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Wang CI, Maier JC, Jackson NE. Accessing the electronic structure of liquid crystalline semiconductors with bottom-up electronic coarse-graining. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8390-8403. [PMID: 38846409 PMCID: PMC11151863 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06749a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between multiscale morphology and electronic structure is a grand challenge for semiconducting soft materials. Computational studies aimed at characterizing these relationships require the complex integration of quantum-chemical (QC) calculations, all-atom and coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics simulations, and back-mapping approaches. However, these methods pose substantial computational challenges that limit their application to the requisite length scales of soft material morphologies. Here, we demonstrate the bottom-up electronic coarse-graining (ECG) of morphology-dependent electronic structure in the liquid-crystal-forming semiconductor, 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-7-octyl-benzothienobenzothiophene (BTBT). ECG is applied to construct density functional theory (DFT)-accurate valence band Hamiltonians of the isotropic and smectic liquid crystal (LC) phases using only the CG representation of BTBT. By bypassing the atomistic resolution and its prohibitive computational costs, ECG enables the first calculations of the morphology dependence of the electronic structure of charge carriers across LC phases at the ∼20 nm length scale, with robust statistical sampling. Kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulations reveal a strong morphology dependence on zero-field charge mobility among different LC phases as well as the presence of two-molecule charge carriers that act as traps and hinder charge transport. We leverage these results to further evaluate the feasibility of developing mesoscopic, field-based ECG models in future works. The fully CG approach to electronic property predictions in LC semiconductors opens a new computational direction for designing electronic processes in soft materials at their characteristic length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-I Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - J Charlie Maier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
| | - Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 505 S Mathews Avenue Urbana Illinois 61801 USA
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2
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Yamamura Y, Ito M, Sugai K, Noda H, Galewski Z, Saito K. Molecular aggregation in liquid-crystalline layers crucially affects their physics: smectic A (SmA)-nematic (N) phase transition. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:7245-7254. [PMID: 37724464 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00958k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, two molecular packing modes of the alkyl chain in smectic A (SmA) liquid crystal phases were revealed: normal and tilted types, which are named by the orientation relative to the layer normal. This study reveals the relationship between the packing mode and thermodynamic order of the SmA-nematic (N) phase transition. Two normal type and three tilted type mesogens were subject to thermodynamic and structural experiments. The DSC results showed that the SmA-N phase transitions of the normal and tilted types are of the second and first order, respectively. The analysis of the intensities of reflections in wide-angle X-ray diffraction related to the periodicity of the SmA layer yielded the distribution of the mass centers of molecules along the normal to the SmA layers. The resultant distribution offered a rationale for the correlation of the thermodynamic order of the SmA-N phase transition and molecular packing modes in the SmA phases based on the Meyer-Lubensky theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Sugai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Noda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Zbigniew Galewski
- The Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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3
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Kawakami C, Hara M, Nagano S, Seki T. Induction of Highly Ordered Liquid Crystalline Phase of an Azobenzene Side Chain Polymer by Contact with 4'-Pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl: An In Situ Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:619-626. [PMID: 36545757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of liquid crystal (LC) molecules is significantly governed by solid interfaces and free surfaces, and a variety of functional materials have been developed using these properties. Although LC materials are already in industrial use, particularly for LC display panels, various studies have been conducted in recent years to better grasp the interface behavior of LC molecules. In this work, we succeeded in in situ observations of induction of higher ordered LC phases at the interface between a side-chain LC azobenzene polymer film with a thickness of ∼400 nm and a low-molecular-mass nematic LC, 4'-pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl of 35 μm thickness, using small-angle X-ray scattering measurements and polarized optical microscopy. It is revealed that the two different mesogens cooperatively form hybrid higher ordered smectic LC phases probably through weak electron transfer immediately after interfacial contact. The induction process consists of three stages in terms of dynamic structure evolutions. Upon UV irradiation, the hybrid smectic LC structure diminished. This study provides new insights into the behavior of LC molecules near the alignment film on the solid substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikara Kawakami
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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4
