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The Adsorption and Electropolymerization of Terthiophene on Au(111) Electrode – Probed by in situ STM. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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2
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Liu SY, Cheng JZ, Zhang XF, Liu H, Shen ZQ, Wen HR. Single-step access to a series of D–A π-conjugated oligomers with 3–10 nm chain lengths. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of five D–A π-conjugated oligo(DPP-co-fluorene)s progressively consisting of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 monomers and with chain lengths ranging between 3 and 10 nm have all been synthesized in a single step by direct C–H arylated coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Liu
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Zhao Cheng
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - Zhao-Qi Shen
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
| | - He-Rui Wen
- School of Metallurgical and Chemical Engineering
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology
- Ganzhou 341000
- P. R. China
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3
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Taber BN, Kislitsyn DA, Gervasi CF, Mills JM, Rosenfield AE, Zhang L, Mannsfeld SCB, Prell JS, Briseno AL, Nazin GV. Real-space visualization of conformation-independent oligothiophene electronic structure. J Chem Phys 2016; 144:194703. [PMID: 27208961 DOI: 10.1063/1.4949765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS) investigations of the electronic structures of different alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes on the Au(111) surface. STM imaging showed that on Au(111), oligothiophenes adopted distinct straight and bent conformations. By combining STS maps with STM images, we visualize, in real space, particle-in-a-box-like oligothiophene molecular orbitals. We demonstrate that different planar conformers with significant geometrical distortions of oligothiophene backbones surprisingly exhibit very similar electronic structures, indicating a low degree of conformation-induced electronic disorder. The agreement of these results with gas-phase density functional theory calculations implies that the oligothiophene interaction with the Au(111) surface is generally insensitive to molecular conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen N Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Dmitry A Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Christian F Gervasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Jon M Mills
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Ariel E Rosenfield
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - George V Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA
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4
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Xiang D, Wang X, Jia C, Lee T, Guo X. Molecular-Scale Electronics: From Concept to Function. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4318-440. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 816] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key
Laboratory of Optical Information Science and Technology, Institute
of Modern Optics, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Takhee Lee
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, and Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Xuefeng Guo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for
Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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5
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Kislitsyn DA, Taber BN, Gervasi CF, Zhang L, Mannsfeld SCB, Prell JS, Briseno AL, Nazin GV. Oligothiophene wires: impact of torsional conformation on the electronic structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4842-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp07092a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Different torsional conformations of alkyl-substituted oligothiophenes show nearly identical progressions of particle-in-a-box-like electronic orbitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Kislitsyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - B. N. Taber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - C. F. Gervasi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - L. Zhang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts-Amherst
- Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research
- USA
| | - S. C. B. Mannsfeld
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden
- Dresden University of Technology
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - J. S. Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
| | - A. L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts-Amherst
- Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research
- USA
| | - G. V. Nazin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Materials Science Institute
- Oregon Center for Optical
- Molecular and Quantum Science
- University of Oregon
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6
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Taber BN, Kislitsyn DA, Gervasi CF, Mannsfeld SCB, Zhang L, Briseno AL, Nazin GV. Adsorption-induced conformational isomerization of alkyl-substituted thiophene oligomers on Au(111): impact on the interfacial electronic structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15138-15142. [PMID: 26153900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alkyl-substituted quaterthiophenes on Au(111) form dimers linked by their alkyl substituents and, instead of adopting the trans conformation found in bulk oligothiophene crystals, assume cis conformations. Surprisingly, the impact of the conformation is not decisive in determining the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy of the adsorption geometries and electronic structures of alkyl-substituted quaterthiophenes show that the orbital energies vary substantially because of local variations in the Au(111) surface reactivity. These results demonstrate that interfacial oligothiophene conformations and electronic structures may differ substantially from those expected based on the band structures of bulk oligothiophene crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamen N Taber
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Dmitry A Kislitsyn
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Christian F Gervasi
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Stefan C B Mannsfeld
- ‡Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lei Zhang
- §Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Alejandro L Briseno
- §Silvio O. Conte National Center for Polymer Research, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - George V Nazin
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, 1253 University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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7
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Lin TJ, Lin ST. Theoretical study on the torsional potential of alkyl, donor, and acceptor substituted bithiophene: the hidden role of noncovalent interaction and backbone conjugation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4127-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05379f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The torsional potential of substituted bithiophene is influenced not only by steric repulsion, but also by backbone conjugation and noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Jen Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Tai Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
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8
