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Enami S, Numadate N, Hama T. Atmospheric Intermediates at the Air-Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5419-5434. [PMID: 38968003 PMCID: PMC11264275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The air-water interface (AWI) is a ubiquitous reaction field different from the bulk phase where unexpected reactions and physical processes often occur. The AWI is a region where air contacts cloud droplets, aerosol particles, the ocean surface, and biological surfaces such as fluids that line human epithelia. In Earth's atmosphere, short-lived intermediates are expected to be generated at the AWI during multiphase reactions. Recent experimental developments have enabled the direct detection of atmospherically relevant, short-lived intermediates at the AWI. For example, spray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of water microjets exposed to a gaseous mixture of ozone and water vapor combined with a 266 nm laser flash photolysis system (LFP-SIMS) has been used to directly probe organic peroxyl radicals (RO2·) produced by interfacial hydroxyl radicals (OH·) + organic compound reactions. OH· emitted immediately after the laser flash photolysis of carboxylic acid at the gas-liquid interface have been directly detected by time-resolved, laser-induced florescence techniques that can be used to study atmospheric multiphase photoreactions. In this Featured Article, we show some recent experimental advances in the detection of atmospherically important intermediates at the AWI and the associated reaction mechanisms. We also discuss current challenges and future prospects for atmospheric multiphase chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Naoki Numadate
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Komaba
Institute for Science and Department of Basic Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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2
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Tan J, Kong L, Wang Y, Liu B, An Y, Xia L, Lu Y, Li Q, Wang L. Direct aqueous photochemistry of methylglyoxal and its effect on sulfate formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171519. [PMID: 38460698 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, among many oxidation pathways studied for atmospheric sulfate formation, the aqueous phase oxidation pathways of H2O2 and organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) have attracted great scientific attention. Higher concentrations of H2O2 and ubiquitous ROOHs have been observed in atmospheric aqueous phase environments (cloud water, fog droplets, etc.). However, there are still some gaps in the study of their aqueous phase generation and their influences on sulfate formation. In this study, the aqueous phase photochemical reaction of methylglyoxal, a ubiquitous organic substance in the atmospheric aqueous phase, was studied under UV irradiation, and the generation of H2O2 and ROOHs in this system was investigated. It is found for the first time that the aqueous phase photolysis of methylglyoxal not only produces H2O2 but also produces ROOHs, and UV light and O2 are necessary for the formation of H2O2 and ROOHs. Based on the experimental results, the possible mechanism of aqueous phase photochemistry of methylglyoxal and the generation of H2O2 and ROOHs were proposed. The effect of aqueous phase photolysis of methylglyoxal on sulfate formation under different conditions was also investigated. The results show that the aqueous phase photolysis of methylglyoxal significantly promoted SO2 oxidation and sulfate formation, in which SO2 oxidation was realized by the generated H2O2, ROOHs and •OH radicals, and the importance of the formed ROOHs cannot be ignored. These results fill some gaps in the field of aqueous phase H2O2 and ROOHs production, and to a certain extent confirm the important roles of the aqueous phase photolysis of methylglyoxal and the formed H2O2 and ROOHs in the production of sulfate. The study reveals the new sources of H2O2 and ROOHs, and provides a new insight into the heterogeneous aqueous phase oxidation pathways and mechanisms of SO2 in cloud and fog droplets and haze particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yixuan An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438, China
