value equals 0.08, the same ratio for 5'-aminofluorescein is as high as ∼800. In addition, the pKa values of sulfonefluorescein, erythrosin, methyl ether of fluorescein, and phenol red were obtained to verify the acidity scale in DMSO and to support the detailed scheme of protolytic equilibria of fluorescein dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana A Cheipesh
- Department of Physical Chemistry , V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University , Kharkov 61022 , Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Shekhovtsov
- Department of Physical Chemistry , V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University , Kharkov 61022 , Ukraine
| | - Elena V Ushakova
- Department of Physical Chemistry , V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University , Kharkov 61022 , Ukraine
| | - Alexander D Roshal
- Department of Physical Chemistry , V. N. Karazin Kharkov National University , Kharkov 61022 , Ukraine
| | - Iryna V Omelchenko
- Institute for Single Crystals (SSI) , 60 Nauka Avenue , Kharkov 61001 , Ukraine
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Alvarez-Martin A, Cleland TP, Kavich GM, Janssens K, Newsome GA. Rapid Evaluation of the Debromination Mechanism of Eosin in Oil Paint by Direct Analysis in Real Time and Direct Infusion-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10856-10863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Alvarez-Martin
- Smithsonian Institution Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
- AXES, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Timothy P. Cleland
- Smithsonian Institution Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gwénaëlle M. Kavich
- Smithsonian Institution Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Koen Janssens
- AXES, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - G. Asher Newsome
- Smithsonian Institution Museum Conservation Institute, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, Maryland, United States of America
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Cesaratto A, Leona M, Pozzi F. Recent Advances on the Analysis of Polychrome Works of Art: SERS of Synthetic Colorants and Their Mixtures With Natural Dyes. Front Chem 2019; 7:105. [PMID: 30886843 PMCID: PMC6409316 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and application of proper sample pretreatments is often a key step toward the successful analysis of dyes used as artists' materials by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Complexation of the organic colorants with metal ions to dye fabrics and produce lake pigments, as well as undesired interactions with other matrix components such as substrate, binding media, fillers, and extenders, are just some of the issues that typically complicate dye identification in minute samples from invaluable artworks and museum objects. These concerns may be addressed by using, prior to SERS analysis, ad-hoc sample pretreatments that, in addition to increasing the technique's sensitivity, favorably affect its selectivity toward certain molecules or molecular classes. The present work describes a newly developed sample pretreatment based on the use of nitric acid that has proven crucial for the successful detection of aniline and xanthene dyes–the first synthetic organic colorants to be used in printing and painting, among other art forms–in microscopic samples from works of art such as a 19th-century silk fabric, paper cut-outs by Henri Matisse, Vincent Van Gogh's Irises, and Japanese woodblock prints. This treatment promotes the hydrolysis of the dye-metal bond in mordant dyes or lake pigments, resulting in a more efficient adsorption of the dye molecules on the SERS-active substrate and, hence, enabling the acquisition of high-quality spectra. In the case of synthetic colorants, this method shows advantages over hydrolysis with hydrofluoric acid–a procedure previously established for the analysis of red lakes prepared from natural dyes. The nitric acid treatment presented here may be integrated into a multi-step methodology that, by exploiting differences in solubility of various dyes and lake pigments, has enabled for the first time to successfully characterize intentional mixtures of natural and synthetic colorants of the xanthene and anthraquinone molecular classes, i.e., eosin Y and carmine, in a selection of Japanese prints of the Meiji era. The present study paves the way for the systematic identification of synthetic dyes in objects of artistic and archeological interest, even when they are present in mixtures with natural organic colorants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cesaratto
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marco Leona
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States
| | - Federica Pozzi
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Wang P, Lux L, Jin M, Wan Y, Wang W, Hung CT, Albaqami FH, El-Toni AM, Alhoshan MS, Li X, Zhang F. Au/Ag Nanobox-Based Near-Infrared Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Hydrogen Sulfide Sensing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:417-423. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingfei Lux
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Jin
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wan
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chin-Te Hung
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fahad H. Albaqami
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mohamed El-Toni
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
