1
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Chen C, Lu J, Zhang B, Liang T, Xiao F. Study on synergistic hydrogen generation from aluminum-based composites in different forms of water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15987-15998. [PMID: 38775056 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05429b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The environmental suitability of hydrogen storage materials is significantly influenced by the way aluminum reacts synchronously with water, ice, and water steam. The straightforward ball milling process was used to synthesize Al-based composite materials with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or graphene oxide (GO). The reactivity of the composites in various types of water was investigated. The Al/Bi/CNT and Al/Bi/GO composites may react in liquid water, low-temperature ice, and high-temperature steam. The hydrolysis promotion of Al-based composites by CNTs is superior to that of GO, whether in liquid water at 20 °C or ice at -20 °C. The maximum hydrogen generation rate of Al/Bi/CNT composites can reach 34.6 mL g-1 s-1 at 20 °C. The hydrogen generation volume of Al/Bi/CNT can reach 700 mL g-1 in 15 min on ice at -20 °C. Moreover, the ignition temperature and ignition delay time of Al/Bi/CNT are shorter than those of Al/Bi/GO in high-temperature steam. The hydrogen generation volume from Al/Bi/CNT at 200 °C can reach 853 mL g-1. These may originate from the unique one-dimensional nanostructure of CNTs, which provides more surface area or reaction sites during the hydrolysis of the composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Jiaxin Lu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Bobo Zhang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Taixin Liang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, Shanxi, China.
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2
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Di Pino S, Donkor ED, Sánchez VM, Rodriguez A, Cassone G, Scherlis D, Hassanali A. ZundEig: The Structure of the Proton in Liquid Water from Unsupervised Learning. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9822-9832. [PMID: 37930954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the excess proton in liquid water has been the subject of lively debate on both experimental and theoretical fronts for the last century. Fluctuations of the proton are typically interpreted in terms of limiting states referred to as the Eigen and Zundel species. Here, we put these ideas under the microscope, taking advantage of recent advances in unsupervised learning that use local atomic descriptors to characterize environments of acidic water combined with advanced clustering techniques. Our agnostic approach leads to the observation of only one charged cluster and two neutral ones. We demonstrate that the charged cluster involving the excess proton is best seen as an ionic topological defect in water's hydrogen bond network, forming a single local minimum on the global free-energy landscape. This charged defect is a highly fluxional moiety, where the idealized Eigen and Zundel species are neither limiting configurations nor distinct thermodynamic states. Instead, the ionic defect enhances the presence of neutral water defects through strong interactions with the network. We dub the combination of the charged and neutral defect clusters as ZundEig, demonstrating that the fluctuations between these local environments provide a general framework for rationalizing more descriptive notions of the proton in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solana Di Pino
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Edward Danquah Donkor
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Veronica M Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Rodriguez
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Geoscienze, Universitá degli Studi di Trieste, via Alfonso Valerio 12/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute for Chemical-Physical Processes, National Research Council (CNR-IPCF), Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Damian Scherlis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ali Hassanali
- International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera 11, 34151 Trieste, Italy
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3
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Datar A, Wright C, Matthews DA. Theoretical Investigation of the X-ray Stark Effect in Small Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1576-1587. [PMID: 36787229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the Stark effect in the soft x-ray region for various small molecules by calculating the field-dependent x-ray absorption spectra. This effect is explained in terms of the response of molecular orbitals (core and valence), the molecular dipole moment, and the molecular geometry to the applied electric field. A number of consistent trends are observed linking the computed shifts in absorption energies and intensities with specific features of the molecular electronic structure. We find that both the virtual molecular orbitals (valence and/or Rydberg) as well as the core orbitals contribute to observed trends in a complementary fashion. This initial study highlights the potential impact of x-ray Stark spectroscopy as a tool to study electronic structure and environmental perturbations at a submolecular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avdhoot Datar
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Catherine Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
| | - Devin A Matthews
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75275, United States
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4
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Sun F, Peng X, Bai X, Chen Z, Xie R, He B, Han P. EIS analysis of the electrochemical characteristics of the metal-water interface under the effect of temperature. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16979-16990. [PMID: 35755583 PMCID: PMC9172561 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01634f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The corrosion performance of metals is closely related to their durability. Available studies on metal corrosion have seldom focused on the interfacial reaction behaviour influenced by a conductive medium under different temperatures. In this work, a laboratory corrosion simulation environment has been designed for EIS measurements to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of copper immersed in distilled water in different temperature environments. The relationship between the mathematical model of impedance response and the equivalent circuit model is determined based on electrochemical kinetics theory. The complex process of the dielectric properties of distilled water affected by temperature is analysed, and a simple method for calculating the kinetic parameters is presented. The experimental and model results have a good fit, and the analysis results indicate that the semicircle in the high-frequency region of the complex impedance curve represents the charge transfer process of the conductive medium. The decrease in temperature is the major factor that inhibits the rate of dissolution and passivation, resulting in the change rate of surface coverage slowing down, until the attenuation of the mass transfer process of the conductive medium dominates the full range of AC frequencies. This model provides an improved approach for determining physical parameters based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to characterize the electrochemical properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funan Sun