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Zhang W, Issa K, Tang T, Zhang H. Role of Hydroperoxyl Radicals in Heterogeneous Oxidation of Oxygenated Organic Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4727-4736. [PMID: 38411392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Heterogeneous oxidative aging of organic aerosols (OA) occurs ubiquitously in the atmosphere, initiated by oxidants, such as the hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Hydroperoxyl radicals (HO2•) are also an important oxidant in the troposphere, and its gas-phase chemistry has been well studied. However, the role of HO2• in heterogeneous OA oxidation remains elusive. Here, we carry out •OH-initiated heterogeneous oxidation of several OA model systems under different HO2• conditions in a flow tube reactor and characterize the molecular oxidation products using a suite of mass spectrometry instrumentation. By using hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDX) with thermal desorption iodide-adduct chemical ionization mass spectrometry, we provide direct observation of organic hydroperoxide (ROOH) formation from heterogeneous HO2• and peroxy radicals (RO2•) reactions for the first time. The ROOH may contribute substantially to the oxidation products, varied with the parent OA chemical structure. Furthermore, by regulating RO2• reaction pathways, HO2• also greatly influence the overall composition of the oxidized OA. Last, we suggest that the RO2• + HO2• reactions readily occur at the OA particle interface rather than in the particle bulk. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into the heterogeneous OA oxidation chemistry and help fill the critical knowledge gap in understanding atmospheric OA oxidative aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Kassem Issa
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
| | - Haofei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92507, United States
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Malek B, Lu W, Mohapatra PP, Walalawela N, Jabeen S, Liu J, Greer A. Probing the Transition State-to-Intermediate Continuum: Mechanistic Distinction between a Dry versus Wet Perepoxide in the Singlet Oxygen "Ene" Reaction at the Air-Water Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6036-6048. [PMID: 35506607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A mechanistic study is reported for the reactions of singlet oxygen (1O2) with alkene surfactants of tunable properties. Singlet oxygen was generated either top-down (photochemically) by delivery as a gas to an air-water interface or bottom-up (chemically) by transport to the air-water interface as a solvated species. In both cases, reactions were carried out in the presence of 7-carbon (7C), 9-carbon (9C), or 11-carbon (11C) prenylsurfactants [(CH3)2C═CH(CH2)nSO3- Na+ (n = 4, 6, 8)]. Higher "ene" hydroperoxide regioselectivities (secondary ROOH 2 to tertiary ROOH 3) were reached in delivering 1O2 top-down through air as compared to bottom-up via aqueous solution. In the photochemical reaction, ratios of 2:3 increased from 2.5:1 for 7C, to 2.8:1 for 9C, and to 3.2:1 for 11C. In contrast, in the bubbling system that generated 1O2 chemically, the selectivity was all but lost, ranging only from 1.3:1 to 1:1. The phase-dependent regioselectivities appear to be correlated with the "ene" reaction with photochemically generated, drier 1O2 at the air-water interface vs those with wetter 1O2 from the bubbling reactor. Density functional theory-calculated reaction potential energy surfaces (PESs) were used to help rationalize the reaction phase dependence. The reactions in the gas phase are mediated by perepoxide transition states with 32-41 kJ/mol binding energy for C═C(π)···1O2. The perepoxide species, however, evolve to well-defined stationary structures in the aqueous phase, with covalent C-O bonds and 85-88 kJ/mol binding energy. The combined experimental and computational evidence points to a unique mechanism for 1O2 "ene" tunability in a perepoxide continuum from a transition state to an intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belaid Malek
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
| | - Wenchao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Prabhu Prasad Mohapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Niluksha Walalawela
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Shakeela Jabeen
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Jianbo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of the City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Queens, New York 11367, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York 11210, United States
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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5
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Sun J, Yin Y, Li W, Jin O, Na N. CHEMICAL REACTION MONITORING BY AMBIENT MASS SPECTROMETRY. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:70-99. [PMID: 33259644 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical reactions conducted in different media (liquid phase, gas phase, or surface) drive developments of versatile techniques for the detection of intermediates and prediction of reasonable reaction pathways. Without sample pretreatment, ambient mass spectrometry (AMS) has been applied to obtain structural information of reactive molecules that differ in polarity and molecular weight. Commercial ion sources (e.g., electrospray ionization, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, and direct analysis in real-time) have been reported to monitor substrates and products by offline reaction examination. While the interception or characterization of reactive intermediates with short