1
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Rajendran D, Chandrasekaran N. Molecular Interaction of Functionalized Nanoplastics with Human Hemoglobin. J Fluoresc 2023; 33:2257-2272. [PMID: 37014521 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to excessive nanoplastics (NPs) which have ample affinity for globular proteins. We investigated the interaction of functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics (plain: PS, carboxy: PS-COOH, and amine: PS-NH2) with human hemoglobin (Hb) utilizing multi-spectroscopic and docking approaches to acquire insights into molecular aspects of binding mechanism, which will be helpful in assessing the toxicokinetics or toxicodynamics of nanoplastics NPs. Hypsochromicity and hypochromicity were observed invariably in all the spectra (steady-state fluorescence emission, synchronous and three-dimensional) for all complexes, among which PS-NH2 binds effectively and changes the Hb's conformation by enhancing hydrophobicity around aromatic residues, notably tryptophan. All the NPs bind with the hydrophobic pocket of B-chain in Hb, where PS and PS-NH2 bind via hydrophobic force while PS-COOH binds via hydrogen bonding (predominantly) and van der Waals force, consistent validated with docking results. The minimal shift in absorbance peak also indicates enhanced hydrophobicity by PS-NH2 with larger aggregation as demonstrated in resonance light scattering. The amide band's shift, secondary structural analysis, and presence of characteristic functional group peaks in complexes in Infra-Red spectra confirm the structural changes in the protein. As seen in field emission scanning microscopy images, NPs penetrate the surface of proteins. These findings conclude that polystyrene NPs interact with Hb, causing structural alterations that may affect functional characteristics as well, with the greatest effect being in the order: PS-NH2>PS-COOH>PS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durgalakshmi Rajendran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Natarajan Chandrasekaran
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632014, India.
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2
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Kim MJ, Li Y, Junge JA, Kim NK, Fraser SE, Zhang C. Development of Highly Fluorogenic Styrene Probes for Visualizing RNA in Live Cells. ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1523-1533. [PMID: 37200527 PMCID: PMC10367048 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Styrene dyes are useful imaging probes and fluorescent sensors due to their strong fluorogenic responses to environmental changes or binding macromolecules. Previously, indole-containing styrene dyes have been reported to selectively bind RNA in the nucleolus and cytoplasm. However, the application of these indole-based dyes in cell imaging is limited by their moderate fluorescence enhancement and quantum yields, as well as relatively high background associated with these green-emitting dyes. In this work, we have investigated the positional and electronic effects of the electron donor by generating regioisomeric and isosteric analogues of the indole ring. Select probes exhibited large Stokes shifts, enhanced molar extinction coefficients, and bathochromic shifts in their absorption and fluorescence wavelengths. In particular, the indolizine analogues displayed high membrane permeability, strong fluorogenic responses upon binding RNA, compatibility with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), low cytotoxicity, and excellent photostability. These indolizine dyes not only give rise to rapid, sensitive, and intense staining of nucleoli in live cells but can also resolve subnucleolar structures enabling highly detailed studies of nucleolar morphology. Furthermore, our dyes can partition into RNA coacervates and resolve the formation of multiphase complex coacervate droplets. These indolizine-containing styrene probes offer the highest fluorescence enhancement among the RNA-selective dyes reported in the literature; thus, these new dyes are excellent alternatives to the commercially available RNA dye, SYTO RNASelect, for visualizing RNA in live cells and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Jung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry & Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Yida Li
- Department
of Chemistry & Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jason A. Junge
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Translational
Imaging Center, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Nathan K. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry & Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Scott E. Fraser
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Translational
Imaging Center, Michelson Center for Convergent Bioscience, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry & Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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3
