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Motz R, Sun AC, Lehnherr D, Ruccolo S. High-Throughput Determination of Stern-Volmer Quenching Constants for Common Photocatalysts and Quenchers. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2023; 3:266-273. [PMID: 37810410 PMCID: PMC10557125 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.3c00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic information on reactions proceeding via photoredox catalysis has enabled rational optimizations of existing reactions and revealed new synthetic pathways. One essential step in any photoredox reaction is catalyst quenching via photoinduced electron transfer or energy transfer with either a substrate, additive, or cocatalyst. Identification of the correct quencher using Stern-Volmer studies is a necessary step for mechanistic understanding; however, such studies are often cumbersome, low throughput and require specialized luminescence instruments. This report describes a high-throughput method to rapidly acquire a series of Stern-Volmer constants, employing readily available fluorescence plate readers and 96-well plates. By leveraging multichannel pipettors or liquid dispensing robots in combination with fast plate readers, the sampling frequency for quenching studies can be improved by several orders of magnitude. This new high-throughput method enabled the rapid collection of 220 quenching constants for a library of 20 common photocatalysts with 11 common quenchers. The extensive Stern-Volmer constant table generated greatly facilitates the systematic comparison between quenchers and can provide guidance to the synthetic community interested in designing and understanding catalytic photoredox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel
N. Motz
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Serge Ruccolo
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Zhang J, Liu D, Liu S, Ge Y, Lan Y, Chen Y. Visible-Light-Induced Alkoxyl Radicals Enable α-C(sp 3)-H Bond Allylation. iScience 2019; 23:100755. [PMID: 31884167 PMCID: PMC6941871 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.100755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The alkoxyl radical is an essential reactive intermediate in mechanistic studies and organic synthesis with hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reactivity. However, compared with intramolecular 1,5-HAT or intermolecular HAT of alkoxyl radicals, the intramolecular 1,2-HAT reactivity has been limited to theoretical studies and rarely synthetically utilized. Here we report the first selective 1,2-HAT of alkoxyl radicals for α-C(sp3)-H bond allylation of α-carbonyl, α-cyano, α-trifluoromethyl, and benzylic N-alkoxylphthalimides. The mechanistic probing experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed the 1,2-HAT reactivity of alkoxyl radicals, and the use of protic solvents lowered the activation energy by up to 10.4 kcal/mol to facilitate the α-C(sp3)-H allylation reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Song Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China; Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Yiyun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Hosseinnejad T, Omrani-Pachin M, Heravi MM. Joint Computational and Experimental Investigations on the Synthesis and Properties of Hantzsch-type Compounds: An Overview. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190808110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we try to highlight the significance, mechanism propositions, computational and experimental assessments of Hantzsch dihydropyridine (DHPs) which readily oxidized to the corresponding pyridines as one of the most important aromatic heterocycles. We also try to give an overview to its ability in transfer hydrogenation, acting as hydride donors from computational and experimental points of view. Our survey is also extended to computational assessments on the structural and biological properties of Hantzsch DHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Hosseinnejad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Omrani-Pachin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid M. Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
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1,4-Dihydropyridine/BF3OEt2 for the reduction of imines: Influences of the amount of added BF3OEt2 and the substitution at N-1 and C-4 of the dihydropyridine ring. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yu J, Lin JH, Cao YC, Xiao JC. Visible-light-induced radical hydrodifluoromethylation of alkenes. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Visible-light-induced radical hydrodifluoromethylation of alkenes with the phosphonium salt [Ph3P+CF2H Br−] under transition-metal-free conditions is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Jin-Hong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 200032
| | - Yu-Cai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Polyolefins and Catalysis
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Catalysis Technology for Polyolefins
- Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co. Ltd
- China
| | - Ji-Chang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Science
- Shanghai 200032
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6
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Jeon B, Park ED, Kim YK. Control of selectivity in methane conversion reactions in RF plasma: the influence of reaction conditions. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-018-3380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Panferova LI, Tsymbal AV, Levin VV, Struchkova MI, Dilman AD. Reactions of gem-Difluorinated Phosphonium Salts Induced by Light. Org Lett 2016; 18:996-9. [PMID: 26862998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
gem-Difluorinated phosphonium salts, which are readily obtained from aldehydes and difluoromethylene phosphobetaine, can serve as a source of radicals under reductive conditions. An iridium complex or Hantzsch ester was used as a one-electron reducing agent when irradiated with visible light. The fluorinated radicals were trapped with various alkenes, leading to products either via a photoredox cycle (for the iridium catalyst) or via a hydrogen atom transfer (for the Hantzsch ester).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov I Panferova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Artem V Tsymbal
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.,Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University , Leninskie Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalij V Levin
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina I Struchkova
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander D Dilman
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leninsky prosp. 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Li TT, Jia YH, Huang MH, Wang Y, Luo Y. A crystalline bisindolylmaleimide with strong solid-state fluorescence of red color and its analogous cross-linked polymer without fluorescence. Des Monomers Polym 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2015.1136527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Hui Jia
- School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Hua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yingxiong Wang
- The Biorefinery Research and Engineering Center, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunjun Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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