lifetime are still limited by the offline modes. Notably, online ionization technologies, with high tolerance to salt, buffer, and pH, can achieve direct sampling and ionization of on-going reactions conducted in different media (e.g., liquid phase, gas phase, or surface). Therefore, short-lived intermediates could be captured at unprecedented timescales, and the reaction dynamics could be studied for mechanism examinations without sample pretreatments. In this review, via various AMS methods, chemical reaction monitoring and mechanism elucidation for different classifications of reactions have been reviewed. The developments and advances of common ionization methods for offline reaction monitoring will also be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ouyang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Na
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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6
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Abstract
The fates of organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) in atmospheric condensed phases are key to understanding the oxidative and toxicological potentials of particulate matter. Recently, mass spectrometric detection of ROOHs as chloride anion adducts has revealed that liquid-phase α-hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides, derived from hydration of carbonyl oxides (Criegee intermediates), decompose to geminal diols and H2O2 over a time frame that is sensitively dependent on the water content, pH, and temperature of the reaction solution. Based on these findings, it has been proposed that H+-catalyzed conversion of ROOHs to ROHs + H2O2 is a key process for the decomposition of ROOHs that bypasses radical formation. In this perspective, we discuss our current understanding of the aqueous-phase decomposition of atmospherically relevant ROOHs, including ROOHs derived from reaction between Criegee intermediates and alcohols or carboxylic acids, and of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Implications and future challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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Enami S, Colussi AJ. OH-Radical Oxidation of Lung Surfactant Protein B on Aqueous Surfaces. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2018; 7:S0077. [PMID: 30533342 PMCID: PMC6245955 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollutants generate reactive oxygen species on lung surfaces. Here we report how hydroxyl radicals (·OH) injected on the surface of water react with SP-B1-25, a 25-residue polypeptide surrogate of human lung surfactant protein B. Our experiments consist of intersecting microjets of aqueous SP-B1-25 solutions with O3/O2/H2O/N2(g) gas streams that are photolyzed into ·OH(g) in situ by 266 nm laser nanosecond pulses. Surface-sensitive mass spectrometry enables us to monitor the prompt (<10 μs) and simultaneous formation of primary O n -containing products/intermediates (n≤5) triggered by the reaction of ·OH with interfacial SP-B1-25. We found that O-atoms from both O3 and ·OH are incorporated into the reactive cysteine Cys8 and Cys11 and tryptophan Trp9 components of the hydrophobic N-terminus of SP-B1-25 that lies at the topmost layers of the air-liquid interface. Remarkably, these processes are initiated by ·OH additions rather than by H-atom abstractions from S-H, C-H, or N-H groups. By increasing the hydrophilicity of the N-terminus region of SP-B1-25, these transformations will impair its role as a surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology
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8
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Hung HM, Hsu MN, Hoffmann MR. Quantification of SO 2 Oxidation on Interfacial Surfaces of Acidic Micro-Droplets: Implication for Ambient Sulfate Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9079-9086. [PMID: 30040406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate formation on the surface of aqueous microdroplets was investigated using a spray-chamber reactor coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer that was calibrated using Na2SO4(aq) as a function of pH. The observed formation of SO3-•, SO4-•, and HSO4- at pH < 3.5 without the addition of other oxidants indicates that an efficient oxidation pathway takes place involving direct interfacial electron transfer from SO2 to O2 on the surface of aqueous microdroplets. Compared to the well-studied sulfate formation kinetics via oxidation by H2O2(aq), the interfacial SO42- formation rate on the surface of microdroplets was estimated to be proportional to the collision frequency of SO2 with a pH-dependent efficiency factor of 5.6 × 10-5[H+]3.7/([H+]3.7+10-13.5). The rate via the acidic surface reactions is approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that by H2O2(aq) for a 1.0 ppbv concentration of H2O2( g) interacting with 50 μg/m3 of aerosols. This finding highlights the relative importance of the interfacial SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere. Chemical reactions on the aquated aerosol surfaces are overlooked in most atmospheric chemistry models. This interfacial reaction pathway may help to explain the observed rapid conversion of SO2 to sulfate in mega-cities and nearby regions with high PM2.5 haze aerosol loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Hung