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Elsyed AFN, Wong GL, Ameen M, Wu MW, Chang CC. Tunable Fluorescence via Self-Assembled Switching of AIE-Active Micelle-like Nanoaggregates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9941. [PMID: 37373087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical structures bearing a combination of aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) properties attracted the attention of many researchers. Recently, there is an increasing demand to pose tunable AIEE and ICT fluorophores that could present their conformation changes-related emission colors by adjusting the medium polarity. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of 4-alkoxyphenyl-substituted 1,8-naphthalic anhydride derivatives NAxC using the Suzuki coupling reaction to construct donor-acceptor (D-A)-type fluorophores with alkoxyl substituents of varying carbon chain lengths (x = 1, 2, 4, 6, 12 in NAxC). To explain the observation that molecules with longer carbon chains revealed unusual fluorescence enhancement in water, we study the optical properties and evaluate their locally excited (LE) and ICT states by solvent effects combined with Lippert-Mataga plots. Then, we explored the self-assembly abilities of these molecules in water-organic (W/O) mixed solutions and observed the morphology of its nanostructure using a fluorescence microscope and SEM. The results show that NAxC, x = 4, 6, 12 show different degrees of self-assembly behaviors and corresponding aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) progresses. At the same time, different nanostructures and corresponding spectral changes can be obtained by adjusting the water ratio in the mixed solution. That is, NAxC compounds present different transitions between LE, ICT and AIEE based on the polarity, water ratio and time changes. We designed NAxC as the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the surfactant to demonstrate that AIEE comes from the formation of micelle-like nanoaggregates, which causes a restriction of the transfer from the LE state to the ICT state, and micelle formation results in a blue-shift in emission and enhances the intensity in the aggregate state. Among them, NA12C is most likely to form micelles and the most obvious fluorescence enhancement, which will switch over time due to the nano-aggregation transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Farghal Noreldein Elsyed
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Gah-Lai Wong
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed Ameen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Min-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Intelligent Minimally-Invasive Device Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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4
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Danten Y, Gatti C, Frayret C. Seeking for Optimal Excited States in Photoinduced Electron-Transfer Processes─The Case Study of Brooker's Merocyanine. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:9577-9593. [PMID: 36534011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Material design enters an era in which control of electrons in atoms, molecules, and materials is an essential property to be predicted and thoroughly understood in view of discovering new compounds with properties optimized toward specific optical/optoelectronic applications. π-electronic delocalization and charge separation/recombination enter notably into the set of features that are highly desirable to tailor. Diverse domains are particularly relying on photoinduced electron-transfer (PET), including fields of paramount importance such as energy production through light-harvesting, efficient chemoreceptive sensors, or organic field-effect transistors. In view of completing the arsenal of strategies in this area, we selected Brooker's merocyanine─a typical [D-π-A] compound─as the case study and examined from time-dependent density functional theory the opportunity offered by selected excited states to reach a suited manipulation of the charge transfer (CT) extent. In addition to the consideration of diagnostic tools able to spot the charge amount (i.e., magnitude of electron fraction) transferred upon excitation (qCT), the spatial extent associated with such an electronic transition or CT length (DCT), as well as the corresponding variation in dipole moment between the ground and the excited states (μCT), further analysis of the excitation process was undertaken. The advantage of going beyond the above-mentioned molecular indicators─which can be considered as PET global indices─was explored on the basis of a partitioning of the electron density. Relevant insight was gained on the relation these global indices have with the evolution of (local) features characterizing either chemical bond or electron delocalization upon vertical excitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Danten
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 5255, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405Talence, France
| | - Carlo Gatti
- CNR SCITEC, CNR Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ''Giulio Natta'', Sede Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133Milano, Italy
| | - Christine Frayret
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides (LRCS), UMR CNRS 7314, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Hub de l'Energie, 15, Rue Baudelocque, 80039Amiens Cedex, France.,Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E), CNRS FR3459, 15 rue Baudelocque, 80039Amiens Cedex, France
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5
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Szukalski A, Krawczyk P, Sahraoui B, Rosińska F, Jędrzejewska B. A Modified Oxazolone Dye Dedicated to Spectroscopy and Optoelectronics. J Org Chem 2022; 87:7319-7332. [PMID: 35588394 PMCID: PMC9171828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here we present a
newly synthesized bifunctional organic chromophore
with appealing spectroscopic and nonlinear optical features. The positions
of absorption and emission maxima of the dye vary with increasing
solvent polarity and exhibit positive solvatochromism. The determined