| | | | - Xiaomin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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Singh P, König TAF, Jaiswal A. NIR-Active Plasmonic Gold Nanocapsules Synthesized Using Thermally Induced Seed Twinning for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39380-39390. [PMID: 30345737 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hollow and porous core-shell nanostructures with defined interior nanogaps are of great significance in the field of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications because of the presence of intrinsic electromagnetic (EM) hot spots, multipolar resonances, and multiple facets. Further, nanomaterials having extinction in the near-infrared (NIR) region are particularly important for SERS and biomedical applications, and thus it is highly desirable to synthesize NIR-active plasmonic nanostructures. Herein, we report the synthesis of gold nanocapsules having a solid Au bead as core and a thin-porous rod-shaped shell with extinction in both NIR I and NIR II regions. Thermally induced twinned seeds were used for the silver-free synthesis of pentatwinned Au bead, which served as the foundation for the directed growth of Ag nanorods, which was finally converted to Au nanocapsules following galvanic replacement reaction (GRR). Detailed investigation was carried out to understand the effect of thermal treatment duration in the seed morphology and its subsequent growth to anisotropic Au beads. Ag overgrowth on Au beads yielded uniform Au-bead@Ag nanorods whose size can be tuned by varying the Ag precursor. Five different sized Au-bead@Ag nanorods were studied, and they were converted to Au nanocapsules following GRR. We explored the size-dependent SERS activity of the prepared Au nanocapsules along with their comparison with solid pentatwinned Au beads and found that the smallest sized Au nanocapsules were the best SERS performers. Finite-difference time-domain simulation revealed the presence of intense EM hot spots in the smallest sized Au nanocapsule and corroborated the experimental SERS data. Finally, we fabricated a simple flexible cellulose-based SERS substrate by using the smallest sized Au nanocapsules and investigated its SERS sensing ability for the detection of 2-napthalenethiol (2-NT), as a model analyte, and were able to achieve its detection down to 1 fM concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Singh
- School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Kamand, Mandi 175005 , Himachal Pradesh , India
| | - Tobias A F König
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Str. 6 , Dresden D-01069 , Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Centre for Advancing Electronics Dresden (CFAED) , Technische Universität Dresden , Dresden D-01062 , Germany
| | - Amit Jaiswal
- School of Basic Sciences , Indian Institute of Technology Mandi , Kamand, Mandi 175005 , Himachal Pradesh , India
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Kwon N, Oh H, Kim R, Sinha A, Kim J, Shin J, Chon JWM, Lim B. Direct Chemical Synthesis of Plasmonic Black Colloidal Gold Superparticles with Broadband Absorption Properties. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5927-5932. [PMID: 30075632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of plasmonic metal nanoparticles can provide an opportunity of creating colloidal superparticles with fascinating optical properties arising from interparticle plasmonic coupling, but typically requires multiple steps involving solvent and/or ligand exchange. We developed a direct, one-step chemical synthesis of plasmonic black colloidal Au superparticles with broadband absorption in visible and near-infrared regions. During the synthesis, the Au superparticles were formed through self-assembly of in-situ-formed Au nanoparticles driven by solvophobic interactions between nanoparticles and solvent. These superparticles could be solution-processed to fabricate a thin film, which exhibited near-perfect absorption over a broad range from 400 nm to 2.5 μm as well as the excellent antireflective property. Thanks to their broadband absorption property, the Au superparticles showed good performances for near-infrared surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and light-to-heat conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Kwon
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Hwisu Oh
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Reehyang Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - Arjyabaran Sinha
- School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Jaeyun Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
| | - Jonghwa Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , South Korea
| | - James W M Chon
- Centre for Micro-Photonics, Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology , Swinburne University of Technology , PO Box 218, Hawthorn , 3122 Victoria , Australia
| | - Byungkwon Lim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon 16419 , South Korea
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20
