1
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Perez D, Dowlatshahi DP, Azaldegui CA, Ansell TB, Dahlberg PD, Moerner WE. Exploring Transient States of PAmKate to Enable Improved Cryogenic Single-Molecule Imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39388715 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolved cryogenic correlative light and electron microscopy is a powerful approach which combines the single-molecule specificity and sensitivity of fluorescence imaging with the nanoscale resolution of cryogenic electron tomography. Key to this method is active control over the emissive state of fluorescent labels to ensure sufficient sparsity to localize individual emitters. Recent work has identified fluorescent proteins (FPs) that photoactivate or photoswitch efficiently at cryogenic temperatures, but long on-times due to reduced quantum yield of photobleaching remain a challenge for imaging structures with a high density of localizations. In this work, we explore the photophysical properties of the red photoactivatable FP PAmKate and identify a 2-color process leading to enhanced turn-off of active emitters, improving localization rate. Specifically, after excitation of ground state molecules, we find that a transient state forms with a lifetime of ∼2 ms under cryogenic conditions, which can be bleached by exposure to a second wavelength. We measure the response of the transient state to different wavelengths, demonstrate how this mechanism can be used to improve imaging, and provide a blueprint for the study of other FPs at cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dara P Dowlatshahi
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher A Azaldegui
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - T Bertie Ansell
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter D Dahlberg
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - W E Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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2
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Bregnhøj M, Thorning F, Ogilby PR. Singlet Oxygen Photophysics: From Liquid Solvents to Mammalian Cells. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9949-10051. [PMID: 39106038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen, O2, has long provided a cornerstone for studies in chemistry, physics, and biology. Although the triplet ground state, O2(X3Σg-), has garnered much attention, the lowest excited electronic state, O2(a1Δg), commonly called singlet oxygen, has attracted appreciable interest, principally because of its unique chemical reactivity in systems ranging from the Earth's atmosphere to biological cells. Because O2(a1Δg) can be produced and deactivated in processes that involve light, the photophysics of O2(a1Δg) are equally important. Moreover, pathways for O2(a1Δg) deactivation that regenerate O2(X3Σg-), which address fundamental principles unto themselves, kinetically compete with the chemical reactions of O2(a1Δg) and, thus, have practical significance. Due to technological advances (e.g., lasers, optical detectors, microscopes), data acquired in the past ∼20 years have increased our understanding of O2(a1Δg) photophysics appreciably and facilitated both spatial and temporal control over the behavior of O2(a1Δg). One goal of this Review is to summarize recent developments that have broad ramifications, focusing on systems in which oxygen forms a contact complex with an organic molecule M (e.g., a liquid solvent). An important concept is the role played by the M+•O2-• charge-transfer state in both the formation and deactivation of O2(a1Δg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel Bregnhøj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Frederik Thorning
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Peter R Ogilby
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 140 Langelandsgade, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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3
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Perez D, Dowlatshahi DP, Azaldegui CA, Ansell TB, Dahlberg PD, Moerner WE. Exploring transient states of PAmKate to enable improved cryogenic single-molecule imaging. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.24.590965. [PMID: 38712218 PMCID: PMC11071506 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.24.590965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Super-resolved cryogenic correlative light and electron microscopy is a powerful approach which combines the single-molecule specificity and sensitivity of fluorescence imaging with the nanoscale resolution of cryogenic electron tomography. Key to this method is active control over the emissive state of fluorescent labels to ensure sufficient sparsity to localize individual emitters. Recent work has identified fluorescent proteins (FPs) which photoactivate or photoswitch efficiently at cryogenic temperatures, but long on-times due to reduced quantum yield of photobleaching remains a challenge for imaging structures with a high density of localizations. In this work, we explore the photophysical properties of the red photoactivatable FP PAmKate and identify a 2-color process leading to enhanced turn-off of active emitters, improving localization rate. Specifically, after excitation of ground state molecules, we find a transient state forms with a lifetime of ~2 ms under cryogenic conditions which can be bleached by exposure to a second wavelength. We measure the response of the transient state to different wavelengths, demonstrate how this mechanism can be used to improve imaging, and provide a blueprint for study of other FPs at cryogenic temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Perez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dara P. Dowlatshahi
- Biosciences Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher A. Azaldegui
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - T. Bertie Ansell
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Peter D. Dahlberg
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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4
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Sartor A, Dahlberg PD, Perez D, Moerner WE. Characterization of mApple as a Red Fluorescent Protein for Cryogenic Single-Molecule Imaging with Turn-Off and Turn-On Active Control Mechanisms. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2690-2700. [PMID: 36943356 PMCID: PMC10069424 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule superresolution microscopy is a powerful tool for the study of biological structures on size scales smaller than the optical diffraction limit. Imaging samples at cryogenic temperatures (77 K) reduces the quantum yield of photobleaching for many fluorescent labels, yielding localization precisions below 10 nm. Cryogenic imaging further enables correlation with cryogenic electron tomography. A key limitation in applying methods such as PALM and STORM to samples maintained at 77 K is the limited number of fluorophores known to undergo efficient turn-on and turn-off mechanisms necessary to control the sparsity of active emitters. We find that mApple, a red-emitting fluorescent protein, undergoes a novel turn-off mechanism in response to simultaneous illumination with two colors of light. This turn-off mechanism enables localization of many individual molecules in initially bright samples, but the final density of localizable emitters is limited by relatively inefficient turn-on (photoactivation). Bulk excitation and emission spectroscopy shows that mApple has access to two distinct emissive states as well as dark states accessible optically or through changes in pH. The bright and stable emission of mApple enables widefield collection of single-molecule emission spectra, which highlight the complex nature and environmental sensitivity of states observed in red fluorescent proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina
M. Sartor
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peter D. Dahlberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Division
of CryoEM and Bioimaging, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Davis Perez
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - W. E. Moerner
- Department
of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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5
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Lee W. Molecular Basis for the Difference in Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield Between the First Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer, KillerRed, and its Monomeric Counterpart, SuperNova. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Department of Biochemistry Kangwon National University Chuncheon 24341 Korea
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6