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Xiao Peng
- School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Zhenjiang 212003 China
| | - Xiangling Bai
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Ruizhen Xie
- Department of Mechanics, Jinzhong University Jinzhong 030619 China
| | - Bin He
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
| | - Pengju Han
- College of Civil Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology Taiyuan 030024 China
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5
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Cassone G, Sponer J, Saija F. Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Electric-Field-Induced Catalytic Effects on Liquids. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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6
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Futera Z, English NJ. Water Breakup at Fe 2O 3-Hematite/Water Interfaces: Influence of External Electric Fields from Nonequilibrium Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6818-6826. [PMID: 34270253 PMCID: PMC8397349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamical properties of physically and chemically adsorbed water molecules at pristine hematite-(001) surfaces have been studied by means of nonequilibrium ab initio molecular dynamics (NE-AIMD) in the NVT ensemble at room temperature, in the presence of externally applied, uniform static electric fields of increasing intensity. The dissociation of water molecules to form chemically adsorbed species was scrutinized, in addition to charge redistribution and Grotthus proton hopping between water molecules. Dynamical properties of the adsorbed water molecules and OH- and H3O+ ions were gauged, such as the hydrogen bonds between protons in water molecules and the bridging oxygen atoms at the hematite surface, as well as the interactions between oxygen atoms in adsorbed water molecules and iron atoms at the hematite surface. The development of Helmholtz charge layers via water breakup at Fe2O3-hematite/water interfaces is also an interesting feature, with the development of protonic conduction on the surface and more bulk-like water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenek Futera
- Faculty
of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Niall J. English
- School
of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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7
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Mollica Nardo V, Cassone G, Ponterio RC, Saija F, Sponer J, Tommasini M, Trusso S. Electric-Field-Induced Effects on the Dipole Moment and Vibrational Modes of the Centrosymmetric Indigo Molecule. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10856-10869. [PMID: 33306380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c09791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Intense static electric fields can strongly perturb chemical bonds and induce frequency shifts of the molecular vibrations in the so-called vibrational Stark effect. Based on a density functional theory (DFT) approach, here, we report a detailed investigation of the influence of oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) on the dipole moment and infrared (IR) spectrum of the nonpolar centrosymmetric indigo molecule. When an OEEF as intense as ∼0.1 V Å-1 is applied, several modifications in the IR spectrum are observed. Besides the notable frequency shift of some modes, we observe the onset of new bands-forbidden by the selection rules in the zero-field case. Such a neat field-induced modification of the vibrational selection rules, and the subsequent variations of the peaks' intensities in the IR spectrum, paves the way toward the design of smart tools employing centrosymmetric molecules as proxies for mapping local electric fields. In fact, here, we show that the ratio between the IR and the Raman intensities of selected modes is proportional to the square of the local field. This indicator can be used to quantitatively measure local fields, not only in condensed matter systems under standard conditions but also in field-emitting-tip apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Mollica Nardo
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cassone
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosina Celeste Ponterio
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Franz Saija
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matteo Tommasini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Materiali e Ing. Chimica "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- IPCF-CNR, Istituto per i Processi Chimico-Fisici, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
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8
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Jiang E, Huo J, Luo Y, Li Z, Zhang X, Bao J, Yan X, He G, Zhang N. Influence of electric field on nanoconfined proton behaviours: A molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of Methanol-Water Mixtures under External Electric Fields. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153371. [PMID: 32722281 PMCID: PMC7435743 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense electric fields applied on H-bonded systems are able to induce molecular dissociations, proton transfers, and complex chemical reactions. Nevertheless, the effects induced in heterogeneous molecular systems such as methanol-water mixtures are still elusive. Here we report on a series of state-of-the-art ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of liquid methanol-water mixtures at different molar ratios exposed to static electric fields. If, on the one hand, the presence of water increases the proton conductivity of methanol-water mixtures, on the other, it hinders the typical enhancement of the chemical reactivity induced by electric fields. In particular, a sudden increase of the protonic conductivity is recorded when the amount of water exceeds that of methanol in the mixtures, suggesting that important structural changes of the H-bond network occur. By contrast, the field-induced multifaceted chemistry leading to the synthesis of e.g., hydrogen, dimethyl ether, formaldehyde, and methane observed in neat methanol, in 75:25, and equimolar methanol-water mixtures, completely disappears in samples containing an excess of water and in pure water. The presence of water strongly inhibits the chemical reactivity of methanol.
