1
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Elias E, Oliver TJ, Croce R. Oxygenic Photosynthesis in Far-Red Light: Strategies and Mechanisms. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:231-256. [PMID: 38382567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090722-125847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis, the process that converts light energy into chemical energy, is traditionally associated with the absorption of visible light by chlorophyll molecules. However, recent studies have revealed a growing number of organisms capable of using far-red light (700-800 nm) to drive oxygenic photosynthesis. This phenomenon challenges the conventional understanding of the limits of this process. In this review, we briefly introduce the organisms that exhibit far-red photosynthesis and explore the different strategies they employ to harvest far-red light. We discuss the modifications of photosynthetic complexes and their impact on the delivery of excitation energy to photochemical centers and on overall photochemical efficiency. Finally, we examine the solutions employed to drive electron transport and water oxidation using relatively low-energy photons. The findings discussed here not only expand our knowledge of the remarkable adaptation capacities of photosynthetic organisms but also offer insights into the potential for enhancing light capture in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Elias
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Thomas J Oliver
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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2
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Santabarbara S, Agostini A, Petrova AA, Bortolus M, Casazza AP, Carbonera D. Chlorophyll triplet states in thylakoid membranes of Acaryochloris marina. Evidence for a triplet state sitting on the photosystem I primary donor populated by intersystem crossing. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2024; 159:133-152. [PMID: 37191762 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-01023-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced triplet states in the thylakoid membranes isolated from the cyanobacterium Acaryocholoris marina, that harbours Chlorophyll (Chl) d as its main chromophore, have been investigated by Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) and time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (TR-EPR). Thylakoids were subjected to treatments aimed at poising the redox state of the terminal electron transfer acceptors and donors of Photosystem II (PSII) and Photosystem I (PSI), respectively. Under ambient redox conditions, four Chl d triplet populations were detectable, identifiable by their characteristic zero field splitting parameters, after deconvolution of the Fluorescence Detected Magnetic Resonance (FDMR) spectra. Illumination in the presence of the redox mediator N,N,N',N'-Tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine (TMPD) and sodium ascorbate at room temperature led to a redistribution of the triplet populations, with T3 (|D|= 0.0245 cm-1, |E|= 0.0042 cm-1) becoming dominant and increasing in intensity with respect to untreated samples. A second triplet population (T4, |D|= 0.0248 cm-1, |E|= 0.0040 cm-1) having an intensity ratio of about 1:4 with respect to T3 was also detectable after illumination in the presence of TMPD and ascorbate. The microwave-induced Triplet-minus-Singlet spectrum acquired at the maximum of the |D|-|E| transition (610 MHz) displays a broad minimum at 740 nm, accompanied by a set of complex spectral features that overall resemble, despite showing further fine spectral structure, the previously reported Triplet-minus-Singlet spectrum attributed to the recombination triplet of PSI reaction centre,3 P 740 [Schenderlein M, Çetin M, Barber J, et al. Spectroscopic studies of the chlorophyll d containing photosystem I from the cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Biochim Biophys Acta 1777:1400-1408]. However, TR-EPR experiments indicate that this triplet displays an eaeaea electron spin polarisation pattern which is characteristic of triplet sublevels populated by intersystem crossing rather than recombination, for which an aeeaae polarisation pattern is expected instead. It is proposed that the observed triplet, which leads to the bleaching of the P740 singlet state, sits on the PSI reaction centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Santabarbara
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi Sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Agostini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anastasia A Petrova
- Photosynthesis Research Unit, Centro Studi Sulla Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Via Celoria 26, 20133, Milan, Italy
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physical-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory 1 Building 40, Moscow, Russia, 119992
| | - Marco Bortolus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Paola Casazza
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Bassini 15a, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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3
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Shen L, Gao Y, Tang K, Qi R, Fu L, Chen JH, Wang W, Ma X, Li P, Chen M, Kuang T, Zhang X, Shen JR, Wang P, Han G. Structure of a unique PSII-Pcb tetrameric megacomplex in a chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk7140. [PMID: 38394197 PMCID: PMC10889353 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk7140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Acaryochloris marina is a unique cyanobacterium using chlorophyll d (Chl d) as its major pigment and thus can use far-red light for photosynthesis. Photosystem II (PSII) of A. marina associates with a number of prochlorophyte Chl-binding (Pcb) proteins to act as the light-harvesting system. We report here the cryo-electron microscopic structure of a PSII-Pcb megacomplex from A. marina at a 3.6-angstrom overall resolution and a 3.3-angstrom local resolution. The megacomplex is organized as a tetramer consisting of two PSII core dimers flanked by sixteen symmetrically related Pcb proteins, with a total molecular weight of 1.9 megadaltons. The structure reveals the detailed organization of PSII core consisting of 15 known protein subunits and an unknown subunit, the assembly of 4 Pcb antennas within each PSII monomer, and possible pathways of energy transfer within the megacomplex, providing deep insights into energy transfer and dissipation mechanisms within the PSII-Pcb megacomplex involved in far-red light utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Shen
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Yuanzhu Gao
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kailu Tang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ruxi Qi
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lutang Fu
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing-Hua Chen
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenda Wang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xiaomin Ma
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Tingyun Kuang