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Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU. Genetically encodable fluorescent protein markers in advanced optical imaging. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35767981 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac7d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical fluorescence microscopy plays a pivotal role in the exploration of biological structure and dynamics, especially on live specimens. Progress in the field relies, on the one hand, on technical advances in imaging and data processing and, on the other hand, on progress in fluorescent marker technologies. Among these, genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (FPs) are invaluable tools, as they allow facile labeling of live cells, tissues or organisms, as these produce the FP markers all by themselves after introduction of a suitable gene. Here we cover FP markers from the GFP family of proteins as well as tetrapyrrole-binding proteins, which further complement the FP toolbox in important ways. A broad range of FP variants have been endowed, by using protein engineering, with photophysical properties that are essential for specific fluorescence microscopy techniques, notably those offering nanoscale image resolution. We briefly introduce various advanced imaging methods and show how they utilize the distinct properties of the FP markers in exciting imaging applications, with the aim to guide researchers toward the design of powerful imaging experiments that are optimally suited to address their biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
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7
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Pócsi I, Szigeti ZM, Emri T, Boczonádi I, Vereb G, Szöllősi J. Use of red, far-red, and near-infrared light in imaging of yeasts and filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3895-3912. [PMID: 35599256 PMCID: PMC9200671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11967-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract While phototoxicity can be a useful therapeutic modality not only for eliminating malignant cells but also in treating fungal infections, mycologists aiming to observe morphological changes or molecular events in fungi, especially when long observation periods or high light fluxes are warranted, encounter problems owed to altered regulatory pathways or even cell death caused by various photosensing mechanisms. Consequently, the ever expanding repertoire of visible fluorescent protein toolboxes and high-resolution microscopy methods designed to investigate fungi in vitro and in vivo need to comply with an additional requirement: to decrease the unwanted side effects of illumination. In addition to optimizing exposure, an obvious solution is red-shifted illumination, which, however, does not come without compromises. This review summarizes the interactions of fungi with light and the various molecular biology and technology approaches developed for exploring their functions on the molecular, cellular, and in vivo microscopic levels, and outlines the progress towards reducing phototoxicity through applying far-red and near-infrared light. Key points • Fungal biological processes alter upon illumination, also under the microscope • Red shifted fluorescent protein toolboxes decrease interference by illumination • Innovations like two-photon, lightsheet, and near IR microscopy reduce phototoxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsa M Szigeti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Imre Boczonádi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Szöllősi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Mukherjee S, Jimenez R. Photophysical Engineering of Fluorescent Proteins: Accomplishments and Challenges of Physical Chemistry Strategies. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:735-750. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srijit Mukherjee
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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9
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Liu J, Wang F, Qin Y, Feng X. Advances in the Genetically Engineered KillerRed for Photodynamic Therapy Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810130. [PMID: 34576293 PMCID: PMC8468639 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinical treatment for cancer or non-neoplastic diseases, and the photosensitizers (PSs) are crucial for PDT efficiency. The commonly used chemical PSs, generally produce ROS through the type II reaction that highly relies on the local oxygen concentration. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and unavoidable dark toxicity of PSs greatly restrain the wide application of PDT. The genetically encoded PSs, unlike chemical PSs, can be modified using genetic engineering techniques and targeted to unique cellular compartments, even within a single cell. KillerRed, as a dimeric red fluorescent protein, can be activated by visible light or upconversion luminescence to execute the Type I reaction of PDT, which does not need too much oxygen and surely attract the researchers’ focus. In particular, nanotechnology provides new opportunities for various modifications of KillerRed and versatile delivery strategies. This review more comprehensively outlines the applications of KillerRed, highlighting the fascinating features of KillerRed genes and proteins in the photodynamic systems. Furthermore, the advantages and defects of KillerRed are also discussed, either alone or in combination with other therapies. These overviews may facilitate understanding KillerRed progress in PDT and suggest some emerging potentials to circumvent challenges to improve the efficiency and accuracy of PDT.
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10
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Abstract
We examine changes in the picosecond structural dynamics with irreversible photobleaching of red fluorescent proteins (RFP) mCherry, mOrange2 and TagRFP-T. Measurements of the protein dynamical transition using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy show in all cases an increase in the turn-on temperature in the bleached state. The result is surprising given that there is little change in the protein surface, and thus, the solvent dynamics held responsible for the transition should not change. A spectral analysis of the measurements guided by quasiharmonic calculations of the protein absorbance reveals that indeed the solvent dynamical turn-on temperature is independent of the thermal stability/photostate however the protein dynamical turn-on temperature shifts to higher temperatures. This is the first demonstration of switching the protein dynamical turn-on temperature with protein functional state. The observed shift in protein dynamical turn-on temperature relative to the solvent indicates an increase in the required mobile waters necessary for the protein picosecond motions, that is, these motions are more collective. Melting-point measurements reveal that the photobleached state is more thermally stable, and structural analysis of related RFP’s shows that there is an increase in internal water channels as well as a more uniform atomic root mean squared displacement. These observations are consistent with previous suggestions that water channels form with extended light excitation providing O2 access to the chromophore and subsequent fluorescence loss. We report that these same channels increase internal coupling enhancing thermal stability and collectivity of the picosecond protein motions. The terahertz spectroscopic characterization of the protein and solvent dynamical onsets can be applied generally to measure changes in collectivity of protein motions.
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11
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Chen H, Luo C, Zhang S. Intracellular imaging and concurrent pH sensing of cancer-derived exosomes using surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:4091-4101. [PMID: 34014359 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes have attracted significant attention as cancer diagnostic targets and therapeutic agents due to their unique biogenesis and structure. To clarify the biological activities of exosomes, it is important to obtain a picture of their intracellular distribution and how they evolve over time. In this work, a new kind of intracellular exosome imaging and concurrent pH sensing method is demonstrated by using the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. Specifically, 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (4MBA)-tagged silver nanoparticles are attached onto the outer surfaces of exosomes, in which silver nanoparticles are employed as SERS generators. Raman agents 4MBA are susceptible to a specific intracellular stimulus, that is, undergo a protonation or deprotonation in response to intracellular pH variation, which correspondingly exhibit different vibrational spectra features. By using the SERS spectroscopy, tracking of the intracellular distribution of exosomes and the concurrent quantitative sensing of environmental pH were achieved, which demonstrated that, as time prolonged, exosomes first attached with the tumor cell surfaces, and then entered into the cells and accumulated in lysosomes. Such SERS-active hybridized exosomes, that are sensitive to discrete variations in intracellular pH, have proved their capability for the investigation of interactions between exosomes and cells. The spectral diversity and flexible surface modification of these hybridized exosomes are also highly expected in developing multifunctional exosome-based nanoplatforms, which offers great potential to promote the exosome-based therapeutics forward into an advanced stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China.
