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Thomas AS, Bhat VN, Tiwari V. Rapid scan white light two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with 100 kHz shot-to-shot detection. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:244202. [PMID: 38156635 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach to two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2DES) that combines the benefits of shot-to-shot detection at high-repetition rates with the simplicity of a broadband white light continuum input and conventional optical elements to generate phase-locked pump pulse pairs. We demonstrate this through mutual synchronization between the laser repetition rate, the acousto-optical deflector, the pump delay stage, and the CCD line camera, which allows for rapid scanning of pump optical delay synchronously with the laser repetition rate, while the delay stage is moved at a constant velocity. The resulting shot-to-shot detection scheme is repetition rate scalable and only limited by the CCD line rate and the maximum stage velocity. Using this approach, we demonstrate the measurement of an averaged 2DES absorptive spectrum in as much as 1.2 s of continuous sample exposure per 2D spectrum. We achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of 6.8 for optical densities down to 0.05 with 11.6 s of averaging at 100 kHz laser repetition rate. Combining rapid scanning of mechanical delay lines with shot-to-shot detection as demonstrated here provides a viable alternative to acousto-optic pulse shaping approaches that is repetition-rate scalable, has comparable throughput and sensitivity, and minimizes sample exposure per 2D spectrum with promising micro-spectroscopy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha S Thomas
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Vivek N Bhat
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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Rose PA, Krich JJ. Interpretations of High-Order Transient Absorption Spectroscopies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10849-10855. [PMID: 38032056 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy is an invaluable tool for determining the energetics and dynamics of excited states. When pump intensities are sufficiently high, TA spectra include both the generally desired third-order response and responses that are higher in order in the field amplitudes. Recent work demonstrated that pump-intensity-dependent TA measurements allow separating the orders of response, but the information content in those higher orders has not been described. We give a general framework for understanding high-order TA spectra. We extend to higher order the fundamental processes of standard TA: ground-state bleach (GSB), stimulated emission (SE), and excited-state absorption (ESA). Each order introduces two new processes: SE and ESA from previously inaccessible highly excited states and negations of lower-order processes. We show the new spectral and dynamical information at each order and show how the relative signs of the signals in different orders can be used to identify which processes dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Rose
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jacob J Krich
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Nexus for Quantum Technologies, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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3
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Abstract
Optimization of pump-probe signal requires a complete understanding of how signal scales with experimental factors. In simple systems, signal scales quadratically with molar absorptivity, and linearly with fluence, concentration, and path length. In practice, scaling factors weaken beyond certain thresholds (e.g., OD > 0.1) due to asymptotic limits related to optical density, fluence and path length. While computational models can accurately account for subdued scaling, quantitative explanations often appear quite technical in the literature. This Perspective aims to present a simpler understanding of the subject with concise formulas for estimating absolute magnitudes of signal under both ordinary and asymptotic scaling conditions. This formulation may be more appealing for spectroscopists seeking rough estimates of signal or relative comparisons. We identify scaling dependencies of signal with respect to experimental parameters and discuss applications for improving signal under broad conditions. We also review other signal enhancement methods, such as local-oscillator attenuation and plasmonic enhancement, and discuss respective benefits and challenges regarding asymptotic limits that signal cannot exceed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin C Robben
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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Sahu A, Bhat VN, Patra S, Tiwari V. High-sensitivity fluorescence-detected multidimensional electronic spectroscopy through continuous pump-probe delay scan. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024201. [PMID: 36641398 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence-detected multidimensional electronic spectroscopy (fMES) promises high sensitivity compared to conventional approaches and is an emerging spectroscopic approach toward combining the advantages of MES with the spatial resolution of a microscope. Here, we present a visible white light continuum-based fMES spectrometer and systematically explore the sensitivity enhancement expected from fluorescence detection. As a demonstration of sensitivity, we report room temperature two-dimensional coherence maps of vibrational quantum coherences in a laser dye at optical densities of ∼2-3 orders of magnitude lower than conventional approaches. This high sensitivity is enabled by a combination of biased sampling along the optical coherence time axes and a rapid scan of the pump-probe waiting time T at each sample. A combination of this approach with acousto-optic phase modulation and phase-sensitive lock-in detection enables measurements of room temperature vibrational wavepackets even at the lowest ODs. Alternative faster data collection schemes, which are enabled by the flexibility of choosing a non-uniform undersampled grid in the continuous T scanning approach, are also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitav Sahu
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vivek N Bhat
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Sanjoy Patra
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
| | - Vivek Tiwari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560012, India
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Baranov D, Hill RJ, Ryu J, Park SD, Huerta-Viga A, Carollo AR, Jonas DM. Interferometrically stable, enclosed, spinning sample cell for spectroscopic experiments on air-sensitive samples. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2017; 88:014101. [PMID: 28147656 DOI: 10.1063/1.4973666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In experiments with high photon flux, it is necessary to rapidly remove the sample from the beam and to delay re-excitation until the sample has returned to equilibrium. Rapid and complete sample exchange has been a challenge for air-sensitive samples and for vibration-sensitive experiments. Here, a compact spinning sample cell for air and moisture sensitive liquid and thin film samples is described. The principal parts of the cell are a copper gasket sealed enclosure, a 2.5 in. hard disk drive motor, and a reusable, chemically inert glass sandwich cell. The enclosure provides an oxygen and water free environment at the 1 ppm level, as demonstrated by multi-day tests with sodium benzophenone ketyl radical. Inside the enclosure, the glass sandwich cell spins at ≈70 Hz to generate tangential speeds of 7-12 m/s that enable complete sample exchange at 100 kHz repetition rates. The spinning cell is acoustically silent and compatible with a ±1 nm rms displacement stability interferometer. In order to enable the use of the spinning cell, we discuss centrifugation and how to prevent it, introduce the cycle-averaged resampling rate to characterize repetitive excitation, and develop a figure of merit for a long-lived photoproduct buildup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Baranov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Robert J Hill
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Jisu Ryu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Samuel D Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Adriana Huerta-Viga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Alexa R Carollo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - David M Jonas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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Spencer AP, Li H, Cundiff ST, Jonas DM. Pulse Propagation Effects in Optical 2D Fourier-Transform Spectroscopy: Theory. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3936-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Spencer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Hebin Li
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Steven T. Cundiff
- JILA, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - David M. Jonas
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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Lenngren N, Garting T, Zheng K, Abdellah M, Lascoux N, Ma F, Yartsev A, Žídek K, Pullerits T. Multiexciton Absorption Cross Sections of CdSe Quantum Dots Determined by Ultrafast Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2013; 4:3330-3336. [PMID: 26705821 DOI: 10.1021/jz401522h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multiexciton absorption cross sections are important for analysis of a number of experiments, including multiple exciton generation and stimulated emisson. We present a rigorous method to determine these cross sections using transient absorption (TA) measurements. We apply the method to CdSe quantum dots (QDs) and core-shell (CdSe)ZnS QDs. The method involves measuring TA dynamics for various excitation intensities over a broad time range and analyzing the experiments in terms of a kinetic multiexciton model taking into account all contributions to the signal. In this way, we were able to quantify exciton and multiexciton absorption cross sections at different spectral positions. The absorption cross sections decrease with increasing number of excitations, qualitatively in agreement with the state-filling effective mass model but showing a slower decrease. The cross sections for single-exciton to biexciton absorption range between 57 and 99% of the ground to single-exciton cross section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Lenngren
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Garting
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaibo Zheng
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Abdellah
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Qena Faculty of Science, South Valley University , Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Noëlle Lascoux
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Arkady Yartsev
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karel Žídek
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University , Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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