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10
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Chillè D, Cassone G, Giacobello F, Giuffrè O, Nardo VM, Ponterio RC, Saija F, Sponer J, Trusso S, Foti C. Removal of As(III) from Biological Fluids: Mono- versus Dithiolic Ligands. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:967-974. [PMID: 32180400 PMCID: PMC7997625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Arsenic is one of
the inorganic pollutants typically found in natural
waters, and its toxic effects on the human body are currently of great
concern. For this reason, the search for detoxifying agents that can
be used in a so-called “chelation therapy” is of primary
importance. However, to the aim of finding the thermodynamic behavior
of efficient chelating agents, extensive speciation studies, capable
of reproducing physiological conditions in terms of pH, temperature,
and ionic strength, are in order. Here, we report on the acid–base
properties of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid
(DMSA) at different temperatures (i.e., T = 288.15,
298.15, 310.15, and 318.15 K). In particular, its capability to interact
with As(III) has been investigated by experimentally evaluating some
crucial thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and TΔS), stability constants, and its
speciation model. Additionally, in order to gather information on
the microscopic coordination modalities of As(III) with the functional
groups of DMSA and, at the same time, to better interpret the experimental
results, a series of state-of-the-art ab initio molecular
dynamics simulations have been performed. For the sake of completeness,
the sequestering capabilities of DMSA—a simple dithiol ligand—toward
As(III) are directly compared with those recently emerged from similar
analyses reported on monothiol ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Chillè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cassone
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Ottavia Giuffrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Viviana Mollica Nardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche, Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosina C Ponterio
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Franz Saija
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kràlovopolskà 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Foti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche e Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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11
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Sakti AW, Nishimura Y, Nakai H. Recent advances in quantum‐mechanical molecular dynamics simulations of proton transfer mechanism in various water‐based environments. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya W. Sakti
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Nishimura
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE) Waseda University Tokyo Japan
| | - Hiromi Nakai
- Element Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB) Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE) Waseda University Tokyo Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Advanced Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan
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12
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Creazzo F, Pezzotti S, Bougueroua S, Serva A, Sponer J, Saija F, Cassone G, Gaigeot MP. Enhanced conductivity of water at the electrified air–water interface: a DFT-MD characterization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10438-10446. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06970d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT-based molecular dynamics simulations of the electrified air–liquid water interface are presented, where a homogeneous field is applied parallel to the surface plane (i.e. parallel to the 2D-HBonded-Network/2DN).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alessandra Serva
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
- Physico-chimie des électrolytes et nano-systèmes interfaciaux
- PHENIX
- Paris
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
- CNR-IPCF
- 98158 Messina
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13
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Cassone G, Sponer J, Trusso S, Saija F. Ab initio spectroscopy of water under electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:21205-21212. [PMID: 31368466 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03101d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Whereas a broad range of literature exists on the spectroscopy of water in disparate conditions, infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of water subjected to electric fields have never extensively been investigated so far. Based on ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, here we present IR and Raman spectra of bulk liquid water under the effect of static electric fields. A contraction of the entire frequency range is recorded upon increasing the field intensity both in the IR and in the Raman spectra. Whilst the OH stretching band is progressively shifted toward lower frequencies - indicating a field-induced strengthening of the H-bond network - all the other bands are up-shifted by the field. Furthermore, an evident modification of the librational mode band appears in all the spectra. Finally, the order-maker action of the field emerges also from the increase of the water orientational tetrahedral order. Upon field exposure, the water structure becomes more "ice like".