| | - Caixia Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Shangtao Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Contemporary Optics System, School of Optical Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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12
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Ren Y, Chen Q, He M, Zhang X, Qi H, Yan Y. Plasmonic Optical Tweezers for Particle Manipulation: Principles, Methods, and Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6105-6128. [PMID: 33834771 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the idea of combining conventional optical tweezers with plasmonic nanostructures, a technique named plasmonic optical tweezers (POT) has been widely explored from fundamental principles to applications. With the ability to break the diffraction barrier and enhance the localized electromagnetic field, POT techniques are especially effective for high spatial-resolution manipulation of nanoscale or even subnanoscale objects, from small bioparticles to atoms. In addition, POT can be easily integrated with other techniques such as lab-on-chip devices, which results in a very promising alternative technique for high-throughput single-bioparticle sensing or imaging. Despite its label-free, high-precision, and high-spatial-resolution nature, it also suffers from some limitations. One of the main obstacles is that the plasmonic nanostructures are located over the surfaces of a substrate, which makes the manipulation of bioparticles turn from a three-dimensional problem to a nearly two-dimensional problem. Meanwhile, the operation zone is limited to a predefined area. Therefore, the target objects must be delivered to the operation zone near the plasmonic structures. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art target delivery methods for the POT-based particle manipulating technique, along with its applications in single-bioparticle analysis/imaging, high-throughput bioparticle purifying, and single-atom manipulation. Future developmental perspectives of POT techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatao Ren
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mingjian He
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Xiangzhi Zhang
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, P.R. China
| | - Hong Qi
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Yan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham, Ningbo 315100, P.R. China
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13
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Sen T, Ma Y, Polyakov IV, Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Krylov AI. Interplay between Locally Excited and Charge Transfer States Governs the Photoswitching Mechanism in the Fluorescent Protein Dreiklang. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:757-770. [PMID: 33411528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We present the results of high-level electronic structure and dynamics simulations of the photoactive protein Dreiklang. With the goal of understanding the details of the Dreiklang photocycle, we carefully characterize the excited states of the ON- and OFF-forms of Dreiklang. The key finding of our study is the existence of a low-lying excited state of a charge-transfer character in the neutral ON form and that population of this state, which is nearly isoenergetic with the locally excited bright state, initiates a series of steps that ultimately lead to the formation of the hydrated dark chromophore (OFF state). These results allow us to refine the mechanistic picture of Dreiklang's photocycle and photoactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthendu Sen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Yingying Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Igor V Polyakov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Bella L Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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14
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Das S, Tiwari M, Mondal D, Sahoo BR, Tiwari DK. Growing tool-kit of photosensitizers for clinical and non-clinical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10897-10940. [PMID: 33165483 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02085k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are photosensitive molecules utilized in clinical and non-clinical applications by taking advantage of light-mediated reactive oxygen generation, which triggers local and systemic cellular toxicity. Photosensitizers are used for diverse biological applications such as spatio-temporal inactivation of a protein in a living system by chromophore-assisted light inactivation, localized cell photoablation, photodynamic and immuno-photodynamic therapy, and correlative light-electron microscopy imaging. Substantial efforts have been made to develop several genetically encoded, chemically synthesized, and nanotechnologically driven photosensitizers for successful implementation in redox biology applications. Genetically encoded photosensitizers (GEPS) or reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating proteins have the advantage of using them in the living system since they can be manipulated by genetic engineering with a variety of target-specific genes for the precise spatio-temporal control of ROS generation. The GEPS variety is limited but is expanding with a variety of newly emerging GEPS proteins. Apart from GEPS, a large variety of chemically- and nanotechnologically-empowered photosensitizers have been developed with a major focus on photodynamic therapy-based cancer treatment alone or in combination with pre-existing treatment methods. Recently, immuno-photodynamic therapy has emerged as an effective cancer treatment method using smartly designed photosensitizers to initiate and engage the patient's immune system so as to empower the photosensitizing effect. In this review, we have discussed various types of photosensitizers, their clinical and non-clinical applications, and implementation toward intelligent efficacy, ROS efficiency, and target specificity in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Environment, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa 403206, India.
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15
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Fare C, Yuan L, Cordon-Preciado V, Michels JJ, Bearpark MJ, Rich P, van Thor JJ. Radical-Triggered Reaction Mechanism of the Green-to-Red Photoconversion of EosFP. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7765-7778. [PMID: 32805110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Reaction intermediates in the green-to-red photoconversion of the photochromic fluorescent protein EosFP have been observed using high-intensity continuous blue illumination. An intermediate was identified through light-induced accumulation that continues to convert the green form in subsequent darkness, putatively containing a tyrosyl radical, albeit with anomalously shifted features in both the electronic and FTIR spectra. Lowering the pH to 5.5 significantly delays the decay of this tyrosyl intermediate, which is accompanied by Stark-shifted features in the electronic spectra of reactants and products. Vibrational mode assignments for the high-frequency and fingerprint FTIR spectral regions of the reaction intermediates support a proposed sequence of events where the newly formed Cα═Cβ ethylenic bond precedes modifications on the His-62 imidazole ring and confirms a C═O(NH2) product group on Phe-61. We propose a reaction mechanism that involves tyrosyl generation via singlet excited-state-mediated oxidation which subsequently triggers the covalent reactions by oxidation of the green chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clyde Fare
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Letong Yuan
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Violeta Cordon-Preciado
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper J Michels
- Division of Molecular Electronics, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael J Bearpark
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, 80 Wood Lane, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Rich
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jasper J van Thor
- Molecular Biophysics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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16
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Yang H, Li H, Liu T. Photobleaching statistics in single-molecule on-/off-time distributions. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:174101. [PMID: 31703494 DOI: 10.1063/1.5126500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The on- and and off-time distributions from fluorescence single-molecule experiments are widely used to extract kinetics parameters with the goal to provide a quantitative description for the molecule's behavior on the ensemble level. Such experiments are inevitably influenced by photobleaching, where the fluorescent probe transitions to a nonemissive state. Yet, it appears that few reports went beyond acknowledging this unavoidable complication; in fact, it has so far been ignored when evaluating off-time distributions. Here, we present a theoretical framework that allows the derivation of analytical equations in which photobleaching kinetics are rigorously incorporated. Unexpectedly, our results indicate that the off-time distribution should be nonexponential even when all the rate processes are single exponential. With the analytical theory understood and demonstrated as easy to implement, such ubiquitous photochemical processes can now be readily included in routine experimental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haw Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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17
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Westberg M, Etzerodt M, Ogilby PR. Rational design of genetically encoded singlet oxygen photosensitizing proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 57:56-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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18
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Nassar SJM, Wills C, Harriman A. Inhibition of the Photobleaching of Methylene Blue by Association with Urea. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulafa Jamal M. Nassar
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES- ChemistryNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Corinne Wills
- NMR Laboratory School of Natural and Environmental ScienceNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
| | - Anthony Harriman
- Molecular Photonics Laboratory, SNES- ChemistryNewcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU UK
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19
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Moron V, Marazzi M, Wanko M. Far Red Fluorescent Proteins: Where Is the Limit of the Acylimine Chromophore? J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:4228-4240. [PMID: 31146524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The search for new near-infrared probes for fluorescence imaging applications is a rapidly growing field of research. Monomeric fluorescent proteins that autocatalyze their chromophore are the most versatile markers for in vivo applications, but the development of bright far-red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) has proven difficult. In this contribution, we search for the theoretical limit of the red shift and how it can be reached without sacrificing the fluorescence quantum yield. Through extensive excited-state pathway calculations, molecular dynamics sampling, and statistical modeling using QM/MM schemes, we provide a new understanding of the chromophore's photophysics including the role of its acylimine extension, which is the main difference from other families of fluorescent proteins. The excited-state dynamics of the mPlum RFP and its mutants provide an ideal basis due to mPlum's flexible binding pocket and extended dynamic Stokes shift. We found a large number of structural species with red-shifted emission that differ in rotamer states and H-bonds between key amino acid residues in the binding pocket. By analyzing their spectral and structural features, we derive guidelines for future rational genetic design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moron