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences , National Taiwan University No. 1 , Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road , Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Mu-Ni Hsu
- National Chung-Shan Institute of Science & Technology , Taoyuan City 32557 , Taiwan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science , California Institute of Technology Linde-Robinson Laboratory Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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Qiu J, Ishizuka S, Tonokura K, Enami S. Reactions of Criegee Intermediates with Benzoic Acid at the Gas/Liquid Interface. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6303-6310. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junting Qiu
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Ishizuka
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
| | - Kenichi Tonokura
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8563, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan
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10
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Witkowski B, Jurdana S, Gierczak T. Limononic Acid Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals and Ozone in the Aqueous Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3402-3411. [PMID: 29444406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics and mechanism of limononic acid (3-isopropenyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid, LA) oxidation by hydroxyl radicals (OH) and ozone (O3) were studied in the aqueous phase at 298 ± 2 K. These reactions were investigated using liquid chromatography coupled to the electrospray ionization and quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS). The rate coefficients determined for LA + OH reaction were: 1.3 ± 0.3 × 1010 M-1 s-1 at pH = 2 and 5.7 ± 0.6 × 109 M-1 s-1 at pH = 10. The rate coefficient determined for LA ozonolysis was 4.2 ± 0.2 × 104 M-1 s-1 at pH = 2. The calculated Henry's law constant (H) for LA was ca. 6.3 × 106 M × atm-1, thereby indicating that in fogs and clouds with LWC = 0.3-0.5 g × m-3 LA will reside entirely in the aqueous phase. Calculated atmospheric lifetimes due to reaction with OH and O3 strongly indicate that aqueous-phase oxidation can be important for LA under realistic atmospheric conditions. Under acidic conditions, the aqueous-phase oxidation of LA by OH will dominate over reaction with O3, whereas the opposite is more likely when pH ≥ 4.5. The aqueous-phase oxidation of LA produced keto-limononic acid and a number of low-volatility products, such as hydroperoxy-LA and α-hydroxyhydroperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Witkowski
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry , Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sara Jurdana
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry , Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Tomasz Gierczak
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry , Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101 , 02-089 Warsaw , Poland
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11
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Extensive H-atom abstraction from benzoate by OH-radicals at the air-water interface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:31505-31512. [PMID: 27827491 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06652f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Much is known about OH-radical chemistry in the gas-phase and bulk water. Important atmospheric and biological processes, however, involve little investigated OH-radical reactions at aqueous interfaces with hydrophobic media. Here, we report the online mass-specific identification of the products and intermediates generated on the surface of aqueous (H2O, D2O) benzoate-h5 and -d5 microjets by ∼8 ns ˙OH(g) pulses in air at 1 atm. Isotopic labeling lets us unambiguously identify the phenylperoxyl radicals that ensue H-abstraction from the aromatic ring and establish a lower bound (>26%) to this process as it takes place in the interfacial water nanolayers probed by our experiments. The significant extent of H-abstraction vs. its negligible contribution both in the gas-phase and bulk water underscores the unique properties of the air-water interface as a reaction medium. The enhancement of H-atom abstraction in interfacial water is ascribed, in part, to the relative destabilization of a more polar transition state for OH-radical addition vs. H-abstraction due to incomplete hydration at the low water densities prevalent therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan.
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, USA.