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Alvarez-Martin A, Janssens K. Protecting and stimulating effect on the degradation of eosin lakes. Part 1: Lead white and cobalt blue. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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A combined Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)/UV–vis approach for the investigation of dye content in commercial felt tip pens inks. Talanta 2018; 181:448-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Sessa C, Weiss R, Niessner R, Ivleva NP, Stege H. Towards a Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) spectra database for synthetic organic colourants in cultural heritage. The effect of using different metal substrates on the spectra. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Saviello D, Alyami A, Trabace M, Giorgi R, Baglioni P, Mirabile A, Iacopino D. Plasmonic colloidal pastes for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of historical felt-tip pens. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8365-8371. [PMID: 35542010 PMCID: PMC9078556 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been identified as a suitable technique for the analysis of colorants in works of art. Herein, the application of SERS to the identification of dye compositions in historical felt-tip pens is reported, which is of paramount importance for the development of appropriate conservation protocols for historical drawings. In this study, three pens (pink, green, and blue colors) belonging to the film director Federico Fellini were analyzed. SERS measurements were performed directly on the pen lines drawn on a commercial paper by the deposition of Ag colloidal pastes, which allowed fast in situ dye identification without the need for extraction or hydrolysis treatments. Eosin Y was identified as the only dye present in the pink pen ink, whereas erioglaucine was found to be the main dye component in green and blue pen inks. SERS also resulted in highly efficient identification of the individual dyes erioglaucine, crystal violet, and rhodamine present as a mixture in the blue pen ink. The high SERS sensitivity was ascribed to the plasmonic effects and efficient quenching of the fluorescence interference of dyes. A comparison with contemporary pen inks highlighted minor differences in the chemical composition. These results prove that SERS can be used as a fast and sensitive analytical tool for ink analysis that provides invaluable support for the general assessment of the date, provenance, and originality of the historical drawings as well as for the development of preventive conservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Saviello
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork Dyke Parade Cork Ireland
| | - Abeer Alyami
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork Dyke Parade Cork Ireland
| | | | | | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry, CSGI, University of Florence Italy
| | | | - Daniela Iacopino
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork Dyke Parade Cork Ireland
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24
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Chiang N, Jiang N, Madison LR, Pozzi EA, Wasielewski MR, Ratner MA, Hersam MC, Seideman T, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Probing Intermolecular Vibrational Symmetry Breaking in Self-Assembled Monolayers with Ultrahigh Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:18664-18669. [PMID: 29198112 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b10645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) combines the atomic-scale imaging capability of scanning probe microscopy with the single-molecule chemical sensitivity and structural specificity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Here, we use these techniques in combination with theory to reveal insights into the influence of intermolecular interactions on the vibrational spectra of a N-N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) self-assembled monolayer adsorbed on single-crystal Ag substrates at room temperature. In particular, we have revealed the lifting of a vibrational degeneracy of a mode of PDI on Ag(111) and Ag(100) surfaces, with the most strongly perturbed mode being that associated with the largest vibrational amplitude on the periphery of the molecule. This work demonstrates that UHV-TERS enables direct measurement of molecule-molecule interaction at nanoscale. We anticipate that this information will advance the fundamental understanding of the most important effect of intermolecular interactions on the vibrational modes of surface-bound molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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25
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Basker DK, Saravanamuttu K. Spontaneous Formation of Fractal Aggregates of Au Nanoparticles in Epoxy-Siloxane Films and Their Application as Substrates for NIR Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E507. [PMID: 30965810 PMCID: PMC6418541 DOI: 10.3390/polym9100507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a facile, inexpensive route to free-standing, thermo-mechanically robust and flexible epoxy-siloxane substrates embedded with fractal aggregates of Au nanoparticles, and demonstrate their efficiency as substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) at NIR wavelengths. The metallodielectric films are prepared by generating Au nanoparticles through the in-situ reduction of gold (III) chloride trihydrate in epoxypropoxypropyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane (EDMS). The metal nanoparticles spontaneously aggregate into fractal structures in the colloid, which could then be drop-cast onto a substrate. Subsequent UV-initiated cationic polymerization of epoxide moieties in EDMS transforms the fluid colloid into a thin, free-standing film, which contains a dense distribution of fractal aggregates of Au nanoparticles. We used electron and optical microscopy as well as UV⁻Vis⁻NIR spectrometry to monitor the evolution of nanoparticles and to optically and structurally characterize the resulting films. Raman spectroscopy of the chromophore Eosin Y adsorbed onto the metallodielectric films showed that they are excellent SERS substrates at NIR excitation with an enhancement factor of ~9.3 × 10³.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K Basker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
| | - Kalaichelvi Saravanamuttu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada.