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Dpto. Fisica de Materiales , Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC and DIPC , Av. Tolosa 72 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Department of Theoretical Chemical Biology , Institute of Physical Chemistry, KIT , Kaiserstrasse 12 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Universidad de Alcalá, Ctra , Madrid-Barcelona Km. 33,600 , E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
- "Andrés M. del Rı́o" (IQAR) , Universidad de Alcalá , E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid , Spain
| | - Marius Wanko
- Nano-Bio Spectroscopy Group and ETSF, Dpto. Fisica de Materiales , Universidad del País Vasco, CFM CSIC-UPV/EHU-MPC and DIPC , Av. Tolosa 72 , 20018 San Sebastián , Spain
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20
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Nemukhin AV, Grigorenko BL, Khrenova MG, Krylov AI. Computational Challenges in Modeling of Representative Bioimaging Proteins: GFP-Like Proteins, Flavoproteins, and Phytochromes. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6133-6149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V. Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Bella L. Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Maria G. Khrenova
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Federal Research Center of Biotechnology, Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119071, Russian
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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21
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Laporte A, Nordenbrock A, Lenzen S, Elsner M. Light-induced intracellular hydrogen peroxide generation through genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed-SOD1. Free Radic Res 2018; 52:1170-1181. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2018.1540042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laporte
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anke Nordenbrock
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sigurd Lenzen
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Diabetes, Research Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Elsner
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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22
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Trewin AJ, Berry BJ, Wei AY, Bahr LL, Foster TH, Wojtovich AP. Light-induced oxidant production by fluorescent proteins. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 128:157-164. [PMID: 29425690 PMCID: PMC6078816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidants play an important role in the cell and are involved in many redox processes. Oxidant concentrations are maintained through coordinated production and removal systems. The dysregulation of oxidant homeostasis is a hallmark of many disease pathologies. The local oxidant microdomain is crucial for the initiation of many redox signaling events; however, methods to control oxidant product are limited. Some fluorescent proteins, including GFP, TagRFP, KillerRed, miniSOG, and their derivatives, generate oxidants in response to light. These genetically-encoded photosensitizers produce singlet oxygen and superoxide upon illumination and offer spatial and temporal control over oxidant production. In this review, we will examine the photosensitization properties of fluorescent proteins and their application to redox biology. Emerging concepts of selective oxidant species production via photosensitization and the impact of light on biological systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Trewin
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Brandon J Berry
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Alicia Y Wei
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Laura L Bahr
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Thomas H Foster
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Imaging Sciences, Rochester 14642, United States
| | - Andrew P Wojtovich
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Rochester 14642, United States; University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Rochester 14642, United States.
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23
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Willadsen M, Chaise M, Yarovoy I, Zhang AQ, Parashurama N. Engineering molecular imaging strategies for regenerative medicine. Bioeng Transl Med 2018; 3:232-255. [PMID: 30377663 PMCID: PMC6195904 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reshaping of the world's aging population has created an urgent need for therapies for chronic diseases. Regenerative medicine offers a ray of hope, and its complex solutions include material, cellular, or tissue systems. We review basics of regenerative medicine/stem cells and describe how the field of molecular imaging, which is based on quantitative, noninvasive, imaging of biological events in living subjects, can be applied to regenerative medicine in order to interrogate tissues in innovative, informative, and personalized ways. We consider aspects of regenerative medicine for which molecular imaging will benefit. Next, genetic and nanoparticle-based cell imaging strategies are discussed in detail, with modalities like magnetic resonance imaging, optical imaging (near infra-red, bioluminescence), raman microscopy, and photoacoustic microscopy), ultrasound, computed tomography, single-photon computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. We conclude with a discussion of "next generation" molecular imaging strategies, including imaging host tissues prior to cell/tissue transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Willadsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - Marc Chaise
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences University at Buffalo State University of New York 955 Main St., Buffalo, New York 14203
| | - Iven Yarovoy
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - An Qi Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Furnas Hall Buffalo New York 14228.,Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Bonner Hall Buffalo New York 14228.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC) University at Buffalo, State University of New York 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York 14203
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24
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Lee W, Kim I, Rhee YM. A proton transfer network that generates deprotonated tyrosine is a key to producing reactive oxygen species in phototoxic KillerRed protein. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:22342-22350. [PMID: 30128469 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
KillerRed is the first genetically encoded photosensitizer that can induce cytotoxicity upon light exposure. Nevertheless, its phototoxicity is still lower than that of chemical photosensitizers, and the efforts to further develop KillerRed variants with enhanced phototoxicity have been impeded because the mechanism by which it generates cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) has remained elusive. To shed light on this issue, we employ quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling with statistical free energy analysis to examine the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurring in KillerRed. We identify a deprotonated tyrosine residue (Tyr110) as an electron donor and further show that adjacent glutamate and serine residues play essential roles in deprotonating Tyr110. We also show that water mediation is important in the proton transfer and that protein fluctuations importantly govern the fate of the excited system. We provide clues about why KillerRed can only exhibit a low ROS yield and suggest future directions of mutagenesis toward an enhanced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
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25
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Leem JW, Park J, Kim S, Kim S, Choi SH, Choi K, Kim YL. Green-Light-Activated Photoreaction via Genetic Hybridization of Far-Red Fluorescent Protein and Silk. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700863. [PMID: 29938168 PMCID: PMC6010726 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins often result in phototoxicity and cytotoxicity, in particular because some red fluorescent proteins produce and release reactive oxygen species (ROS). The photogeneration of ROS is considered as a detrimental side effect in cellular imaging or is proactively utilized for ablating cancerous tissue. As ancient textiles or biomaterials, silk produced by silkworms can directly be used as fabrics or be processed into materials and structures to host other functional nanomaterials. It is reported that transgenic fusion of far-red fluorescent protein (mKate2) with silk provides a photosensitizer hybridization platform for photoinducible control of ROS. Taking advantage of green (visible) light activation, native and regenerated mKate2 silk can produce and release superoxide and singlet oxygen, in a comparable manner of visible light-driven plasmonic photocatalysis. Thus, the genetic expression of mKate2 in silk offers immediately exploitable and scalable photocatalyst-like biomaterials. It is further envisioned that mKate2 silk can potentially rule out hazardous concerns associated with foreign semiconductor photocatalytic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Wan Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seong‐Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Choi
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
| | - Kwang‐Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural BiologyNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuJeollabuk‐do55365Republic of Korea
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
- Purdue Quantum CenterPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIN47907USA
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26
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Agustin-Salazar S, Cerruti P, Medina-Juárez LÁ, Scarinzi G, Malinconico M, Soto-Valdez H, Gamez-Meza N. Lignin and holocellulose from pecan nutshell as reinforcing fillers in poly (lactic acid) biocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 115:727-736. [PMID: 29702173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose from agro-food biowaste represents a valuable source of cost-effective structural fillers for wholly renewable polymer composites. In this work, pecan (Carya illinoinensis) nutshell (NS) fiber and its structural components, holocellulose (HC) and acid insoluble lignin (AIL), were isolated, characterized and used as reinforcing fillers to manufacture poly(lactic acid) (PLA) based biocomposites. Thermal, morphological and mechanical properties of the prepared materials were analyzed. NS and HC acted as heterogeneous nucleating agents, potentially able to control PLA physical aging. Moreover, they significantly enhanced the viscoelastic response of PLA, mainly restricting the melt molecular mobility due to hydrodynamic effects and the formation of a three-dimensional particulate network. Flexural tests demonstrated that HC induced a 25% increase in modulus compared to the plain polymer. AIL, conversely, conferred higher ductility to the PLA matrix producing an increase in stress and strain at break of 55% and 65%, respectively. Finally, all the biocomposites showed lower resilience with respect to plain PLA due to the lack of chemical adhesion between filler and matrix. These results emphasize the potential of NS as a source of reinforcing filler in polymer-based biocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarai Agustin-Salazar
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), via Previati 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy.