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, California 91125, USA.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sergey A Nizkorodov
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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13
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Witkowski B, Gierczak T. cis-Pinonic Acid Oxidation by Hydroxyl Radicals in the Aqueous Phase under Acidic and Basic Conditions: Kinetics and Mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:9765-9773. [PMID: 28719200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase oxidation of cis-pinonic acid (CPA) by hydroxyl radicals (OH) was studied using a relative rate technique under acidic and basic conditions. Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to the negative electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used to monitor the concentrations of CPA and reference compounds. The measured second order reaction rate coefficients of CPA with OH were: 3.6 ± 0.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 (pH 2) and 3.0 ± 0.3 × 109 M-1 s-1 (pH 10) - combined uncertainties are 2σ. These results indicated that the lifetimes of CPA in the atmosphere are most likely independent from the aqueous-phase pH. LC-ESI/MS/MS was also used to tentatively identify the CPA oxidation products. Formation of carboxylic acids with molecular weight (MW) 216 Da (most likely C10H16O5) and MW 214 Da (C10H14O5) was confirmed with LC-ESI/MS/MS. When the initial CPA concentration was increased from 0.3 to 10 mM, formation of additional products was observed with MW 188, 200, 204, and 232 Da. Hydroperoxy, hydroxyl and carbonyl-substituted CPA derivatives were tentatively identified among the products. Similar products were formed by the CPA oxidation by OH in the gas-phase, at the air-water interface as well as in the solid phase (dry film). Formation of the stable adduct of CPA and H2O2 was also observed when the reaction mixture was evaporated to dryness and redissolved in water. Acquired mass spectrometric data argues against formation of oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Witkowski
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Gierczak
- University of Warsaw , Faculty of Chemistry, Al. Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Kong X, Zhu H, Chen C, Huang G, Chen Q. Insights into the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol on catalysts. Chem Phys Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2017.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Liu MJ, Wiegel AA, Wilson KR, Houle FA. Aerosol Fragmentation Driven by Coupling of Acid–Base and Free-Radical Chemistry in the Heterogeneous Oxidation of Aqueous Citric Acid by OH Radicals. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:5856-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Liu
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Aaron A. Wiegel
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
| | - Frances A. Houle
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94702, United States
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16
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Enami S, Colussi AJ. Reactions of Criegee Intermediates with Alcohols at Air-Aqueous Interfaces. J Phys Chem A 2017. [PMID: 28635281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fate of Criegee intermediates (CIs) from the gas-phase ozonolysis of unsaturated organic compounds in the troposphere is largely controlled by their reactions with water vapor. We recently found that against all expectations carboxylic acids compete at millimolar concentrations with water for CIs at the air-liquid interface of aqueous organic media. This outcome is consistent with both the low water concentration in the outermost interfacial layers and the enrichment of the competing acids therein. Here we show, via online electrospray mass spectrometric detection, that CIs generated in situ in the fast ozonolysis of sesquiterpenes (C15H24) on the surface of water:acetonitrile microjets react with n ≥ 4 linear alcohols CnH2n+1OH to produce high molecular weight C15+n ethers in one step. The OH group of 1-octanol proved to be ∼25 times less reactive than that of n-octanoic toward CIs at the same bulk molar concentration, revealing that the reactivity of hydroxylic species depends on both acidities and interfacial affinities. CI interfacial reactions with surface-active hydroxylic species, by bypassing water, represent shortcuts to molecular complexity in atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - A J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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17
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Abstract
In the troposphere, the fate of gas-phase Criegee intermediates (CIs) is deemed to be determined by their reactions with water molecules. Here it is shown that CIs produced in situ on the surface of water/acetonitrile (W/AN) solutions react competitively with millimolar carboxylic acids. Present experiments probe, via online electrospray mass spectrometry, CIs' chemistry on the surface of α-humulene and β-caryophyllene in W/AN microjets exposed to O3(g) for <10 μs. Mass-specific identification lets us establish the progeny of products and intermediates generated in the early stages of CIs' reactions with H2O, D2O, H218O, and n-alkyl-COOH (n = 1-7). It is found that n-alkyl-COOH competes for CIs with interfacial water, their competitiveness being an increasing function of n. Present findings demonstrate that CIs can react with species other than H2O on the surface of aqueous organic aerosols due to the low water concentrations prevalent in the outermost interfacial layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies , 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - A J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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18