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic.
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14
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Zhao W, Huang H, Bi Q, Xu Y, Lü Y. One-dimensional water nanowires induced by electric fields. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19414-19422. [PMID: 31460524 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02788b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-aggregation of water vapour molecules under external electric fields is systemically investigated by using molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that small water clusters aggregate into one-dimensional water nanowires along the electric field direction. The electric field strength plays a crucial role in tuning the nanowire structure. Under relatively weak electric fields such as E = 0.1 V Å-1, square and pentagonal prism-like structures are preferred; when intermediate strength electric fields are applied (E = 1.0 V Å-1), water nanowires featuring a disordered mixture of four-, five- and six-membered rings are formed; and an open ordered structure which is reminiscent of two-dimensional (2D) ice is observed when the field strength becomes very high (E > 3.0 V Å-1). Bond parameter analysis based on density-functional theory calculations shows that the electric field affects anisotropically the conformation of water molecules as well as the hydrogen-bond properties. Along the electric field, the H-O bond is stretched and the hydrogen bond shrinks with field strength in contrast to the changes perpendicular to the electric field. As a result, the hydrogen bonding is enhanced along the electric field. Under very high electric fields, the anisotropic hydrogen-bond network opens up via breaking of the bonds perpendicular to the electric field and ultimately relaxes into a loose quasi-2D ordered network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Haishen Huang
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Qingling Bi
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yujia Xu
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
| | - Yongjun Lü
- School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China.
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15
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Cassone G, Chillè D, Giacobello F, Giuffrè O, Mollica Nardo V, Ponterio RC, Saija F, Sponer J, Trusso S, Foti C. Interaction between As(III) and Simple Thioacids in Water: An Experimental and ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Investigation. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6090-6098. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Donatella Chillè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Fausta Giacobello
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Ottavia Giuffrè
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Franz Saija
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sebastiano Trusso
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres 37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Foti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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16
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17
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Cassone G, Creazzo F, Saija F. Ionic diffusion and proton transfer of MgCl2 and CaCl2 aqueous solutions: an ab initio study under electric field. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2018.1513650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fabrizio Creazzo
- Université d'Evry val d'Essonne-Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
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18
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Cassone G, Calogero G, Sponer J, Saija F. Mobilities of iodide anions in aqueous solutions for applications in natural dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:13038-13046. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01155a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) composed of aqueous electrolytes represent an environmentally friendly, low-cost, and concrete alternative to standard DSSCs and typical solar cells. A joint experimental/computational study revealed the microscopic details behind the conduction properties of iodide anions in aqueous dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | | | - Jiri Sponer
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
- 61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Franz Saija
- CNR-IPCF
- Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 37
- 98158 Messina
- Italy
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19
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Liu C, Mafety A, Queyroux JA, Wilson CW, Zhang H, Béneut K, Le Marchand G, Baptiste B, Dumas P, Garbarino G, Finocchi F, Loveday JS, Pietrucci F, Saitta AM, Datchi F, Ninet S. Topologically frustrated ionisation in a water-ammonia ice mixture. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1065. [PMID: 29051485 PMCID: PMC5648802 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01132-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Water and ammonia are considered major components of the interiors of the giant icy planets and their satellites, which has motivated their exploration under high P–T conditions. Exotic forms of these pure ices have been revealed at extreme (~megabar) pressures, notably symmetric, ionic, and superionic phases. Here we report on an extensive experimental and computational study of the high-pressure properties of the ammonia monohydrate compound forming from an equimolar mixture of water and ammonia. Our experiments demonstrate that relatively mild pressure conditions (7.4 GPa at 300 K) are sufficient to transform ammonia monohydrate from a prototypical hydrogen-bonded crystal into a form where the standard molecular forms of water and ammonia coexist with their ionic counterparts, hydroxide (OH−) and ammonium \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\left( {{\rm{NH}}_{\rm{4}}^{\rm{ + }}} \right)$$\end{document}NH4+ ions. Using ab initio atomistic simulations, we explain this surprising coexistence of neutral/charged species as resulting from a topological frustration between local homonuclear and long-ranged heteronuclear ionisation mechanisms. Water and ammonia are major constituents of icy planet interiors, however their phase behaviour under extreme conditions remain relatively unknown. Here, the authors show that ammonia monohydrate transforms under pressure into an alloy composed of molecules as well as ions, owing to a topological frustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics and State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - A Mafety
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J A Queyroux
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - C W Wilson
- SUPA, School of Physics Astronomy Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - H Zhang
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - K Béneut
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - G Le Marchand
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - B Baptiste
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - P Dumas
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Boîte Postale 48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - G Garbarino
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Boîte Postale 2220, F-38043, Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - F Finocchi
- Institut des Nanosciences de Paris, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7588, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J S Loveday
- SUPA, School of Physics Astronomy Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - F Pietrucci
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - A M Saitta
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - F Datchi
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - S Ninet
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie (IMPMC), Sorbonne Universités-UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 7590, IRD UMR 206, MNHN, 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005, Paris, France.