| | - Luis Ángel Medina-Juárez
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Gennaro Scarinzi
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Na, Italy
| | - Mario Malinconico
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB-CNR), via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Na, Italy
| | - Herlinda Soto-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera a La Victoria km 0.6 C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Nohemi Gamez-Meza
- Departamento de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de la Universidad de Sonora, Rosales y Blvd. Luis Encinas, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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27
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Leem JW, Kim SR, Choi KH, Kim YL. Plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins for generating reactive oxygen species. NANO CONVERGENCE 2018; 5:8. [PMID: 29607289 PMCID: PMC5862923 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-018-0140-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The recent advances in photocatalysis have opened a variety of new possibilities for energy and biomedical applications. In particular, plasmonic photocatalysis using hybridization of semiconductor materials and metal nanoparticles has recently facilitated the rapid progress in enhancing photocatalytic efficiency under visible or solar light. One critical underlying aspect of photocatalysis is that it generates and releases reactive oxygen species (ROS) as intermediate or final products upon light excitation or activation. Although plasmonic photocatalysis overcomes the limitation of UV irradiation, synthesized metal/semiconductor nanomaterial photocatalysts often bring up biohazardous and environmental issues. In this respect, this review article is centered in identifying natural photosensitizing organic materials that can generate similar types of ROS as those of plasmonic photocatalysis. In particular, we propose the idea of plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins for ROS generation under visible light irradiation. We recapitulate fluorescent proteins that have Type I and Type II photosensitization properties in a comparable manner to plasmonic photocatalysis. Plasmonic photocatalysis and protein photosensitization have not yet been compared systemically in terms of ROS photogeneration under visible light, although the phototoxicity and cytotoxicity of some fluorescent proteins are well recognized. A comprehensive understanding of plasmonic photocatalyst-like fluorescent proteins and their potential advantages will lead us to explore new environmental, biomedical, and defense applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Woo Leem
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Seong-Ryul Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Ho Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Young L. Kim
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- Purdue Quantum Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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28
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Byrdin M, Duan C, Bourgeois D, Brettel K. A Long-Lived Triplet State Is the Entrance Gateway to Oxidative Photochemistry in Green Fluorescent Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:2897-2905. [PMID: 29394055 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Though ubiquitously used as selective fluorescence markers in cellular biology, fluorescent proteins (FPs) still have not disclosed all of their surprising properties. One important issue, notably for single-molecule applications, is the nature of the triplet state, suggested to be the starting point for many possible photochemical reactions leading to phenomena such as blinking or bleaching. Here, we applied transient absorption spectroscopy to characterize dark states in the prototypical enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) of hydrozoan origin and, for comparison, in IrisFP, a representative phototransformable FP of anthozoan origin. We identified a long-lived (approximately 5 ms) dark state that is formed with a quantum yield of approximately 1% and has pronounced absorption throughout the visible-NIR range (peak at around 900 nm). Detection of phosphorescence emission with identical kinetics and excitation spectrum allowed unambiguous identification of this state as the first excited triplet state of the deprotonated chromophore. This triplet state was further characterized by determining its phosphorescence emission spectrum, the temperature dependence of its decay kinetics and its reactivity toward oxygen and electron acceptors and donors. It is suggested that it is this triplet state that lies at the origin of oxidative photochemistry in green FPs, leading to phenomena such as so-called "oxidative redding", "primed photoconversion", or, in a manner similar to that previously observed for organic dyes, redox induced blinking control with the reducing and oxidizing system ("ROXS").
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Byrdin
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS , 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Chenxi Duan
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS , 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Bourgeois
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS , 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Klaus Brettel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay , F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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29
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Rodríguez-Pulido A, Cortajarena AL, Torra J, Ruiz-González R, Nonell S, Flors C. Assessing the potential of photosensitizing flavoproteins as tags for correlative microscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:8405-8. [PMID: 27301706 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03119f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizing flavoproteins have great potential as tags for correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM). We examine the photostability of miniSOG mutants and their ability to photo-oxidize diaminobenzidine, both key aspects for CLEM. Our experiments reveal a complex relation between these parameters and the production of different reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rodríguez-Pulido
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Aitziber L Cortajarena
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain. and CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, E-20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Joaquim Torra
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Santi Nonell
- Institut Químic de Sarrià, Universitat Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience) and Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Mamontova AV, Grigoryev AP, Tsarkova AS, Lukyanov KA, Bogdanov AM. Struggle for photostability: Bleaching mechanisms of fluorescent proteins. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162017060085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Mohr MA, Kobitski AY, Sabater LR, Nienhaus K, Obara CJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Nienhaus GU, Pantazis P. Rational Engineering of Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins for Dual-Color Fluorescence Nanoscopy Enabled by a Triplet-State Mechanism of Primed Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11628-11633. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alexander Mohr
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus; Ashburn VA 20147 USA
| | - Andrei Yu. Kobitski
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lluc Rullan Sabater
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | | | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Physics; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Periklis Pantazis
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
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Mohr MA, Kobitski AY, Sabater LR, Nienhaus K, Obara CJ, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Nienhaus GU, Pantazis P. Rational Engineering of Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins for Dual-Color Fluorescence Nanoscopy Enabled by a Triplet-State Mechanism of Primed Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alexander Mohr
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Janelia Research Campus; Ashburn VA 20147 USA
| | - Andrei Yu. Kobitski
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lluc Rullan Sabater
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | | | | | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Physics; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Periklis Pantazis
- Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering (D-BSSE); Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich; 4058 Basel Switzerland
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Brunker J, Yao J, Laufer J, Bohndiek SE. Photoacoustic imaging using genetically encoded reporters: a review. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:2645343. [PMID: 28717818 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.7.070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded contrast in photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is complementary to the intrinsic contrast provided by endogenous absorbing chromophores such as hemoglobin. The use of reporter genes expressing absorbing proteins opens the possibility of visualizing dynamic cellular and molecular processes. This is an enticing prospect but brings with it challenges and limitations associated with generating and detecting different types of reporters. The purpose of this review is to compare existing PAI reporters and signal detection strategies, thereby offering a practical guide, particularly for the nonbiologist, to choosing the most appropriate reporter for maximum sensitivity in the biological and technological system of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brunker
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Junjie Yao
- Duke University, Photoacoustic Imaging Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jan Laufer
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institut für Physik, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sarah E Bohndiek
- University of Cambridge, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute and Department of Physics, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Diagonally Scanned Light-Sheet Microscopy for Fast Volumetric Imaging of Adherent Cells. Biophys J 2016; 110:1456-65. [PMID: 27028654 PMCID: PMC4816690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In subcellular light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) of adherent cells, glass substrates are advantageously rotated relative to the excitation and emission light paths to avoid glass-induced optical aberrations. Because cells are spread across the sample volume, three-dimensional imaging requires a light-sheet with a long propagation length, or rapid sample scanning. However, the former degrades axial resolution and/or optical sectioning, while the latter mechanically perturbs sensitive biological specimens on pliant biomimetic substrates (e.g., collagen and basement membrane). Here, we use aberration-free remote focusing to diagonally sweep a narrow light-sheet along the sample surface, enabling multicolor imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution. Further, we implement a dithered Gaussian lattice to minimize sample-induced illumination heterogeneities, significantly improving signal uniformity. Compared with mechanical sample scanning, we drastically reduce sample oscillations, allowing us to achieve volumetric imaging at speeds of up to 3.5 Hz for thousands of Z-stacks. We demonstrate the optical performance with live-cell imaging of microtubule and actin cytoskeletal dynamics, phosphoinositide signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, polarized blebbing, and endocytic vesicle sorting. We achieve three-dimensional particle tracking of clathrin-associated structures with velocities up to 4.5 μm/s in a dense intracellular environment, and show that such dynamics cannot be recovered reliably at lower volumetric image acquisition rates using experimental data, numerical simulations, and theoretical modeling.