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Matsuoka K, Sakamoto Y, Hama T, Kajii Y, Enami S. Reactive Uptake of Gaseous Sesquiterpenes on Aqueous Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:810-818. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Matsuoka
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute
of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
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19
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Enami S, Colussi AJ. Efficient scavenging of Criegee intermediates on water by surface-active cis-pinonic acid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03869k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Criegee intermediates efficiently react with surface-active cis-pinonic acid rather than linear alkyl organic acids of similar size, or interfacial water molecules at air-aqueous interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science
- California Institute of Technology
- USA
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20
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Lee MT, Orlando F, Artiglia L, Chen S, Ammann M. Chemical Composition and Properties of the Liquid–Vapor Interface of Aqueous C1 to C4 Monofunctional Acid and Alcohol Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9749-9758. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b09261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tao Lee
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Orlando
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Institute
of Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Ammann
- Laboratory
of Environmental Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
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21
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Enami S, Fujii T, Sakamoto Y, Hama T, Kajii Y. Carboxylate Ion Availability at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:9224-9234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Tomihide Fujii
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Yoshizumi Kajii
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Graduate School of Global Environmental
Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8316, Japan
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22
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The persistence of pesticides in atmospheric particulate phase: An emerging air quality issue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33456. [PMID: 27628441 PMCID: PMC5024296 DOI: 10.1038/srep33456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their physicochemical properties can be widely spread all over the globe; as such they represent a serious threat to both humans and wildlife. According to Stockholm convention out of 24 officially recognized POPs, 16 are pesticides. The atmospheric life times of pesticides, up to now were estimated based on their gas-phase reactivity. It has been only speculated that sorption to aerosol particles may increase significantly the half-lives of pesticides in the atmosphere. The results presented here challenge the current view of the half-lives of pesticides in the lower boundary layer of the atmosphere and their impact on air quality and human health. We demonstrate that semivolatile pesticides which are mostly adsorbed on atmospheric aerosol particles are very persistent with respect to the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (OH) that is the self-cleaning agent of the atmosphere. The half-lives in particulate phase of difenoconazole, tetraconazole, fipronil, oxadiazon, deltamethrin, cyprodinil, permethrin, and pendimethalin are in order of several days and even higher than one month, implying that these pesticides can be transported over long distances, reaching the remote regions all over the world; hence these pesticides shall be further evaluated prior to be confirmed as POPs.
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23
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Halogen Radical Chemistry at Aqueous Interfaces. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6242-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b04219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Michael R. Hoffmann
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - A. J. Colussi
- Linde
Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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24
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Enami S, Sakamoto Y. OH-Radical Oxidation of Surface-Active cis-Pinonic Acid at the Air–Water Interface. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3578-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The
Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research
Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8316, Japan
- Graduate
School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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25