change in the dipole moment upon excitation based on the Bilot and
Kawski theory is 5.94 D, which corresponds to the intermolecular displacement
of a charge equal to 1.24 Å. An investigated organic-based system
represents a significant, repeatable, and stable over time optical
signal modulation in the manner of the refractive index value. Its
magnitude is varied both by optical pumping intensity as well as by
external frequency modulation, which indicates that such system is
an alluring and alternative core unit for optoelectronic devices and
complex networks. Then, the same active system, due to the nonresonant
mechanism of higher harmonics of light inducement, can provide second
and third harmonic signals. According to the introduced laser
line spatial modifications (parallel or perpendicular polarization
directions), it is resulted in output SHG signal with magnitude varied
about 100%. Its magnitude is noticeably small; however, to construct
sensitive optical sensors or infrared indicators, such feature may
guarantee satisfying circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szukalski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław 50-370, Poland
| | - Przemysław Krawczyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Kurpińskiego 5, Bydgoszcz 85-950, Poland
| | - Bouchta Sahraoui
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers, UFR Sciences, UMR 6200, CNRS, 2 Bd. Lavoisier, Angers Cedex 49045, France
| | - Faustyna Rosińska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, Bydgoszcz 85-326, Poland
| | - Beata Jędrzejewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, Bydgoszcz 85-326, Poland
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6
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Facile fluorescent glucose detection based on the Maillard reaction. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Ashworth EK, Stockett MH, Kjær C, Bulman Page PC, Meech SR, Nielsen SB, Bull JN. Complexation of Green and Red Kaede Fluorescent Protein Chromophores by a Zwitterion to Probe Electrostatic and Induction Field Effects. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:1158-1167. [PMID: 35138862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c10628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and red Kaede fluorescent protein (rKFP) are defined by the intrinsic properties of the light-absorbing chromophore and its interaction with the protein binding pocket. This work deploys photodissociation action spectroscopy to probe the absorption profiles for a series of synthetic GFP and rKFP chromophores as the bare anions and as complexes with the betaine zwitterion, which is assumed as a model for dipole microsolvation. Electronic structure calculations and energy decomposition analysis using Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory are used to characterize gas-phase structures and complex cohesion forces. The calculations reveal a preponderance for coordination of betaine to the phenoxide deprotonation site predominantly through electrostatic forces. Calculations using the STEOM-DLPNO-CCSD method are able to reproduce absolute and relative vertical excitation energies for the bare anions and anion-betaine complexes. On the other hand, treatment of the betaine molecule with a point-charge model, in which the charges are computed from some common electron density population analysis schemes, show that just electrostatic and point-charge induction interactions are unable to account for the betaine-induced spectral shift. The present methodology could be applied to investigate cluster forces and optical properties in other gas-phase ion-zwitterion complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Ashworth
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Stockett
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kjær
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Philip C Bulman Page
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen R Meech
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - James N Bull
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Szukalski A, Krawczyk P, Sahraoui B, Jędrzejewska B. Multifunctional Oxazolone Derivative as an Optical Amplifier, Generator, and Modulator. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1742-1757. [PMID: 35179389 PMCID: PMC8900139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c08056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
An optical control
of many working optoelectronic systems (real-time
sensors, optical modulators, light amplifiers, or phase retarders)
giving efficient optical gain or remote signal modulation is currently
included as scientifically and industrially interesting. In here,
an oxazolone derivative as the multifunctional organic system is given
in this contribution. The molecule possesses a stilbene group and
an oxazolone heteroatomic ring, which implies effective refractive
index manipulation and multimode lasing action, respectively. The
light modulation is repeatable and stable, also in the hundreds of
Hz regime. On the other hand, the amplified optical signal can be
easily generated by an external optical pumping source. Thus, signal
control is fully available, as is read-in and read-out of the information
in real time. Furthermore, this third-order, nonlinear, optical phenomenon
using a third harmonic generation technique was also observed. We
discovered that only by changing the energy and time regime of the
supplied optical signal is the optical or nonlinear optical response
observed. Two heteroenergetic molecular states (trans (E) and cis (Z)) can efficiently operate in modern multifunctional optoelectronic