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Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU. Chromophore photophysics and dynamics in fluorescent proteins of the GFP family. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:443001. [PMID: 27604321 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/44/443001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are indispensable for fluorescence imaging experiments in the life sciences, particularly of living specimens. Their essential role as genetically encoded fluorescence markers has motivated many researchers over the last 20 years to further advance and optimize these proteins by using protein engineering. Amino acids can be exchanged by site-specific mutagenesis, starting with naturally occurring proteins as templates. Optical properties of the fluorescent chromophore are strongly tuned by the surrounding protein environment, and a targeted modification of chromophore-protein interactions requires a profound knowledge of the underlying photophysics and photochemistry, which has by now been well established from a large number of structural and spectroscopic experiments and molecular-mechanical and quantum-mechanical computations on many variants of fluorescent proteins. Nevertheless, such rational engineering often does not meet with success and thus is complemented by random mutagenesis and selection based on the optical properties. In this topical review, we present an overview of the key structural and spectroscopic properties of fluorescent proteins. We address protein-chromophore interactions that govern ground state optical properties as well as processes occurring in the electronically excited state. Special emphasis is placed on photoactivation of fluorescent proteins. These light-induced reactions result in large structural changes that drastically alter the fluorescence properties of the protein, which enables some of the most exciting applications, including single particle tracking, pulse chase imaging and super-resolution imaging. We also present a few examples of fluorescent protein application in live-cell imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Wolfgang Gaede-Straße 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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36
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Acharya A, Bogdanov AM, Grigorenko BL, Bravaya KB, Nemukhin AV, Lukyanov KA, Krylov AI. Photoinduced Chemistry in Fluorescent Proteins: Curse or Blessing? Chem Rev 2016; 117:758-795. [PMID: 27754659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced reactions play an important role in the photocycle of fluorescent proteins from the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. Among such processes are photoisomerization, photooxidation/photoreduction, breaking and making of covalent bonds, and excited-state proton transfer (ESPT). Many of these transformations are initiated by electron transfer (ET). The quantum yields of these processes vary significantly, from nearly 1 for ESPT to 10-4-10-6 for ET. Importantly, even when quantum yields are relatively small, at the conditions of repeated illumination the overall effect is significant. Depending on the task at hand, fluorescent protein photochemistry is regarded either as an asset facilitating new applications or as a nuisance leading to the loss of optical output. The phenomena arising due to phototransformations include (i) large Stokes shifts, (ii) photoconversions, photoactivation, and photoswitching, (iii) phototoxicity, (iv) blinking, (v) permanent bleaching, and (vi) formation of long-lived intermediates. The focus of this review is on the most recent experimental and theoretical work on photoinduced transformations in fluorescent proteins. We also provide an overview of the photophysics of fluorescent proteins, highlighting the interplay between photochemistry and other channels (fluorescence, radiationless relaxation, and intersystem crossing). The similarities and differences with photochemical processes in other biological systems and in dyes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Acharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Alexey M Bogdanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow, Russia.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Bella L Grigorenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Ksenia B Bravaya
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University , Boston, Massachusetts United States
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow, Russia.,Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences , Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry , Moscow, Russia.,Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy , Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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37
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Westberg M, Bregnhøj M, Banerjee C, Blázquez-Castro A, Breitenbach T, Ogilby PR. Exerting better control and specificity with singlet oxygen experiments in live mammalian cells. Methods 2016; 109:81-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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38
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A Guide to Fluorescent Protein FRET Pairs. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16091488. [PMID: 27649177 PMCID: PMC5038762 DOI: 10.3390/s16091488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Förster or fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology and genetically encoded FRET biosensors provide a powerful tool for visualizing signaling molecules in live cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. Fluorescent proteins (FPs) are most commonly used as both donor and acceptor fluorophores in FRET biosensors, especially since FPs are genetically encodable and live-cell compatible. In this review, we will provide an overview of methods to measure FRET changes in biological contexts, discuss the palette of FP FRET pairs developed and their relative strengths and weaknesses, and note important factors to consider when using FPs for FRET studies.