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26
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27
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Lai CH, Wang GA, Ling TK, Wang TJ, Chiu PK, Chou Chau YF, Huang CC, Chiang HP. Near infrared surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on star-shaped gold/silver nanoparticles and hyperbolic metamaterial. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5446. [PMID: 28710494 PMCID: PMC5511255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05939-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is desirable to extend the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from the conventionally used visible range into the infrared region, because the fluorescence background is lower in the long-wavelength regime. To do this, it is important to have a SERS substrate suitable for infrared operation. In this work, we report the near infrared SERS operation based on the substrates employing star-shaped gold/silver nanoparticles and hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) structure. We first fabricate the SERS substrate in which nanoparticles are separated from a silver film by a thin dielectric layer. Performance of the SERS substrate is investigated with a 1064-nm excitation source. Compared with similar silver film-based substrates employing respectively gold and silver spherical nanoparticles, it is found that, Raman intensity scattered by the substrate with star-shaped nanoparticles is 7.4 times stronger than that with gold nanoparticles, and 3.4 times stronger than that with silver nanoparticles. Following this, we fabricate the SERS substrate where the star-shaped nanoparticles are deposited over a HMM structure. The HMM structure comprises three pairs of germanium-silver multilayers. Further experimental result shows that, with the star-shaped nanoparticles, the HMM-based substrate yields 30% higher Raman intensity for near infrared SERS operation than the silver film-based substrate does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, 64002, Taiwan
| | - Guo-An Wang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Kai Ling
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Jiann Wang
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 10608, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kai Chiu
- Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Fong Chou Chau
- Centre for Advanced Material and Energy Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Negara, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Chih-Ching Huang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Pang Chiang
- Institute of Optoelectronic Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, 20224, Taiwan. .,Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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28
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Fieberg JE, Knutås P, Hostettler K, Smith GD. "Paintings Fade Like Flowers": Pigment Analysis and Digital Reconstruction of a Faded Pink Lake Pigment in Vincent van Gogh's Undergrowth with Two Figures. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 71:794-808. [PMID: 28361584 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816685097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Color fading in Vincent van Gogh's Undergrowth with Two Figures was studied chemically to facilitate the creation of a digital reconstruction of fugitive colors . The painting contains a field of white, green, orange, and yellow flowers under a canopy of poplar trees with two central figures-a man and a woman, arms entwined. From Van Gogh's letters, however, it is known that he painted the picture with some pink flowers, which appear to have altered, presumably to white. Raman spectroscopy was applied to microsamples of paint to identify the faded pigment as geranium lake, which in this painting consists of the dye, eosin (2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein). For the first time, lead(II) sulfate has been specifically identified as the likely inorganic substrate for a geranium lake used by Van Gogh in the last months of his life. Microfocus X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) spectroscopy was subsequently used in situ to analyze the white flowers to identify bromine as a proxy for eosin, thus indicating an original pink coloration. Of the 387 white flowers analyzed, 37.7% contained measurable bromine and were, therefore, originally pink. Several cross-sections from these formerly pink areas were assessed using a combination of visual inspection and microcolorimetry to create a colored mask in Adobe Photoshop to digitally reconstruct a suggestion of the original appearance of the painting with regard to the faded flowers. Additionally, microfadeometry was undertaken for the first time on a painting cross-section sample to understand the actual fading kinetics of the underlying bright pink geranium lake used by Van Gogh. A combination of Raman microspectroscopy, MXRF, and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were utilized in situ and on paint microsamples to identify the complete palette used to create Undergrowth with Two Figures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Per Knutås
- 2 Conservation Department, Cleveland Museum of Art, USA
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29
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Li JF, Zhang YJ, Ding SY, Panneerselvam R, Tian ZQ. Core-Shell Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chem Rev 2017; 117:5002-5069. [PMID: 28271881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Core-shell nanoparticles are at the leading edge of the hot research topics and offer a wide range of applications in optics, biomedicine, environmental science, materials, catalysis, energy, and so forth, due to their excellent properties such as versatility, tunability, and stability. They have attracted enormous interest attributed to their dramatically tunable physicochemical features. Plasmonic core-shell nanomaterials are extensively used in surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies, in particular, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), due to the unique localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) property. This review provides a comprehensive overview of core-shell nanoparticles in the context of fundamental and application aspects of SERS and discusses numerous classes of core-shell nanoparticles with their unique strategies and functions. Further, herein we also introduce the concept of shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) in detail because it overcomes the long-standing limitations of material and morphology generality encountered in traditional SERS. We then explain the SERS-enhancement mechanism with core-shell nanoparticles, as well as three generations of SERS hotspots for surface analysis of materials. To provide a clear view for readers, we summarize various approaches for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles and their applications in SERS, such as electrochemistry, bioanalysis, food safety, environmental safety, cultural heritage, materials, catalysis, and energy storage and conversion. Finally, we exemplify about the future developments in new core-shell nanomaterials with different functionalities for SERS and other surface-enhanced spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China.,Department of Physics, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yue-Jiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Song-Yuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Rajapandiyan Panneerselvam