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Koike M, Aizawa M, Minamikawa H, Shishido A, Yamamoto T. Photohardenable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives using Poly(methyl methacrylate) containing Liquid Crystal Plasticizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39949-39956. [PMID: 34383463 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hardenable pressure-sensitive adhesives, which show pressure-sensitive adhesion state with weak adhesion strength in their initial semisolid state and general adhesion state with strong adhesion strength in their hardened state, are desirable in various industrial fields to improve efficiency of manufacturing and recycling products. Here we developed novel photohardenable pressure-sensitive adhesives triggered by photoplasticization of poly(methyl methacrylate) containing photoresponsive liquid crystal (nematic and smectic E) plasticizers at various ratios. It was found that photoplasticization, which is the photoinduced reduction of glass transition temperature and hardness of polymers, could be repeatedly induced by alternate irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) light in all mixtures, regardless of the phase structures of the photoresponsive plasticizers. Upon photoplasticization under UV-light irradiation, all mixtures exhibited glassy-to-rubbery transition to a pressure-sensitive adhesion state under appropriate conditions. Upon irradiation of the photoplasticized samples with Vis light, the samples recovered their initial hardened state, recovering the glassy nature with elastic moduli. The adhesion strength of the samples in the hardened state was significantly influenced by the phase structures of the plasticizers. When a photoresponsive plasticizer exhibited the smectic E phase, which is a highly ordered liquid-crystalline phase, the adhesion strength was remarkably larger than those of the case using the plasticizers showing nematic and crystalline phases. This result was reasonably explained in terms of the suppressed bleed-out of the photoresponsive plasticizers from the polymer and the good mechanical properties of the mixture stemming from the characteristics of the smectic E phase. Furthermore, through the reversibility of a photoplasticization process, we achieved a photoinduced reduction of the adhesion strength by UV irradiation of the samples in the hardened state. Photohardenable pressure-sensitive adhesives with reversibility has been developed using a commodity plastic just by adding the photoresponsive plasticizer showing the smectic E phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioka Koike
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-12, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Miho Aizawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Minamikawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shishido
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life Science, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-12, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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5
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Dryzek E, Juszyńska-Gałązka E, Zaleski R, Jasińska B, Eusébio MES. Free volume in the smectic-E phase of 4-hexyl-4' isothiocyanatobiphenyl studied by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Phys Rev E 2020; 101:022705. [PMID: 32168647 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.101.022705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy has been used to study 4-hexyl-4'-isothiocyanatobiphenyl. Changes of the orthopositronium lifetime parameters with temperature have been observed for the supercooled smectic-E phase. The measurements confirm that positronium is created and annihilates in a layer of a lower electron density containing alkyl chains of molecules. The two-state bond-lattice model of glass transition explains the thermal activation of the centers where orthopositronium is created and annihilates when the glass of the smectic-E phase softens. However, the subsequent cold crystallization of the softened regions also influences the orthopositronium lifetime and intensity, which complicates the picture seen by positrons. The measurements during isothermal crystallization suggest that it progresses in two stages. The first stage can be described by the Avrami equation with the Avrami exponent close to unity, which indicates low-dimensional crystallization. Similarly to liquid n alkanes, the application of pressure is equivalent to temperature lowering with the similar equivalence relationship between pressure and temperature, which seems to confirm the structure of the smectic-E phase with sublayers containing alkyl chains in a molten state. The dependence of the orthopositronium lifetime on pressure for the smectic-E phase may be described by the bubble model where the positronium bubble is approximated with a finite square potential well with the depth of U=1.45eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dryzek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - E Juszyńska-Gałązka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - R Zaleski
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - B Jasińska
- Institute of Physics, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 1, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - M E S Eusébio
- CQC Departamento de Quimica, Universidade de Coimbra, Rua Larga 3004-534 Coimbra, Portugal
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6
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Cozan V, Ardeleanu R, Airinei A, Timpu D. Crystalline smectic E phase revisited in case of symmetrical dibenzo-18-crown-6-ether azomethine dimers. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.11.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Yamamura Y, Murakoshi T, Iwagaki S, Osiecka N, Saitoh H, Hishida M, Galewski Z, Massalska-Arodź M, Saito K. Structure and molecular packing in smectic B Cr and A d phases of Schiff base liquid crystal compounds through the analyses of layer spacing, entropy and crystal structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:19434-19441. [PMID: 28718465 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03863a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-crystal structural analyses and heat capacity measurements were performed on two Schiff base liquid crystal compounds, 5CBAA (4-chlorobenzylidene-4'-pentyloxyaniline) and 5ABCA (4-pentyloxybenzylidene-4'-chloroaniline). The alkyloxy-chain of a 5CBAA molecule was conformationally ordered in the crystal at room temperature. While that of 5ABCA was partially disordered in the room temperature phase but ordered in a low-temperature phase at 100 K. The structural phase transition involving the disordering of the conformation was observed at 107 K in the heat capacity of 5ABCA. Both compounds showed two liquid crystalline phases, SmBCr and SmAd. The net entropy change associated with the chain disordering was essentially the same in them despite the difference in the orientation of their central -CH[double bond, length as m-dash]N- moiety. The layer-spacings of SmBCr and SmAd phases were analyzed for their chain-length dependence in both series of mesogens (nCBAA and nABCA), as well as in the case of nBBAA (4-bromobenzylidene-4'-alkyloxyaniline). The results reveal that these smectic structures are composed of alternately stacked core- and chain-layers with an antiparallel arrangement of cores and a bent-form of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Takahito Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Sakiko Iwagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Natalia Osiecka