systems, which can provide and generate an optical signal. Such functionalities
are commonly used in all-optical photonic switchers and logic gates
and can be utilized in optical-core networks and computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Szukalski
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Przemysław Krawczyk
- Nicolaus Copernicus University, Collegium Medicum, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Bouchta Sahraoui
- Laboratoire MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers, UFR Sciences, UMR 6200, CNRS, 2 Bd. Lavoisier, 49045, Angers Cedex, France
| | - Beata Jędrzejewska
- Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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9
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Khan F, Ekbote A, Mobin SM, Misra R. Mechanochromism and Aggregation-Induced Emission in Phenanthroimidazole Derivatives: Role of Positional Change of Different Donors in a Multichromophoric Assembly. J Org Chem 2021; 86:1560-1574. [PMID: 33399462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic materials possessing solid-state emission responsive to external stimuli have significance in a variety of material, biomedical, and optoelectronic applications. Organic molecules having different donor-acceptor architectures integrated with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores have been utilized in development of mechanofluorochromic (MFC) materials. In this work, we have designed and synthesized phenanthroimidazole (PI) based derivatives TPE-PI-1, TPE-PI-2, TPE-PI-3, PTZ-PI-1, PTZ-PI-2, and PTZ-PI-3 where in donors tetraphenylethylene-TPE (D) and phenothiazine-PTZ (D') of contrasting donor abilities are attached to the N and C atom positions of PI. The position and mode of attachment of the donors have been changed, and an additional PTZ spacer has been introduced which has a direct consequence on their photophysical and electronic properties. The PI derivatives manifest AIE, solvatochromic, and mechanochromic behavior. The single crystal X-ray analysis of TPE-PI-1 and PTZ-PI-2 reveals bent structures for the PTZ unit and a twisted conformation for TPE moieties. The density functional theory calculations were used to obtain optimized ground-state structures of the PI derivatives. The work shows a comprehensive comparison of the photophysical, electronic, AIE, and MFC properties of the PI derivatives as an effect of variations in the position of donor, donor-acceptor strength, and change in molecular conformation on use of spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Anupama Ekbote
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Shaikh M Mobin
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
| | - Rajneesh Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India
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10
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Lin CY, Boxer SG. Mechanism of Color and Photoacidity Tuning for the Protonated Green Fluorescent Protein Chromophore. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:11032-11041. [PMID: 32453950 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neutral or A state of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore is a remarkable example of a photoacid naturally embedded in the protein environment and accounts for the large Stokes shift of GFP in response to near UV excitation. Its color tuning mechanism has been largely overlooked, as it is less preferred for imaging applications than the redder anionic or B state. Past studies, based on site-directed mutagenesis or solvatochromism of the isolated chromophore, have concluded that its color tuning range is much narrower than its anionic counterpart. However, as we performed extensive investigation on more GFP mutants, we found that the color of the neutral chromophore can be more sensitive to protein electrostatics than can the anionic counterpart. Electronic Stark spectroscopy reveals a fundamentally different electrostatic color tuning mechanism for the neutral state of the chromophore that demands a three-form model as compared to that of the anionic state, which requires only two forms ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2019, 141, 15250-15265). Specifically, an underlying zwitterionic charge-transfer state is required to explain its sensitivity to electrostatics. As the Stokes shift is tightly linked to excited-state proton transfer (ESPT) of the protonated chromophore, we infer design principles of the GFP chromophore as a photoacid through the color tuning mechanisms of both protonation states. The three-form model could also be applied to similar biological and nonbiological dyes and complements the failure of the two-form model for donor-acceptor systems with localized ground-state electronic distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Chen C, Fang C. Devising Efficient Red-Shifting Strategies for Bioimaging: A Generalizable Donor-Acceptor Fluorophore Prototype. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1514-1523. [PMID: 32216076 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Long emission wavelengths, high fluorescence quantum yields (FQYs), and large Stokes shifts are highly desirable features for fluorescent probes in biological imaging. However, the current development of many fluorescent probes remains largely trial-and-error and lacks efficiency. Moreover, to achieve far-red/near-infrared emission, a significant extension in the π -conjugation is usually adopted but accompanied by other drawbacks such as fluorescence loss. In this review, we discuss an effective red-shifting strategy built upon the green fluorescent protein chromophore, which enables a synergistic tuning of both the electronic ground and excited states. This approach could shorten the path toward redder emission in comparison to the conventional intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) strategy. We envision that this spectroscopy and computation-aided strategy may advance the noncanonical fluorescent protein design and be generalized to various fluorophore scaffolds for redder emission while preserving other superior properties such as high FQYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University 153 Gilbert Hall, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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12
