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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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2
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Topolskaia V, Pollit AA, Cheng S, Seferos DS. Trends in Conjugated Chalcogenophenes: A Theoretical Study. Chemistry 2021; 27:9038-9043. [PMID: 34000075 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heavy atom substitution in chalcogenophenes is a versatile strategy for tailoring and ultimately improving conjugated polymer properties. While thiophene monomers are commonly implemented in polymer designs, relatively little is known regarding the molecular properties of the heavier chalcogenophenes. Herein, we use density functional theory (DFT) calculations to examine how group 16 heteroatoms, including the radioactive polonium, affect polychalcogenophene properties including bond length, chain twisting, aromaticity, and optical properties. Heavier chalcogenophenes are more quinoidal in character and consequently have reduced band gaps and larger degrees of planarity. We consider both the neutral and radical cationic species. Upon p-type doping, bond length rearrangement is indicative of a more delocalized electronic structure, which combined with optical calculations is consistent with the polaron-model of charge storage on conjugated polymer chains. A better understanding of the properties of these materials at their molecular levels will inevitably be useful in material design as the polymer community continues to explore more main group containing polymers to tackle issues in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Topolskaia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Adam A Pollit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Susan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
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3
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Liu Y, Shi W, Zhao T, Wang D, Shuai Z. Boosting the Seebeck Coefficient for Organic Coordination Polymers: Role of Doping-Induced Polaron Band Formation. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:2493-2499. [PMID: 31026169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic polymers are becoming emerging thermoelectric materials. Tremendous progress has been achieved for p-type doping, but efficient n-type organic materials are still rare. By investigating potassium-doped n-type poly(nickel-ethylenetetrathiolate) using density functional theory coupled with Boltzmann transport equation, we find that (i) formation of the electron polaron band (EPB) split from the conduction band (CB) dominates electron transport; (ii) at low doping concentration, the upper CB gets involved in transport in addition to the EPB as the temperature rises, leading to a highly elevated Seebeck coefficient and power factor; and (iii) at even higher temperature, because the CB starts to dominate, the Seebeck coefficient levels off and then decreases with temperature. Such an "exotic" nonmonotonic temperature effect has been found in experiment but has never been explained. We find that such behavior is primarily due to a polaron effect. A doping-induced polaron band can be employed to boost the Seebeck coefficient, making the organic coordination polymer a peculiar n-type thermoelectric material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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4
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Kowalczyk M, Chen N, Jang SJ. Comparative Computational Study of Electronic Excitations of Neutral and Charged Small Oligothiophenes and Their Extrapolations Based on Simple Models. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5758-5767. [PMID: 31459728 PMCID: PMC6648384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports electronic excitation energies of neutral and charged oligothiophenes (OT n ) with repeat unit n = 2-6 computed by routinely used semiempirical and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods. More specifically, for OT n , OTn +, and OTn -, we calculated vertical transition energies for electronic absorption spectroscopy employing the Zerner's version of intermediate neglect differential overlap method for structures optimized by the PM6 semiempirical method and the TD-DFT method with three different functionals, B3LYP, BVP86, and M06-2X, for structures optimized by the ground-state DFT method employing the same functionals. We also calculated vertical transition energies for the emission spectroscopy from the lowest singlet excited states by employing the TD-DFT method for the structures optimized for the lowest singlet excited states. In addition to computational results in vacuum, solution phase data calculated at the level of polarizable continuum model are reported and compared with available experimental data. Most of the data are fitted reasonably well by two simple model functions, one based on a Frenkel exciton theory and the other based on the model of independent electrons in a box with sinusoidal modulation of potential. Despite similar levels of fitting performance, the two models produce distinctively different asymptotic values of excitation energies. Comparison of these with available experimental and computational data suggests that the values based on the exciton model, while seemingly overestimating, are closer to true values than those based on the other model. This assessment is confirmed by additional calculations for a larger oligomer. The fitting parameters offer new means to understand the relationship between electronic excitations of OTs and their sizes and suggest the feasibility of constructing simple coarse-grained exciton-bath models applicable for aggregates of OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowalczyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
| | - Ning Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Seogjoo J. Jang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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5
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Salzner U. Electronic structure of conducting organic polymers: insights from time-dependent density functional theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara Turkey
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Takeda N, Miller JR. Poly(3-decylthiophene) radical anions and cations in solution: single and multiple polarons and their delocalization lengths in conjugated polymers. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:14715-23. [PMID: 23157495 DOI: 10.1021/jp3096242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optical absorption spectra of anions and cations of poly(3-decylthiophene) (P3DT) in solution were identified as single polarons. Pulse radiolysis of P3DT in THF determined the spatial extent of one negative polaron to be ~11.5 thiophene units by observing transient absorption of P3DT(-•) radical ions, which are prinicpally free ions, at 850 nm with ε = (7.25 ± 0.47) × 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1) and bleaching of the neutral absorption band at 450 nm. P3DT(-•) was formed in a combination of diffusive reactions and fast "step" processes. Similarly, a positive polaron of P3DT was estimated to delocalize over ~8.7 thiophene units by pulse radiolysis in chloroform. Chemical reduction by sodium and oxidation by FeCl(3) injected multiple charges into a single P3DT chain while showing absorption spectra in the early stages of reaction resembling those observed by pulse radiolysis. The results indicated that multiple polarons exist in a single chain of P3DT before coalescing into bipolarons or transforming into other forms of polaron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Takeda
- Chemistry Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA
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Siegert S, Vogeler F, Marian CM, Weinkauf R. Throwing light on dark states of α-oligothiophenes of chain lengths 2 to 6: radical anion photoelectron spectroscopy and excited-state theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:10350-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02712j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bruno C, Paolucci F, Marcaccio M, Benassi R, Fontanesi C, Mucci A, Parenti F, Preti L, Schenetti L, Vanossi D. Experimental and Theoretical Study of the p- and n-Doped States of Alkylsulfanyl Octithiophenes. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:8585-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bruno
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Rois Benassi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Claudio Fontanesi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Adele Mucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Parenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Lisa Preti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Luisa Schenetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy and Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41100 Modena, Italy
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9
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Salzner U. Effects of Perfluorination on Thiophene and Pyrrole Oligomers. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:5397-405. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1005633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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