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39
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Gurunathan PK, Acharya A, Ghosh D, Kosenkov D, Kaliman I, Shao Y, Krylov AI, Slipchenko LV. Extension of the Effective Fragment Potential Method to Macromolecules. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6562-74. [PMID: 27314461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b04166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effective fragment potential (EFP) approach, which can be described as a nonempirical polarizable force field, affords an accurate first-principles treatment of noncovalent interactions in extended systems. EFP can also describe the effect of the environment on the electronic properties (e.g., electronic excitation energies and ionization and electron-attachment energies) of a subsystem via the QM/EFP (quantum mechanics/EFP) polarizable embedding scheme. The original formulation of the method assumes that the system can be separated, without breaking covalent bonds, into closed-shell fragments, such as solvent and solute molecules. Here, we present an extension of the EFP method to macromolecules (mEFP). Several schemes for breaking a large molecule into small fragments described by EFP are presented and benchmarked. We focus on the electronic properties of molecules embedded into a protein environment and consider ionization, electron-attachment, and excitation energies (single-point calculations only). The model systems include chromophores of green and red fluorescent proteins surrounded by several nearby amino acid residues and phenolate bound to the T4 lysozyme. All mEFP schemes show robust performance and accurately reproduce the reference full QM calculations. For further applications of mEFP, we recommend either the scheme in which the peptide is cut along the Cα-C bond, giving rise to one fragment per amino acid, or the scheme with two cuts per amino acid, along the Cα-C and Cα-N bonds. While using these fragmentation schemes, the errors in solvatochromic shifts in electronic energy differences (excitation, ionization, electron detachment, or electron-attachment) do not exceed 0.1 eV. The largest error of QM/mEFP against QM/EFP (no fragmentation of the EFP part) is 0.06 eV (in most cases, the errors are 0.01-0.02 eV). The errors in the QM/molecular mechanics calculations with standard point charges can be as large as 0.3 eV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atanu Acharya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Debashree Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
- Physical and Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory , Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dmytro Kosenkov
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Monmouth University , West Long Branch, New Jersey 07764, United States
| | - Ilya Kaliman
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Q-Chem Inc. , 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105 Pleasanton, California 94588, United States
| | - Anna I Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | - Lyudmila V Slipchenko
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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40
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Bogdanov AM, Acharya A, Titelmayer AV, Mamontova AV, Bravaya KB, Kolomeisky AB, Lukyanov KA, Krylov AI. Turning On and Off Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Fluorescent Proteins by π-Stacking, Halide Binding, and Tyr145 Mutations. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:4807-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M. Bogdanov
- Shemiakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Atanu Acharya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
| | | | | | - Ksenia B. Bravaya
- Department
of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Shemiakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russia
| | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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41
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Berardozzi R, Adam V, Martins A, Bourgeois D. Arginine 66 Controls Dark-State Formation in Green-to-Red Photoconvertible Fluorescent Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:558-65. [PMID: 26675944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) is a powerful technique to investigate cellular nanostructures quantitatively and dynamically. However, the use of PALM for molecular counting or single-particle tracking remains limited by the propensity of photoconvertible fluorescent protein markers (PCFPs) to repeatedly enter dark states. By designing the single mutants mEos2-A69T and Dendra2-T69A, we completely swapped the blinking behaviors of mEos2 and Dendra2, two popular PCFPs. We combined X-ray crystallography and single-molecule microscopy to show that blinking in mEos2 and Dendra2 is largely controlled by the orientation of arginine 66, a highly conserved residue in Anthozoan PCFPs. The Arg66 side-chain conformation affects the bleaching and the on-to-off transition quantum yields, as well as the fraction of molecules entering long-lived dark states, resulting in widely different apparent blinking behaviors that largely modulate the efficiency of current blinking correction procedures. The present work provides mechanistic insight into the complex photophysics of Anthozoan PCFPs and will facilitate future engineering of bright and low-blinking variants suitable for PALM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Berardozzi
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Virgile Adam
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandre Martins
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique Bourgeois
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA, CNRS, 38044 Grenoble, France
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42
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Park JW, Rhee YM. Emission shaping in fluorescent proteins: role of electrostatics and π-stacking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3944-55. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07535a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We obtained the fluorescence spectrum of the GFP with trajectory simulations, and revealed the role of the protein sidechains in emission shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Pohang 37673
- Korea
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity
- Institute for Basic Science (IBS)
- Pohang 37673
- Korea
- Department of Chemistry
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43
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Pletneva NV, Pletnev VZ, Sarkisyan KS, Gorbachev DA, Egorov ES, Mishin AS, Lukyanov KA, Dauter Z, Pletnev S. Crystal Structure of Phototoxic Orange Fluorescent Proteins with a Tryptophan-Based Chromophore. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145740. [PMID: 26699366 PMCID: PMC4689385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototoxic fluorescent proteins represent a sparse group of genetically encoded photosensitizers that could be used for precise light-induced inactivation of target proteins, DNA damage, and cell killing. Only two such GFP-based fluorescent proteins (FPs), KillerRed and its monomeric variant SuperNova, were described up to date. Here, we present a crystallographic study of their two orange successors, dimeric KillerOrange and monomeric mKillerOrange, at 1.81 and 1.57 Å resolution, respectively. They are the first orange-emitting protein photosensitizers with a tryptophan-based chromophore (Gln65-Trp66-Gly67). Same as their red progenitors, both orange photosensitizers have a water-filled channel connecting the chromophore to the β-barrel exterior and enabling transport of ROS. In both proteins, Trp66 of the chromophore adopts an unusual trans-cis conformation stabilized by H-bond with the nearby Gln159. This trans-cis conformation along with the water channel was shown to be a key structural feature providing bright orange emission and phototoxicity of both examined orange photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadya V. Pletneva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir Z. Pletnev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Karen S. Sarkisyan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dmitry A. Gorbachev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny S. Egorov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S. Mishin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Zbigniew Dauter
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Section, Macromolecular Crystallography Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Basic Research Program, Argonne, Illinois, United States of America
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Sarkisyan KS, Zlobovskaya OA, Gorbachev DA, Bozhanova NG, Sharonov GV, Staroverov DB, Egorov ES, Ryabova AV, Solntsev KM, Mishin AS, Lukyanov KA. KillerOrange, a Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer Activated by Blue and Green Light. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145287. [PMID: 26679300 PMCID: PMC4683004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically encoded photosensitizers, proteins that produce reactive oxygen species when illuminated with visible light, are increasingly used as optogenetic tools. Their applications range from ablation of specific cell populations to precise optical inactivation of cellular proteins. Here, we report an orange mutant of red fluorescent protein KillerRed that becomes toxic when illuminated with blue or green light. This new protein, KillerOrange, carries a tryptophan-based chromophore that is novel for photosensitizers. We show that KillerOrange can be used simultaneously and independently from KillerRed in both bacterial and mammalian cells offering chromatic orthogonality for light-activated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry A. Gorbachev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina G. Bozhanova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - George V. Sharonov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Evgeny S. Egorov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Ryabova
- Laser Biospectroscopy Laboratory, Prokhorov General Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kyril M. Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | - Alexander S. Mishin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Konstantin A. Lukyanov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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45
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Shirmanova M, Yuzhakova D, Snopova L, Perelman G, Serebrovskaya E, Lukyanov K, Turchin I, Subochev P, Lukyanov S, Kamensky V, Zagaynova E. Towards PDT with Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer KillerRed: A Comparison of Continuous and Pulsed Laser Regimens in an Animal Tumor Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144617. [PMID: 26657001 PMCID: PMC4686120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The strong phototoxicity of the red fluorescent protein KillerRed allows it to be considered as a potential genetically encoded photosensitizer for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. The advantages of KillerRed over chemical photosensitizers are its expression in tumor cells transduced with the appropriate gene and direct killing of cells through precise damage to any desired cell compartment. The ability of KillerRed to affect cell division and to induce cell death has already been demonstrated in cancer cell lines in vitro and HeLa tumor xenografts in vivo. However, the further development of this approach for PDT requires optimization of the method of treatment. In this study we tested the continuous wave (593 nm) and pulsed laser (584 nm, 10 Hz, 18 ns) modes to achieve an antitumor effect. The research was implemented on CT26 subcutaneous mouse tumors expressing KillerRed in fusion with histone H2B. The results showed that the pulsed mode provided a higher rate of photobleaching of KillerRed without any temperature increase on the tumor surface. PDT with the continuous wave laser was ineffective against CT26 tumors in mice, whereas the pulsed laser induced pronounced histopathological changes and inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, we selected an effective regimen for PDT when using the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed and pulsed laser irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Shirmanova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Yuzhakova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ludmila Snopova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Gregory Perelman