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, iChEM, Xiamen University , Xiamen 361005, China
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Lin WH, Chiu YH, Shao PW, Hsu YJ. Metal-Particle-Decorated ZnO Nanocrystals: Photocatalysis and Charge Dynamics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32754-32763. [PMID: 27934128 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of charge transfer processes is determinant to the performance optimization for semiconductor photocatalysts. As a representative model of composite photocatalysts, metal-particle-decorated ZnO has been widely employed for a great deal of photocatalytic applications; however, the dependence of charge carrier dynamics on the metal content and metal composition and their correlation with the photocatalytic properties have seldom been reported. Here, the interfacial charge dynamics for metal-decorated ZnO nanocrystals were investigated and their correspondence with the photocatalytic properties was evaluated. The samples were prepared with a delicate antisolvent approach, in which ZnO nanocrystals were grown along with metal particle decoration in a deep eutectic solvent. By modulating the experimental conditions, the metal content (from 0.6 to 2.3 at%) and metal composition (including Ag, Au, and Pd) in the resulting metal-decorated ZnO could be readily controlled. Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra showed that an optimal Au content of 1.3 at% could effectuate the largest electron transfer rate constant for Au-decorated ZnO nanocrystals, in conformity with the highest photocatalytic efficiency observed. The relevance of charge carrier dynamics to the metal composition was also inspected and realized in terms of the energy level difference between ZnO and metal. Among the three metal-decorated ZnO samples tested, ZnO-Pd displayed the highest photocatalytic activity, fundamentally according with the largest electron transfer rate constant deduced in carrier dynamics measurements. The current work was the first study to present the correlations among charge carrier dynamics, metal content, metal composition, and the resultant photocatalytic properties for semiconductor/metal heterostructures. The findings not only helped to resolve the standing issues regarding the mechanistic foundation of photocatalysis but also shed light on the intelligent design of semiconductor/metal composite systems to consolidate their utility in photocatalytic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hao Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Chiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Wen Shao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jung Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University , Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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31
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A suitable for large scale production, flexible and transparent surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate for in situ ultrasensitive analysis of chemistry reagents. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Raman Spectroscopy of cultural heritage Materials: Overview of Applications and New Frontiers in Instrumentation, Sampling Modalities, and Data Processing. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:62. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Jiang N, Chiang N, Madison LR, Pozzi EA, Wasielewski MR, Seideman T, Ratner MA, Hersam MC, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of a Dynamic Molecular Phase Boundary with Ultrahigh Vacuum Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:3898-904. [PMID: 27183322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale chemical imaging of a dynamic molecular phase boundary has broad implications for a range of problems in catalysis, surface science, and molecular electronics. While scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is commonly used to study molecular phase boundaries, its information content can be severely compromised by surface diffusion, irregular packing, or three-dimensional adsorbate geometry. Here, we demonstrate the simultaneous chemical and structural analysis of N-N'-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-1,7-(4'-t-butylphenoxy)perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PPDI) molecules by UHV tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Both condensed and diffusing domains of PPDI coexist on Ag(100) at room temperature. Through comparison with time-dependent density functional theory simulations, we unravel the orientation of PPDI molecules at the dynamic molecular domain boundary with unprecedented ∼4 nm spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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34
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Gracie K, Moores M, Smith WE, Harding K, Girolami M, Graham D, Faulds K. Preferential Attachment of Specific Fluorescent Dyes and Dye Labeled DNA Sequences in a Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering Multiplex. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1147-53. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Gracie
- Centre
of Molecular Nanometrology, Technology Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Moores
- Department
of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - W. Ewen Smith
- Centre
of Molecular Nanometrology, Technology Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry Harding
- Centre
of Molecular Nanometrology, Technology Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Girolami
- Department
of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan Graham
- Centre
of Molecular Nanometrology, Technology Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Faulds
- Centre
of Molecular Nanometrology, Technology Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, 99 George Street, Glasgow, G1 1RD, United Kingdom
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35