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Enami S, Sakamoto Y, Hara K, Osada K, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. "Sizing" Heterogeneous Chemistry in the Conversion of Gaseous Dimethyl Sulfide to Atmospheric Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1834-1843. [PMID: 26761399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of biogenic dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions is a global source of cloud condensation nuclei. The amounts of the nucleating H2SO4(g) species produced in such process, however, remain uncertain. Hydrophobic DMS is mostly oxidized in the gas phase into H2SO4(g) + DMSO(g) (dimethyl sulfoxide), whereas water-soluble DMSO is oxidized into H2SO4(g) in the gas phase and into SO4(2-) + MeSO3(-) (methanesulfonate) on water surfaces. R = MeSO3(-)/(non-sea-salt SO4(2-)) ratios would therefore gauge both the strength of DMS sources and the extent of DMSO heterogeneous oxidation if Rhet = MeSO3(-)/SO4(2-) for DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) were known. Here, we report that Rhet = 2.7, a value obtained from online electrospray mass spectra of DMSO(aq) + ·OH(g) reaction products that quantifies the MeSO3(-) produced in DMSO heterogeneous oxidation on aqueous aerosols for the first time. On this basis, the inverse R dependence on particle radius in size-segregated aerosol collected over Syowa station and Southern oceans is shown to be consistent with the competition between DMSO gas-phase oxidation and its mass accommodation followed by oxidation on aqueous droplets. Geographical R variations are thus associated with variable contributions of the heterogeneous pathway to DMSO atmospheric oxidation, which increase with the specific surface area of local aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakamoto
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University , Sapporo 060-0610, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Hara
- Department of Earth Science System, Fukuoka University , Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan
| | - Kazuo Osada
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , California 91125, United States
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26
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Chapleski RC, Zhang Y, Troya D, Morris JR. Heterogeneous chemistry and reaction dynamics of the atmospheric oxidants, O3, NO3, and OH, on organic surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3731-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00375j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous chemistry of the most important atmospheric oxidants, O3, NO3, and OH, plays a central role in regulating atmospheric gas concentrations, processing aerosols, and aging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yafen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Diego Troya
- Department of Chemistry
- Virginia Tech
- Blacksburg
- USA
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27
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Hung HM, Hoffmann MR. Oxidation of Gas-Phase SO2 on the Surfaces of Acidic Microdroplets: Implications for Sulfate and Sulfate Radical Anion Formation in the Atmospheric Liquid Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13768-76. [PMID: 26270804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The oxidation of SO2(g) on the interfacial layers of microdroplet surfaces was investigated using a spray-chamber reactor coupled to an electrospray ionization mass spectrometer. Four major ions, HSO3(-), SO3(•-), SO4(•-) and HSO4(-), were observed as the SO2(g)/N2(g) gas-mixture was passed through a suspended microdroplet flow, where the residence time in the dynamic reaction zone was limited to a few hundred microseconds. The relatively high signal intensities of SO3(•-), SO4(•-), and HSO4(-) compared to those of HSO3(-) as observed at pH < 3 without addition of oxidants other than oxygen suggests an efficient oxidation pathway via sulfite and sulfate radical anions on droplets possibly via the direct interfacial electron transfer from HSO3(-) to O2. The concentrations of HSO3(-) in the aqueous aerosol as a function of pH were controlled by the deprotonation of hydrated sulfur dioxide, SO2·H2O, which is also affected by the pH dependent uptake coefficient. When H2O2(g) was introduced into the spray chamber simultaneously with SO2(g), HSO3(-) is rapidly oxidized to form bisulfate in the pH range of 3 to 5. Conversion to sulfate was less at pH < 3 due to relatively low HSO3(-) concentration caused by the fast interfacial reactions. The rapid oxidation of SO2(g) on the acidic microdroplets was estimated as 1.5 × 10(6) [S(IV)] (M s(-1)) at pH ≤ 3. In the presence of acidic aerosols, this oxidation rate is approximately 2 orders of magnitude higher than the rate of oxidation with H2O2(g) at a typical atmospheric H2O2(g) concentration of 1 ppb. This finding highlights the relative importance of the acidic surfaces for SO2 oxidation in the atmosphere. Surface chemical reactions on aquated aerosol surfaces, as observed in this study, are overlooked in most atmospheric chemistry models. These reaction pathways may contribute to the rapid production of sulfate aerosols that is often observed in regions impacted by acidic haze aerosol such as Beijing and other megacities around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Hung
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Taiwan University , No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology Linde-Robinson Laboratory , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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28
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. OH-Radical Specific Addition to Glutathione S-Atom at the Air-Water Interface: Relevance to the Redox Balance of the Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3935-3943. [PMID: 26722895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidants in epithelial lining fluids (ELF) prevent inhaled air pollutants from reaching lung tissue. This process, however, may upset ELF's redox balance, which is deemed to be expressed by the ratio of the major antioxidant glutathione (GSH) to its putative oxidation product GSSG. Previously, we found that at physiological pH O3(g) rapidly oxidizes GS(2-)(aq) (but not GSH(-)) to GSO3(-) rather than GSSG. Here, we report that in moderately acidic pH ≤ 5 media ·OH(g) oxidizes GSH(-)(aq) to sulfenic GSOH(-), sulfinic GSO2(-), and sulfonic GSO3(-) acids via ·OH specific additions to reduced S-atoms. The remarkable specificity of ·OH on water versus its lack of selectivity in bulk water implicates an unprecedented steering process during [OH···GSH] interfacial encounters. Thus, both O3 and ·OH oxidize GSH to GSOH(-) under most conditions, and since GSOH(-) is reduced back to GSH in vivo by NADPH, redox balance may be in fact signaled by GSH/GSOH ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University , Uji 611-0011, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency , Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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29