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Gromov EV, Domratcheva T. Four resonance structures elucidate double-bond isomerisation of a biological chromophore. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8535-8544. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Four resonance structures determining the electronic structure of the chromophore’s ground and first excited states. Changing the relative energies of the structures by hydrogen-bonding interactions tunes all chromophore’s photochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy V. Gromov
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Jahnstraße 29
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Tatiana Domratcheva
- Max-Planck Institute for Medical Research
- Jahnstraße 29
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
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13
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Tachibana SR, Tang L, Zhu L, Liu W, Wang Y, Fang C. Watching an Engineered Calcium Biosensor Glow: Altered Reaction Pathways before Emission. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11986-11995. [PMID: 30449101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors have become an indispensable tool set in life sciences. Among them, fluorescent protein-based biosensors have great biocompatibility and tunable emission properties but their development is largely on trial and error. To facilitate a rational design, we implement tunable femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy, aided by transient absorption and quantum calculations, to elucidate the working mechanisms of a single-site Pro377Arg mutant of an emission ratiometric Ca2+ biosensor based on a green fluorescent protein-calmodulin complex. Comparisons with the parent protein and the Ca2+-free/bound states unveil more structural inhomogeneity yet an overall faster excited-state proton-transfer (ESPT) reaction inside the Ca2+-bound biosensor. The correlated photoreactant and photoproduct vibrational modes in the excited state reveal more chromophore twisting and trapping in the Ca2+-bound state during ESPT and the largely conserved chromophore dynamics in the Ca2+-free state from parent protein. The uncovered structural dynamics insights throughout an ESPT reaction inside a calcium biosensor provide important design principles in maintaining a hydrophilic, less compact, and more homogeneous environment with directional H-bonding (from the chromophore to surrounding protein residues) via bioengineering methods to improve the ESPT efficiency and quantum yield while maintaining photostability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Tachibana
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Longteng Tang
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Liangdong Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
| | - Chong Fang
- Department of Chemistry , Oregon State University , Corvallis , Oregon 97331 , United States
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14
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Singh A, Badi-Uz-Zama K, Ramanathan G. Protonation of the imino nitrogen deactivates the excited state of imidazolin-5-one in the solid state. J CHEM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-018-1429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Georgieva I, Aquino AJA, Trendafilova N, Lischka H. High-level Ab Initio Absorption Spectra Simulations of Neutral, Anionic and Neutral+ Chromophore of Green Fluorescence Protein Chromophore Models in Gas Phase and Solution. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1356-1367. [PMID: 28436037 DOI: 10.1111/php.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Semiclassical ab initio simulations of the absorption spectra of neutral and anionic p-hydroxybenzylidene-2,3-dimethylimidazolinone (p-HBDI), a model chromophore of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and of a positively charged neutral (N+)-HBDI chromophore model, were performed in gas phase with the resolution-of-identity algebraic diagrammatic construction through second-order (RI-ADC(2)) method. The calculated absorption spectra in gas phase are composed of one band centered at 3.51 eV (HBDI), 2.50 eV (HBDI- ) and 3.02 eV ((N+)-HBDI) owing to the absorption of the first 1 ππ* transition. Band maxima are redshifted by ~0.1 eV with respect to the corresponding vertical energies. The COSMO-RI-ADC(2) calculations of the first vertical excitation energy of HBDI, HBDI- and (N+)-HBDI forms in polar solution including microsolvation simulate the observed solvent redshift for neutral HBDI and the solvent blueshift of the HBDI- and (N+)-HBDI forms. The state-specific solvation approach applied to TDDFT calculations reproduced the experimental solvent shifts for the three HBDI forms, demonstrating a more accurate theoretical description as compared to the linear-response TDDFT approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivelina Georgieva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Adelia J A Aquino