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Serebrovskaya
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Konstantin Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya Turchin
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel Subochev
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav Kamensky
- Institute of Applied Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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46
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Kuznetsova DS, Shirmanova MV, Dudenkova VV, Subochev PV, Turchin IV, Zagaynova EV, Lukyanov SA, Shakhov BE, Kamensky VA. Photobleaching and phototoxicity of KillerRed in tumor spheroids induced by continuous wave and pulsed laser illumination. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:952-960. [PMID: 25648724 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201400130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate photobleaching of the genetically encoded photosensitizer KillerRed in tumor spheroids upon pulsed and continuous wave (CW) laser irradiation and to analyze the mechanisms of cancer cell death after the treatment. We observed the light-dose dependent mechanism of KillerRed photobleaching over a wide range of fluence rates. Loss of fluorescence was limited to 80% at light doses of 150 J/cm(2) and more. Based on the bleaching curves, six PDT regimes were applied for irradiation using CW and pulsed regimes at a power density of 160 mW/cm(2) and light doses of 140 J/cm(2) , 170 J/cm(2) and 200 J/cm(2). Irradiation of KillerRed-expressing spheroids in the pulsed mode (pulse duration 15 ns, pulse repetition rate 10 Hz) induced predominantly apoptotic cell death, while in the case of CW mode the cancer cells underwent necrosis. In general, these results improve our understanding of photobleaching mechanisms in GFP-like proteins and show the importance of appropriate selection of treatment mode for PDT with KillerRed. Representative fluorescence image of two KillerRed-expressing spheroids before and immediately after CW irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria S Kuznetsova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Gagarin Ave., 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
| | - Marina V Shirmanova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Gagarin Ave., 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Varvara V Dudenkova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Gagarin Ave., 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Pavel V Subochev
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950, Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ilya V Turchin
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950, Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Elena V Zagaynova
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Gagarin Ave., 23, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey A Lukyanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997, Ostrovitianova St. 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris E Shakhov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, 603005, Minin and Pozharsky Sq., 10/1, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vladislav A Kamensky
- Institute of Applied Physics RAS, 603950, Ulyanov St., 46, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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47
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Mishin AS, Belousov VV, Solntsev KM, Lukyanov KA. Novel uses of fluorescent proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2015; 27:1-9. [PMID: 26022943 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of genetically encoded fluorescent probes is developing rapidly. New chromophore structures were characterized in proteins of green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. A number of red fluorescent sensors, for example, for pH, Ca(2+) and H2O2, were engineered for multiparameter imaging. Progress in development of microscopy hardware and software together with specially designed FPs pushed superresolution fluorescence microscopy towards fast live-cell imaging. Deeper understanding of FPs structure and photophysics led to further development of imaging techniques. In addition to commonly used GFP-like proteins, unrelated types of FPs on the base of flavin-binding domains, bilirubin-binding domains or biliverdin-binding domains were designed. Their distinct biochemical and photophysical properties opened previously unexplored niches of FP uses such as labeling under anaerobic conditions, deep tissue imaging and even patients' blood analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Mishin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Vsevolod V Belousov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Kyril M Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, United States
| | - Konstantin A Lukyanov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia; Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Minin and Pozharsky Sq. 10/1, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.
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48
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Grigorenko BL, Nemukhin AV, Polyakov IV, Khrenova MG, Krylov AI. A Light-Induced Reaction with Oxygen Leads to Chromophore Decomposition and Irreversible Photobleaching in GFP-Type Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5444-52. [PMID: 25867185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b02271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photobleaching and photostability of proteins of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are crucially important for practical applications of these widely used biomarkers. On the basis of simulations, we propose a mechanism for irreversible bleaching in GFP-type proteins under intense light illumination. The key feature of the mechanism is a photoinduced reaction of the chromophore with molecular oxygen (O2) inside the protein barrel leading to the chromophore's decomposition. Using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling we show that a model system comprising the protein-bound Chro(-) and O2 can be excited to an electronic state of the intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) character (Chro(•)···O2(-•)). Once in the CT state, the system undergoes a series of chemical reactions with low activation barriers resulting in the cleavage of the bridging bond between the phenolic and imidazolinone rings and disintegration of the chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella L Grigorenko
- †Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,‡N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander V Nemukhin
- †Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation.,‡N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygina 4, Moscow, 119334, Russian Federation
| | - Igor V Polyakov
- †Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Maria G Khrenova
- †Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Anna I Krylov
- §Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, United States
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49
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Manna P, Jimenez R. Time and frequency-domain measurement of ground-state recovery times in red fluorescent proteins. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:4944-54. [PMID: 25781915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The field of bioimaging and biosensors has been revolutionized by the discovery of fluorescent proteins (FPs) and their use in live cells. FPs are characterized with rich photodynamics due to the presence of nonfluorescent or dark states which are responsible for fluorescence intermittency or "blinking", which has been exploited in several localization-based super-resolution techniques that surpass the diffraction-limited resolution of conventional microscopy. Molecules that convert to these dark states recover to the ground states either spontaneously or upon absorption of another photon, depending on the particular FP and the structural transition that is involved. In this work, we demonstrate time- and frequency-domain methods for the measurement of the ground-state recovery (GSR) times of FPs both in live cells and in solutions. In the time-domain method, we excited the sample with millisecond pulses at varying dark times to obtain percent-recovery. In the frequency-domain method, dark-state hysteresis was employed to obtain the positive phase shift or "phase advance". We extracted the GSR time constants from our measurements using calculations and simulations based on a three-state model system. The GSR time constants of the red FPs studied in these experiments fall in the range from μs to msec time-scales. We find that the time- and frequency-domain techniques are complementary to each other. While accurate GSR times can be extracted from the time-domain technique, frequency-domain measurements are primarily sensitive to the rates of dark-state conversion (DSC) processes. A correlation between GSR times, DSC, and photobleaching rates for the red FPs mCherry, TagRFP-T, and Kriek were observed. These time- and frequency-domain methods can be used in high-throughput screening and sorting of FPs clones based on GSR time constant and photostability and will therefore be valuable for the development of new photoswitchable or photoactivatable FPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premashis Manna
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- ‡JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado at Boulder, 215 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- ‡JILA, University of Colorado at Boulder and National Institute of Standards and Technology, 440 UCB, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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Konold PE, Jimenez R. Excited state electronic landscape of mPlum revealed by two-dimensional double quantum coherence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:3414-22. [PMID: 25635507 DOI: 10.1021/jp5119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) are widely used probes for monitoring subcellular processes with extremely high spatial and temporal precision. In this work, we employed spectrally resolved transient absorption (SRTA) and two-dimensional double quantum coherence (2D2Q) spectroscopy to investigate the excited state electronic structure of mPlum, a well-known RFP. The SRTA spectra reveal the presence of excited state absorption features at both the low- and high-energy sides of the dominant ground state bleach contribution. The 2D2Q spectra measured at several excitation wavelengths reveal a peak pattern consistent with the presence of more than three electronic states (i.e., ground, excited, and doubly excited). Numerical modeling of this response suggests that the features are consistent with a 1-1-2 electronic structure. The two closely spaced (∼1500 cm(-1)) levels in the double quantum manifold appear at opposite anharmonicities relative to twice the energy of the lowest energy transition. These observations explain the excited state absorption contributions observed in spectrally resolved transient grating and transient absorption measurements and demonstrate the utility of multidimensional spectroscopy in unraveling congested spectra relative to conventional one-dimensional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Konold
- JILA, University of Colorado, and NIST , Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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