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Multi-analytical investigation on felt-tip pen inks: Formulation and preliminary photo-degradation study. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Fisk H, Westley C, Turner NJ, Goodacre R. Achieving optimal SERS through enhanced experimental design. JOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY : JRS 2016; 47:59-66. [PMID: 27587905 PMCID: PMC4984853 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the current limitations surrounding surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is the perceived lack of reproducibility. SERS is indeed challenging, and for analyte detection, it is vital that the analyte interacts with the metal surface. However, as this is analyte dependent, there is not a single set of SERS conditions that are universal. This means that experimental optimisation for optimum SERS response is vital. Most researchers optimise one factor at a time, where a single parameter is altered first before going onto optimise the next. This is a very inefficient way of searching the experimental landscape. In this review, we explore the use of more powerful multivariate approaches to SERS experimental optimisation based on design of experiments and evolutionary computational methods. We particularly focus on colloidal-based SERS rather than thin film preparations as a result of their popularity. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Fisk
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Chloe Westley
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Nicholas J Turner
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- School of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK
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37
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Mchedlov-Petrossyan NO, Cheipesh TA, Shekhovtsov SV, Redko AN, Rybachenko VI, Omelchenko IV, Shishkin OV. Ionization and tautomerism of methyl fluorescein and related dyes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 150:151-161. [PMID: 26037500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The protolytic equilibrium of methyl ether of fluorescein is studied in water, aqueous ethanol, and in other solvents. The constants of the two-step dissociation are determined by spectrophotometry. In water, the fractions of the zwitterionic, quinonoid, and lactonic tautomes are correspondingly 11%, 6%, and 83%, as deduced from the UV-visible spectra. Corresponding study of the ionization of the methyl ether ester of fluorescein, fluorescein ethyl ester, and sulfonefluorescein allows testing the correction of the attribution of the microscopic dissociation constants of methoxy fluorescein. The results of nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy, as well as the X-ray analysis confirm the predomination of the lactonic structure of the molecular species in solid state and in DMSO. Contrary to it, the spectroscopic studies in both hydrogen-donor bond (HDB) and non-HBD solvents confirm that the presence of lactonic monoanion is atypical for the dye under study and, with high probability, also for the mother compound fluorescein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana A Cheipesh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kharkov V. Karazin National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | - Sergey V Shekhovtsov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kharkov V. Karazin National University, Kharkov 61022, Ukraine
| | - Andrey N Redko
- Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Donetsk 83114, Ukraine
| | - Vladimir I Rybachenko
- Institute of Physico-Organic Chemistry and Coal Chemistry, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Donetsk 83114, Ukraine
| | - Irina V Omelchenko
- Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kharkov 61072, Ukraine
| | - Oleg V Shishkin
- Institute for Single Crystals, National Academy of Science of Ukraine, Kharkov 61072, Ukraine
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38
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Pallaoro A, Braun GB, Moskovits M. Biotags Based on Surface-Enhanced Raman Can Be as Bright as Fluorescence Tags. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:6745-50. [PMID: 26317146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique that has been proposed as a substitute for fluorescence for biological imaging and detection but is not yet commercially utilized. The reason lies primarily in the lower intensity and poor reproducibility of most metal nanoparticle-based tags as compared to their fluorescence-based counterparts. Here, using a technique that scrupulously preserves the same number of dye molecules in both the SERS and fluorescence measurements, we show that SERS-based biotags (SBTs) with highly reproducible optical properties can be nanoengineered such that their brightness is at least equal to that of fluorescence-based tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Pallaoro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Gary B Braun
- Cancer Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute , 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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39
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Chou SY, Yu CC, Yen YT, Lin KT, Chen HL, Su WF. Romantic Story or Raman Scattering? Rose Petals as Ecofriendly, Low-Cost Substrates for Ultrasensitive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6017-24. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Yi Chou
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Chen-Chieh Yu
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Yu-Ting Yen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Keng-Te Lin
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsuen-Li Chen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Number 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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40
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Nanoparticle properties and synthesis effects on surface-enhanced Raman scattering enhancement factor: an introduction. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:124582. [PMID: 25884017 PMCID: PMC4390178 DOI: 10.1155/2015/124582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy has enabled researchers to map the specific chemical makeup of surfaces, solutions, and even cells. However, the inherent insensitivity of the technique makes it difficult to use and statistically complicated. When Raman active molecules are near gold or silver nanoparticles, the Raman intensity is significantly amplified. This phenomenon is referred to as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The extent of SERS enhancement is due to a variety of factors such as nanoparticle size, shape, material, and configuration. The choice of Raman reporters and protective coatings will also influence SERS enhancement. This review provides an introduction to how these factors influence signal enhancement and how to optimize them during synthesis of SERS nanoparticles.