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Photosensitized production of functionalized and unsaturated organic compounds at the air-sea interface. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12741. [PMID: 26244712 PMCID: PMC4650702 DOI: 10.1038/srep12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The sea-surface microlayer (SML) has different physical, chemical and biological properties compared to the subsurface water, with an enrichment of organic matter i.e., dissolved organic matter including UV absorbing humic substances, fatty acids and many others. Here we present experimental evidence that dissolved organic matter, such as humic acids, when exposed to sunlight, can photosensitize the chemical conversion of linear saturated fatty acids at the air-water interface into unsaturated functionalized gas phase products (i.e. saturated and unsaturated aldehydes and acids, alkenes and dienes,…) which are known precursors of secondary organic aerosols. These functionalized molecules have previously been thought to be of biological origin, but here we demonstrate that abiotic interfacial photochemistry has the potential to produce such molecules. As the ocean is widely covered by the SML, this new understanding will impact on our ability to describe atmospheric chemistry in the marine environment.
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30
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Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase chemistry at the atmosphere-biosphere interface influencing climate and public health in the anthropocene. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4440-75. [PMID: 25856774 DOI: 10.1021/cr500487s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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31
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Arangio AM, Slade JH, Berkemeier T, Pöschl U, Knopf DA, Shiraiwa M. Multiphase Chemical Kinetics of OH Radical Uptake by Molecular Organic Markers of Biomass Burning Aerosols: Humidity and Temperature Dependence, Surface Reaction, and Bulk Diffusion. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:4533-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp510489z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M. Arangio
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Thomas Berkemeier
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- Institute
for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres, School of Marine and Atmospheric
Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Manabu Shiraiwa
- Multiphase
Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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32
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Stepwise Oxidation of Aqueous Dicarboxylic Acids by Gas-Phase OH Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:527-534. [PMID: 26261974 DOI: 10.1021/jz502432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A leading source of uncertainty in predicting the climate and health effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is how its composition changes over their atmospheric lifetimes. Because dicarboxylic acid (DCA) homologues are widespread in SOA, their distribution provides an ideal probe of both aerosol age and the oxidative power of the atmosphere along its trajectory. Here we report, for the first time, on the oxidation of DCA(aq) by ·OH(g) at the air-water interface. We found that exposure of aqueous HOOC-Rn-COOH (Rn = C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, and C6H12) microjets to ∼10 ns ·OH(g) pulses from the 266 nm laser photolysis of O3(g)/O2(g)/H2O(g) mixtures yields the corresponding (n-1) species O═C(H)-Rn-1-COO(-)/HOOC-Rn-1-COO(-), in addition to an array of closed-shell HOOC-Rn(-H)(OOH)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-2H)(═O)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-H)(OH)-COO(-), and radical HOOC-Rn(-H)(OO·)-COO(-) species. Oxalic and malonic acids, which are shown to be significantly less hydrophobic and reactive than their higher homologues, will predictably accumulate in SOA, in accordance with field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- †The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- ‡Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- §PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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33
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Houle FA, Hinsberg WD, Wilson KR. Oxidation of a model alkane aerosol by OH radical: the emergent nature of reactive uptake. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4412-23. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05093b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactive uptake of OH by organic aerosol particles is situational and related to internal diffusion distances between OH sticking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Houle
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
| | | | - K. R. Wilson
- Chemical Sciences Division
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Berkeley
- USA
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