- The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-342, Poland
| | - Hideki Saitoh
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mafumi Hishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Zbigniew Galewski
- The Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Maria Massalska-Arodź
- The Henryk Niewodniczanski Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków 31-342, Poland
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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8
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Yamamura Y, Murakoshi T, Hishida M, Saito K. Examination of molecular packing in orthogonal smectic liquid crystal phases: a guide for molecular design of functional smectic phases. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:25518-25526. [PMID: 28900636 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reported layer spacings (dsmectic) of six homologues of mesogens exhibiting orthogonal smectic phases (SmE, SmB, and SmA phases) are reexamined. The slopes of the linear dependences on chain length (n, the number of carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain) are clearly categorized into two groups: 1.9 Å (CH2)-1 and 1.4 Å (CH2)-1. It is clarified that in the former the molecules take a rod-like form (rod-form; category-I), whereas in the latter the molecules are bent around the connection between the core and chain moieties (bent-form; category-II). The average relative positions of adjacent molecules within the smectic structures are deduced from the intercept of the linear functions of dsmectic against n. The relation between and the features of molecules belonging to the two categories are discussed for molecular design of functional smectic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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9
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Jasiurkowska-Delaporte M, Massalska-Arodź M. Molecular dynamics of 4-propyl-4′-thiocyanatobiphenyl (3BT) in the strong glass-forming smectic E phase. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Wöhrle T, Gündemir R, Frey W, Knecht F, Köhn A, Laschat S. Thermotropic MIDA Boronates as a Case Study for the Role of Dipolar Interactions in Liquid Crystalline Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2017; 23:4149-4159. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Rafet Gündemir
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Friederike Knecht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Andreas Köhn
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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11
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Wu H, Iino H, Hanna JI. Thermally induced bilayered crystals in a solution-processed polycrystalline thin film of phenylterthiophene-based monoalkyl smectic liquid crystals and their effect on FET mobility. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11727b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, a series of asymmetric monoalkyl terthiophene derivatives, Ph-(Tp)3-Cn, (6 ≤ n ≤ 18), were synthesized to study the phase transition from monolayered crystal to bilayered crystal, leading to a significant increase of OFET mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Imaging Science and Engineering Research Center
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Iino
- Imaging Science and Engineering Research Center
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hanna
- Imaging Science and Engineering Research Center
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
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12
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Usuda H, Hishida M, Yamamura Y, Saito K. Contrasting Effects of a Rigid Core and an Alkyl Chain in nCB on the Phase Behavior of Lipid Bilayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:5966-5972. [PMID: 27219128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecules incorporated into biomembranes often bear both a core and an alkyl chain in a single molecule (e.g., sterols). To clarify the effects of these two parts of a molecule, the phase behavior of a 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bilayer containing 4-n-alkyl-4'-cyanobiphenyl (nCB) (n = 0-8) was investigated. The trends of the main transition temperature (Tm) with respect to n and of the pretransition temperature (Tp) with respect to nCB content changed at n = 3. It was therefore suggested that the two parts of the molecule had opposing effects on the phase behavior of DPPC bilayers. The core appears to perturb molecular ordering in the gel phase and lowers Tm (like cholesterol), while alkyl chains appear to order the lipids in the gel phase and raise Tm (like n-alkanes). In addition, Tm exhibits the so-called odd-even effect based on the alkyl chain length of the minor component, nCB. Depending on the value of n, the variation in Tp was dependent on the additive content, although the pretransition was rarely observed at high contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatsuho Usuda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Mafumi Hishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
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13