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Uejima M, Sato T, Tanaka K, Kaji H. Vibronic coupling density analysis for the chain-length dependence of reorganization energies in oligofluorenes: a comparative study with oligothiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14006-16. [PMID: 23872623 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp51592c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The vibronic coupling constants and reorganization energies of oligofluorenes OF(n) (n = 1-6) are calculated for their cationic states (hole transport). Those of oligothiophenes OT(2n) (n = 1-6) are also calculated for comparison. The vibronic coupling constants of OF(n) are smaller than those of OT(2n), and decrease with increasing n. For the elucidation of the small vibronic couplings of the oligofluorenes, the calculated vibronic coupling constants are analyzed on the basis of the concept of vibronic coupling density. The vibronic coupling density of OF(n) becomes small in the middle of the chain with increasing n because of the reduction in the electron-density difference between the neutral and cationic states. It is found that orbital relaxation plays a crucial role in the distribution of the electron-density difference. From the fragment molecular orbital analyses, the large orbital relaxation in OF(n) is found to originate from the small transfer integral between the fragment molecular orbitals. These findings led to a design principle for a carrier-transporting oligomer/polymer with small vibronic couplings, or small reorganization energy, as follows: the orbital interaction between the monomers should be small from the view of vibronic couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyuki Uejima
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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9
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10
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Shomura R, Sugiyasu K, Yasuda T, Sato A, Takeuchi M. Electrochemical Generation and Spectroscopic Characterization of Charge Carriers within Isolated Planar Polythiophene. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300373n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shomura
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
| | - Kazunori Sugiyasu
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yasuda
- Photovoltaic Materials
Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Akira Sato
- Materials Analysis Station, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki,
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Masayuki Takeuchi
- Organic Materials Group, Polymer
Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba 305-8571,
Japan
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11
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Lapitan LDS, Tongol BJV, Yau SL. Molecular assembly and electropolymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene on Au(111) single crystal electrode as probed by in situ electrochemical STM in 0.10 M HClO4. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:10771-10777. [PMID: 20586412 DOI: 10.1021/la100558x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have used electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) to obtain molecular insights on the adlayer structures and electrochemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) on a bare Au(111) single crystal electrode in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution. Cyclic voltammetric (CV) studies showed an increase in anodic current at 0.90 V with the oxidation of EDOT monomer occurring at E = 1.10 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode). In situ STM revealed, for the first time, that EDOT molecules can spontaneously form organized adlayers on a bare Au(111) surface with 18 muM concentration of EDOT in aqueous solution. Molecularly resolved STM images of the EDOT adlayer showed two domains consisting of disordered and ordered structures with the formation of vacancy islands or "etch pits". Several EDOT structures were observed at +0.60 V, namely, (4 x 7), (5 x square root(37)), and (square root(7) x 3) with calculated coverages of 0.107, 0.114, and 0.111 ML, respectively. Electropolymerization was also carried out using in situ STM in 0.10 M HClO(4) under potential control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorico D S Lapitan
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines
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12
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Wang L, Tongol BJV, Yau SL, Otsubo T, Itaya K. Substrate-induced varied conformation and molecular assemblies: in situ STM observation of beta-substituted oligothiophene adlayers on Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7148-7152. [PMID: 20073524 DOI: 10.1021/la9042183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of 3,3'''-dihexyl-2,2':5',2'':5'',2'''-quaterthiophene (4T) molecules on an Au(111) electrode was examined by using in situ scanning tunneling microscopy in 0.10 M HClO(4), revealing internal molecular structures of the tetrathiophene backbones and the hexyl side chains. The 4T admolecules were packed in lamellae with their molecular axis aligned along the main axis of the Au(111) substrate and their hexyl side chains interdigitated to enhance intermolecular interaction. Dynamics of molecular organization incurred by the shifting of potential was also observed in this study. By examining and comparing the adsorption of 4T on HOPG and Au(111), we address the role of the substrate in understanding the arrangement of 4T admolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 04, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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13
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Shizu K, Sato T, Tanaka K. Vibronic coupling density analysis for α-oligothiophene cations: A new insight for polaronic defects. Chem Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Tongol BJV, Wang L, Yau SL, Otsubo T, Itaya K. Direct observation of conformational changes of beta-substituted duodecithiophene on a Au(111)-(square root(3) x 22) substrate using in situ electrochemical STM in 0.1 M HClO4. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:982-989. [PMID: 20067311 DOI: 10.1021/la902433j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of hexahexylduodecithiophene (12T) on a Au(111) electrode was investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM) in 0.10 M HClO(4). Potential control at 0.20 V (vs RHE) revealed adlayer structures of mostly folded and rarely angular (oblique) and extended conformations on a reconstructed Au(111)-(square root(3) x 22) surface. The angular and extended conformations predominate when the electrode potential is increased to 0.35 and 0.60 V. Folded structures are still evident, but dynamic STM studies showed unfolding of this conformation. With molecular STM imaging of 12T adlayers, we address the packing arrangement and conformational changes of 12T admolecules on the reconstructed Au(111) electrode surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard John V Tongol
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama 04, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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Darling SB, Sternberg M. Importance of side chains and backbone length in defect modeling of poly(3-alkylthiophenes). J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:6215-8. [PMID: 19290596 DOI: 10.1021/jp808045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Geometric defects in conjugated polymers play a critical role in determining electronic structure and properties such as charge carrier mobility and band gap. Because the relative roles of individual defects are experimentally difficult to discern, computational approaches provide valuable insight if appropriate molecular models are used. Poly(3-alkylthiophenes) are often modeled with very short backbones and without their side chains. We demonstrate the shortcomings of this approach for modeling torsional disorder in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Using a hybrid density functional model, we identify a minimal acceptable model to comprise approximately 10 monomers with explicitly treated alkane side chains. Potential applications of this work extend to polymer electronics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth B Darling
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
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17
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Gus'kova OA, Khalatur PG, Khokhlov AR. Self-Assembled Polythiophene-Based Nanostructures: Numerical Studies. MACROMOL THEOR SIMUL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/mats.200800090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Darling SB. Isolating the Effect of Torsional Defects on Mobility and Band Gap in Conjugated Polymers. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:8891-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8017919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth B. Darling
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439
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