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20
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Zhai P, Wang Y, Liu C, Wang X, Feng SP. Electric-Field-Tunable Conductivity in Graphene/Water and Graphene/Ice Systems. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701149. [PMID: 28834336 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that the application of an external electrical potential to a phenyl-sulfonic functionalized graphene (SG)/water suspension distinctly enhances its electrical conductivity via the structural transition from isolated clusters to a 3D SG network. Microstructural and alternating current impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that the surface charge plays an important role in the state of dispersion and connectivity of the SG in the suspension due to the potential-dependent interactions with functional groups on the SG surface in the presence of an external electrical potential. In addition, the conductive SG/ice can be produced via liquid-solid phase transition of the SG/water suspension in the presence of an external electrical potential, which shows a one-order magnitude improvement in electrical conductivity compared with pure ice. The electric-field-tunable property advances the understanding of nanofluid systems and has many potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Yuechen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Xun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shien-Ping Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, 999077, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311300, China
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21
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22
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Fischer SA, Dunlap BI, Gunlycke D. Proton transport through hydrated chitosan-based polymer membranes under electric fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.24361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett I. Dunlap
- Chemistry Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375
| | - Daniel Gunlycke
- Chemistry Division; Naval Research Laboratory; Washington DC 20375
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23
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Holcomb S, Brothers M, Diebold A, Thatcher W, Mast D, Tabor C, Heikenfeld J. Oxide-Free Actuation of Gallium Liquid Metal Alloys Enabled by Novel Acidified Siloxane Oils. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12656-12663. [PMID: 27934511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrowetting and electrocapillarity of liquid metals have a long history, and a recent explosion of renewed interest. Liquid metals have electromagnetic properties and surface tensions (>500 mN/m) that enable new forms of reconfigurable devices. However, the only nontoxic option, gallium alloys, suffer from immediate formation of a semirigid surface oxide. Although acids or electrochemical reduction can remove this oxide, these approaches surround the gallium alloy in a fluid that is also electrically conducting, diminishing electromagnetic effectiveness and precluding electrowetting actuation. Reported here are acidified siloxanes that remove and prevent oxide formation. Importantly, the siloxane oil associatively incorporates hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids, is electrically insulating, is chemically stable, removes etching byproducts (including water), and allows robust electrowetting. This work opens up new opportunities for liquid metal reconfiguration, and is of fundamental interest due to the unexpected chemical stability of the acidified siloxanes and their application to other materials and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Holcomb
- Novel Devices Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engin. & Comp. Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Michael Brothers
- Novel Devices Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engin. & Comp. Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Aaron Diebold
- Novel Devices Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engin. & Comp. Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - William Thatcher
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - David Mast
- Department of Physics, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
| | - Christopher Tabor
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratories , Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Novel Devices Laboratory, Dept. of Electrical Engin. & Comp. Systems, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio 45221, United States
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24
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Cassone G, Creazzo F, Giaquinta PV, Saija F, Marco Saitta A. Ab initio molecular dynamics study of an aqueous NaCl solution under an electric field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:23164-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03926j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of salty water under an electric field reveal two regimes of the relative mobilities of chlorine and sodium ions. When water dissociation and proton transfer are actived at strong field intensities, the presence of the ions hinders the efficiency of the proton transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Institute of Biophysics – Czech Academy of Sciences
- 61265 Brno
- Czech Republic
| | - Fabrizio Creazzo
- Laboratoire Analyse et Modélisation pour la Biologie et l'Environment
- UMR8587 (CHARMMMAT)
- Université d'Evry val d'Essone
- 91025 Evry
- France
| | - Paolo V. Giaquinta
- Università degli Studi di Messina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Matematiche e Informatiche
- Scienze Fisiche e Scienze della Terra
- 98166 Messina
- Italy
| | | | - A. Marco Saitta
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie
- 75005 Paris
- France
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25