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Natasha Trendafilova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Hans Lischka
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX.,School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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16
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Lin CY, Both J, Do K, Boxer SG. Mechanism and bottlenecks in strand photodissociation of split green fluorescent proteins (GFPs). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2146-E2155. [PMID: 28242710 PMCID: PMC5358378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618087114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Split GFPs have been widely applied for monitoring protein-protein interactions by expressing GFPs as two or more constituent parts linked to separate proteins that only fluoresce on complementing with one another. Although this complementation is typically irreversible, it has been shown previously that light accelerates dissociation of a noncovalently attached β-strand from a circularly permuted split GFP, allowing the interaction to be reversible. Reversible complementation is desirable, but photodissociation has too low of an efficiency (quantum yield <1%) to be useful as an optogenetic tool. Understanding the physical origins of this low efficiency can provide strategies to improve it. We elucidated the mechanism of strand photodissociation by measuring the dependence of its rate on light intensity and point mutations. The results show that strand photodissociation is a two-step process involving light-activated cis-trans isomerization of the chromophore followed by light-independent strand dissociation. The dependence of the rate on temperature was then used to establish a potential energy surface (PES) diagram along the photodissociation reaction coordinate. The resulting energetics-function model reveals the rate-limiting process to be the transition from the electronic excited-state to the ground-state PES accompanying cis-trans isomerization. Comparisons between split GFPs and other photosensory proteins, like photoactive yellow protein and rhodopsin, provide potential strategies for improving the photodissociation quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5012
| | - Johan Both
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5012
| | - Keunbong Do
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5012
| | - Steven G Boxer
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5012
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17
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Abstract
Theories of color in cyanine dyes have evolved around the idea of a "resonance" of structures with distinct bonding and charge localization. Understanding the emergence of resonance models from the underlying many-electron problem remains a central issue for these systems. Here, the issue is addressed using a maximum-entropy approach to valence-bond representations of state-averaged complete-active space self-consistent field models. The approach allows calculation of energies and couplings of high-energy valence-bond structures that mediate superexchange couplings and chemical bonding. A series of valence-bond Hamiltonians for a series of bridge-substituted derivatives of Michler's hydrol blue (a monomethine cyanine) is presented. The Hamiltonians are approximated with a simple linear model parametrized by the Brown-Okamoto σp+ parameter of the bridge substituent. A quantitative lower bound on σp+, beyond which a resonant cyanine-like ground state will not exist, is presented. The large effective coupling in two-state resonance models emerges from superexchange associated with either covalent bonding or charge-carrier delocalization, with the former contribution significantly the stronger. The results provide ab initio justification for empirical diabatic-state models of methine optical response. They are of general interest for understanding the optoelectronic response in cyanines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Olsen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland , Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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18
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Karunakaran V, Das S. Direct Observation of Cascade of Photoinduced Ultrafast Intramolecular Charge Transfer Dynamics in Diphenyl Acetylene Derivatives: Via Solvation and Intramolecular Relaxation. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7016-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Karunakaran
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi 110 001, India
| | - Suresh Das
- Photosciences
and Photonics Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, Kerala, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
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19