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Dryzek E, Juszyńska-Gałązka E. Positronium formation and annihilation in liquid crystalline smectic-E phase revisited. Phys Rev E 2016; 93:022705. [PMID: 26986386 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.93.022705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The results of the positron lifetime measurements of the quenched smectic-E (Sm-E) phase of 4-butyl-4'-isothiocyano-1,1'-biphenyl (4TCB) are revisited. The sites of positronium formation and annihilation, according to the model with nanosegregated layered structure of the Sm-E phase and molten state of alkyl chains of molecules, are identified in the sublayer containing alkyl chains of molecules. The possibility of vitrification of the Sm-E phase for 4TCB consisting in freezing of the alkyl chain motions is considered as a cause of the thermally activated creation of sites where o-Ps is formed and annihilates in the quenched Sm-E phase. The description of the temperature dependence of ortho-positronium intensity is performed using the glass transition model which assumes that the molecules occupy two thermodynamic states: solidlike or liquidlike regarding mobility of their alkyl chains. The equilibrium temperature between solidlike and liquidlike domains of the model obtained from positron lifetime measurements coincides with the exothermic effect in the temperature dependence of the heat capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dryzek
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | - E Juszyńska-Gałązka
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
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14
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Guerra S, Dutronc T, Terazzi E, Guénée L, Piguet C. A quantitative assessment of chemical perturbations in thermotropic cyanobiphenyls. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14479-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cohesion Gibbs free energy densities (CFEDs) measured in cyanobiphenyl-containing liquid crystals transform chemical perturbations into pressure increments, which can be analyzed within the frame of standardP–Tdiagrams using the Clapeyron equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Guerra
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Thibault Dutronc
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Terazzi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratory of Crystallography
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- CH-1211 Geneva 4
- Switzerland
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15
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Dutronc T, Terazzi E, Guénée L, Buchwalder KL, Floquet S, Piguet C. Chemical Programming of the Domain of Existence of Liquid Crystals. Chemistry 2015; 22:1385-91. [PMID: 26663074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This work illustrates how enthalpy and entropy changes responsible for successive phase transitions of cyanobiphenyl-based liquid crystals can be combined to give cohesive free energy densities. These new parameters are able to rationalize and quantify the demixing of the melting and clearing processes that occur in thermotropic liquid crystals. Minor structural variations at the molecular level can be understood as pressure increments that alter either the melting or clearing temperatures in a predictable way. This assessment of microsegregation operating in amphiphilic molecules paves the way for the chemical programming of the domain of existence of liquid-crystalline phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Dutronc
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Terazzi
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | - Laure Guénée
- Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Geneva, 24 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Kerry-Lee Buchwalder
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Floquet
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 45 av. des Etats-Unis, 78035, Versailles, France
| | - Claude Piguet
- Department of Inorganic, Analytical and Applied Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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16
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Saito K, Hishida M, Yamamura Y. A possible critical point for nematic order on the basis of Landau free energy having dual instabilities for nano-segregated smectic liquid crystals. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8493-8498. [PMID: 26372214 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Landau expansion of free energy assuming dual instabilities for the nano-segregated SmA phase is analyzed. In addition to known phase sequences (on cooling, disordered isotropic liquid → nematic phase → smectic phase, and disordered isotropic liquid → smectic phase), a new sequence (disordered isotropic liquid → density wave with subsidiary nematic order → smectic phase) and the existence of a critical point are demonstrated in the case where the instability for density wave formation occurs at a higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Mafumi Hishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
| | - Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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17
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2H and 13C NMR studies of orientational order and actual amount of n-heptane molecule in liquid crystal phases of the 7CB–n-heptane system. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.08.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Hishida M, Endo A, Nakazawa K, Yamamura Y, Saito K. Effect of n-alkanes on lipid bilayers depending on headgroups. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 188:61-7. [PMID: 25957868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Phase behavior and structural properties were examined for phospholipid bilayers having different headgroups (DMPC, DMPS and DMPE) with added n-alkanes to study effect of flexible additives. Change in the temperatures of main transition of the lipid/alkane mixtures against the length of added alkanes depends largely on the headgroup. Theoretical analysis of the change of the temperature of transition indicates that the headgroup dependence is dominantly originated in the strong dependence of total enthalpy on the headgroups. The results of X-ray diffraction show that the enthalpic stabilization due to enhanced packing of acyl chains of the lipid by alkanes in the gel phase causes the headgroup-dependent change in the phase transition behavior. The enhanced packing in the gel phase also leads to easy emergence of the subgel phase with very short relaxation time at room temperature in the DMPE-based bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafumi Hishida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Asami Endo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Koyomi Nakazawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Yamamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuya Saito
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan.