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Cassone G, Giaquinta PV, Saija F, Saitta AM. Liquid methanol under a static electric field. J Chem Phys 2015; 142:054502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4907010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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26
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Laporte S, Finocchi F, Paulatto L, Blanchard M, Balan E, Guyot F, Saitta AM. Strong electric fields at a prototypical oxide/water interface probed by ab initio molecular dynamics: MgO(001). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:20382-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02097b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a density-functional theory (DFT)-based study of the interface of bulk water with a prototypical oxide surface, MgO(001), and focus our study on the often-overlooked surface electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Laporte
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
| | - Fabio Finocchi
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- UMR 7588
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris
| | - Lorenzo Paulatto
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
| | - Marc Blanchard
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
| | - Etienne Balan
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
| | - François Guyot
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
| | - Antonino Marco Saitta
- Sorbonne Universités
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06
- CNRS
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle
- IRD
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27
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Devlin JP, Balcı FM, Maşlakcı Z, Uras-Aytemiz N. CO2 and C2H2 in cold nanodroplets of oxygenated organic molecules and water. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:18C506. [PMID: 25399171 DOI: 10.1063/1.4895549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent demonstrations of subsecond and microsecond timescales for formation of clathrate hydrate nanocrystals hint at future methods of control of environmental and industrial gases such as CO2 and methane. Combined results from cold-chamber and supersonic-nozzle [A. S. Bhabhe, "Experimental study of condensation and freezing in a supersonic nozzle," Ph.D. thesis (Ohio State University, 2012), Chap. 7] experiments indicate extremely rapid encagement of components of all-vapor pre-mixtures. The extreme rates are derived from (a) the all-vapor premixing of the gas-hydrate components and (b) catalytic activity of certain oxygenated organic large-cage guests. Premixing presents no obvious barrier to large-scale conditions of formation. Further, from sequential efforts of the groups of Trout and Buch, a credible defect-based model of the catalysis mechanism exists for guidance. Since the catalyst-generated defects are both mobile and abundant, it is often unnecessary for a high percentage of the cages to be occupied by a molecular catalyst. Droplets represent the liquid phase that bridges the premixed vapor and clathrate hydrate phases but few data exist for the droplets themselves. Here we describe a focused computational and FTIR spectroscopic effort to characterize the aerosol droplets of the all-vapor cold-chamber methodology. Computational data for CO2 and C2H2, hetero-dimerized with each of the organic catalysts and water, closely match spectroscopic redshift patterns in both magnitude and direction. Though vibrational frequency shifts are an order of magnitude greater for the acetylene stretch mode, both CO2 and C2H2 experience redshift values that increase from that for an 80% water-methanol solvent through the solvent series to approximately doubled values for tetrahydrofuran and trimethylene oxide (TMO) droplets. The TMO solvent properties extend to a 50 mol.% solution of CO2, more than an order of magnitude greater than for the water-methanol solvent mixture. The impressive agreement between heterodimer and experimental shift values throughout the two series encourages speculation concerning local droplet structures while the stable shift patterns appear to be useful indicators of the gas solubilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paul Devlin
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078, USA
| | - F Mine Balcı
- Department of Chemistry, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey
| | - Zafer Maşlakcı
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Nevin Uras-Aytemiz
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Karabuk University, 78050 Karabuk, Turkey
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28
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Cassone G, Giaquinta PV, Saija F, Saitta AM. Effect of Electric Field Orientation on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Water Ices: An Ab-initio Study. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12717-24. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507376v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Cassone
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Contrada Papardo, 98166 Messina, Italy
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres
37, 98158 Messina, Italy
- UMR 7590, IMPMC,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
- UMR 7590, IMPMC, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Paolo V. Giaquinta
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Messina, Contrada Papardo, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Franz Saija
- CNR-IPCF, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d’Alcontres
37, 98158 Messina, Italy
| | - A. Marco Saitta
- UMR 7590, IMPMC,
UPMC Univ Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, F-75005 Paris, France
- UMR 7590, IMPMC, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
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