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Fluorescent mesoporous organosilicas containing 1,4-diureyl terephthalate moieties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Dallas P, Rogers G, Reid B, Taylor RA, Shinohara H, Briggs GAD, Porfyrakis K. Charge separated states and singlet oxygen generation of mono and bis adducts of C60 and C70. Chem Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Olsen S, Baranov MS, Baleeva NS, Antonova MM, Johnson KA, Solntsev KM. pH-Sensitive fluorophores from locked GFP chromophores by a non-alternant analogue of the photochemical meta effect. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:26703-26711. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02423h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of a pH-sensitive fluorescence switch based on a conformationally-locked green fluorescent protein (GFP) chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Olsen
- School of Mathematics and Physics
- The University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Mikhail S. Baranov
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - Nadezhda S. Baleeva
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
| | - Maria M. Antonova
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Kenneth A. Johnson
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- The University of Texas at Austin
- USA
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22
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Zhu L, Younes AH, Yuan Z, Clark RJ. 5-Arylvinyl-2,2'-bipyridyls: Bright "push-pull" dyes as components in fluorescent indicators for zinc ions. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015; 311:1-15. [PMID: 26190906 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the zinc(II)-dependent photophysical properties of arylvinylbipyridines (AVBs), a class of fluoroionophores in which 2,2'-bipyridyl and an aryl moiety are electronically conjugated. Zinc(II) binding of an AVB may lead to an emission bathochromic shift of the fluoroionophore without diminishing its fluorescence quantum yield. This observation can be explained using the excited state model of electron donor-π bridge-electron acceptor "push-pull" fluorophores, in which the bipy moiety acts as an electron acceptor, and zinc(II)-coordination strengthens its electron affinity. The spectral sensitivity of bipy-containing fluoroionophores, such as AVBs, to zinc(II) can be exploited to prepare fluorescent indicators for this ion. In several cases, AVB moieties are incorporated in fluorescent heteroditopic ligands, so that the variation of zinc(II) concentration over a relatively large range can be correlated to fluorescence changes in either intensity or color. AVB fluoroionophores are also used to introduce an intramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategy for creating zinc(II) indicators with high photostability and a narrow emission band, two desired characteristics of dyes used in fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Ali H Younes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Zhao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
| | - Ronald J Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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23
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Daday C, Curutchet C, Sinicropi A, Mennucci B, Filippi C. Chromophore–Protein Coupling beyond Nonpolarizable Models: Understanding Absorption in Green Fluorescent Protein. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 11:4825-39. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.5b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Daday
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carles Curutchet
- Departament
de Fisicoquı́mica, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII, s/n 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adalgisa Sinicropi
- Department
of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via A. Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Benedetta Mennucci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Via Giuseppe
Moruzzi 3, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Filippi
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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24
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Yuan Z, Younes AH, Allen JR, Davidson MW, Zhu L. Enhancing the Photostability of Arylvinylenebipyridyl Compounds as Fluorescent Indicators for Intracellular Zinc(II) Ions. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5600-10. [PMID: 25942357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Arylvinylenebipyridyl (AVB) ligands are bright, zinc(II)-sensitive fluoroionophores. The applicability of AVBs as fluorescent indicators for imaging cellular zinc(II), however, is limited by low photostability, partially attributable to the photoisomerization of the vinylene functionality. Two configurationally immobilized (i.e., "locked") AVB analogues are prepared in this work. The zinc(II)-sensitive photophysical properties and zinc(II) affinities of both AVBs and their locked analogues are characterized in organic and aqueous media. The zinc(II) sensitivity of the emission is attributed to the zinc(II)-dependent energies of the charge transfer excited states of these compounds. The configurationally locked ligands have improved photostability, while maintaining the brightness and zinc(II) sensibility of their AVB progenitors. The feasibility of the "locked" AVB analogues with improved photostability for imaging intracellular Zn(II) of eukaryotic cells using laser confocal fluorescence microscopy is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yuan
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Ali H Younes
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - John R Allen
- ‡National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Michael W Davidson
- ‡National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Lei Zhu
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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