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41
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Yu CC, Tseng YC, Su PY, Lin KT, Shao CC, Chou SY, Yen YT, Chen HL. Incident angle-tuned, broadband, ultrahigh-sensitivity plasmonic antennas prepared from nanoparticles on imprinted mirrors. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3985-3996. [PMID: 25567353 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05902f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used a direct imprint-in-metal method that is cheap and rapid to prepare incident angle-tuned, broadband, ultrahigh-sensitivity plasmonic antennas from nanoparticles (NPs) and imprinted metal mirrors. By changing the angle of incidence, the nanoparticle-imprinted mirror antennas (NIMAs) exhibited broadband electromagnetic enhancement from the visible to the near-infrared (NIR) regime, making them suitable for use as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active substrates. Unlike other SERS-active substrates that feature various structures with different periods or morphologies, the NIMAs achieved broadband electromagnetic enhancement from single configurations. The enhancement of the electric field intensity in the NIMAs originated from coupling between the localized surface plasmon resonance of the NPs and the periodic structure-excited surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of the imprinted mirror. Moreover, the coupling wavelengths could be modulated because the SPR wavelength was readily tuned by changing the angle of the incident light. Herein, we demonstrate that such NIMAs are robust substrates for visible and NIR surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering under multiple laser lines (532, 633, and 785 nm) of excitation. In addition, we have found that NIMAs are ultrasensitive SERS-active substrates that can detect analytes (e.g., rhodamine 6G) at concentrations as low as 10(-15) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chieh Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan (R.O.C.).
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42
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Lee M, Kim JU, Lee JS, Lee BI, Shin J, Park CB. Mussel-inspired plasmonic nanohybrids for light harvesting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4463-4468. [PMID: 24623446 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201305766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Core-shell plasmonic nanohybrids are synthesized through a simple solutionbased process utilizing mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA). The multi-purpose PDA not only facilitates plasmonic metal formation, but also serves as a scaffold to incorporate photosensitizers around the metal cores, as well as an adhesive between the nanohybrids and the substrate. The resulting plasmonic assembly exhibits highly enhanced light absorption in photo catalytic systems to augment artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minah Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
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43
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Lebed AV, Biryukov AV, Mchedlov-Petrossyan NO. A Quantum-Chemical Study of Tautomeric Equilibria of Fluorescein Dyes in DMSO. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Lee JK, Sikes HD. Balancing the Initiation and Molecular Recognition Capabilities of Eosin Macroinitiators of Polymerization-Based Signal Amplification Reactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:981-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201400035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungkyu K. Lee
- Molecular-Level Interface Research Center; Department of Chemistry; Kyungpook National University; Daegu 702-701 South Korea
| | - Hadley D. Sikes
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Idone A, Gulmini M, Henry AI, Casadio F, Chang L, Appolonia L, Van Duyne RP, Shah NC. Silver colloidal pastes for dye analysis of reference and historical textile fibers using direct, extractionless, non-hydrolysis surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2013; 138:5895-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00788j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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