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19
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Murase M, Takanishi Y, Nishiyama I, Yoshizawa A, Yamamoto J. Hyper swollen perfluorinated smectic liquid crystal by perfluorinated oils. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12938e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the hyper-swollen behavior of a perfluorinated smectic liquid crystal, 11-(4′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yloxy)undecyl pentadecafluorooctanoate (BI), through addition of perfluorinated oils.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Atsushi Yoshizawa
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science and Technology
- Hirosaki University
- Hirosaki
- Japan
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20
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Park S, Ryu MH, Shin TJ, Cho BK. Smectic assemblies in C₃-symmetric hexa-alkylated liquid crystals: transformation from smectogen to discogen via hydrogen bonding. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5804-5809. [PMID: 24975589 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a C3-symmetric liquid crystal (LC) with sixfold alkyl peripheries exhibiting an unusual smectic E-like organization in the LC state. Based on conformational considerations, the smectic assembly is attributed to the formation of an endo-type Y conformer of asymmetric triazolyl and benzylic groups that cannot be accessed in other C3-symmetric molecules exclusively showing columnar assemblies. The Y conformers form a two-dimensional oblique lattice in the aromatic layers of the ordered smectic phase. In addition, the Y-shaped molecule in the smectic phases can change into a circular shape by the 1 : 1 hydrogen-bonding interaction with a gallic acid derivative, which leads to a hexagonal columnar LC phase. The triazole-based LC design concept proves the smectic LC assembly in the C3-symmetric system, and provides the supramolecular manipulation of LC morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoung Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-Do 448-701, Korea.
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21
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Ohtake T, Tanaka H, Matsumoto T, Kimura M, Ohta A. Redox-Driven Molecular Switches Consisting of Bis(benzodithiolyl)bithienyl Scaffold and Mesogenic Moieties: Synthesis and Complexes with Liquid Crystalline Polymer. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6590-602. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501072u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Ohtake
- Seiko Epson Corporation, 281
Fujimi, Fujimi-machi, Suwa-gun, Nagano 399-0293, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanaka
- Seiko Epson Corporation, 281
Fujimi, Fujimi-machi, Suwa-gun, Nagano 399-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Matsumoto
- Seiko Epson Corporation, 281
Fujimi, Fujimi-machi, Suwa-gun, Nagano 399-0293, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Kimura
- Division
of Chemistry and Materials, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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22
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Chen CC, Hinoue T, Liu JH, Hisaki I, Miyata M, Tohnai N. Solid-State Photoluminescence Modulation of trans-Alkoxy-Nitrostilbene Dyes by Triggering the Solidification of Mesophases via External Stimuli. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Tomoaki Hinoue
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Jui-Hsiang Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University
| | - Ichiro Hisaki
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Mikiji Miyata
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), PRESTO
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23
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Saito K, Miyazawa T, Fujiwara A, Hishida M, Saitoh H, Massalska-Arodź M, Yamamura Y. Reassessment of structure of smectic phases: Nano-segregation in smectic E phase in 4-n-alkyl-4′-isothiocyanato-1,1′-biphenyls. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:114902. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4821162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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