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Biophysics, and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory for System and Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, 1369 West Wenyi Road, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Jian-Ren Shen
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, and Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Centre, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guangye Han
- Photosynthesis Research Center, Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
- China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
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4
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Silori Y, Willow R, Nguyen HH, Shen G, Song Y, Gisriel CJ, Brudvig GW, Bryant DA, Ogilvie JP. Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectroscopy of the Far-Red-Light Photosystem II Reaction Center. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10300-10308. [PMID: 37943008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the role of specific pigments in primary energy conversion in the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center has been impeded by the spectral overlap of its constituent pigments. When grown in far-red light, some cyanobacteria incorporate chlorophyll-f and chlorophyll-d into PSII, relieving the spectral congestion. We employ two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy to study PSII at 77 K from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 cells that were grown in far-red light (FRL-PSII). We observe the formation of a radical pair within ∼3 ps that we assign to ChlD1•-PD1•+. While PheoD1 is thought to act as the primary electron acceptor in PSII from cells grown in visible light, we see no evidence of its involvement, which we attribute to its reduction by dithionite treatment in our samples. Our work demonstrates that primary charge separation occurs between ChlD1 and PD1 in FRL-PSII, suggesting that PD1/PD2 may play an underappreciated role in PSII's charge separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Silori
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rhiannon Willow
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Hoang H Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yin Song
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Christopher J Gisriel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jennifer P Ogilvie
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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5
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Pinevich AV, Averina SG. On the Edge of the Rainbow: Red-Shifted Chlorophylls and Far-Red Light Photoadaptation in Cyanobacteria. Microbiology (Reading) 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261722602019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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6
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Romero E. Surviving on low-energy light comes at a price. eLife 2022; 11:82221. [PMID: 36053269 PMCID: PMC9439676 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two species of photosynthetic cyanobacteria can thrive in far-red light but they either become less resilient to photodamage or less energy efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Romero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Tarragona, Spain
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7
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Simkin AJ, Kapoor L, Doss CGP, Hofmann TA, Lawson T, Ramamoorthy S. The role of photosynthesis related pigments in light harvesting, photoprotection and enhancement of photosynthetic yield in planta. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 152:23-42. [PMID: 35064531 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic pigments are an integral and vital part of all photosynthetic machinery and are present in different types and abundances throughout the photosynthetic apparatus. Chlorophyll, carotenoids and phycobilins are the prime photosynthetic pigments which facilitate efficient light absorption in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The chlorophyll family plays a vital role in light harvesting by absorbing light at different wavelengths and allowing photosynthetic organisms to adapt to different environments, either in the long-term or during transient changes in light. Carotenoids play diverse roles in photosynthesis, including light capture and as crucial antioxidants to reduce photodamage and photoinhibition. In the marine habitat, phycobilins capture a wide spectrum of light and have allowed cyanobacteria and red algae to colonise deep waters where other frequencies of light are attenuated by the water column. In this review, we discuss the potential strategies that photosynthetic pigments provide, coupled with development of molecular biological techniques, to improve crop yields through enhanced light harvesting, increased photoprotection and improved photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Simkin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, CT2 7NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Leepica Kapoor
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C George Priya Doss
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Tanja A Hofmann
- OSFC, Scrivener Drive, Pinewood, Ipswich, IP8 3SU, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Lawson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, United Kingdom
| | - Siva Ramamoorthy
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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8
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Viola S, Roseby W, Santabarbara S, Nürnberg D, Assunção R, Dau H, Sellés J, Boussac A, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW. Impact of energy limitations on function and resilience in long-wavelength Photosystem II. eLife 2022; 11:79890. [PMID: 35852834 PMCID: PMC9439682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) uses the energy from red light to split water and reduce quinone, an energy-demanding process based on chlorophyll a (Chl-a) photochemistry. Two types of cyanobacterial PSII can use chlorophyll d (Chl-d) and chlorophyll f (Chl-f) to perform the same reactions using lower energy, far-red light. PSII from Acaryochloris marina has Chl-d replacing all but one of its 35 Chl-a, while PSII from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis, a facultative far-red species, has just 4 Chl-f and 1 Chl-d and 30 Chl-a. From bioenergetic considerations, the far-red PSII were predicted to lose photochemical efficiency and/or resilience to photodamage. Here, we compare enzyme turnover efficiency, forward electron transfer, back-reactions and photodamage in Chl-f-PSII, Chl-d-PSII, and Chl-a-PSII. We show that: (i) all types of PSII have a comparable efficiency in enzyme turnover; (ii) the modified energy gaps on the acceptor side of Chl-d-PSII favour recombination via PD1+Phe- repopulation, leading to increased singlet oxygen production and greater sensitivity to high-light damage compared to Chl-a-PSII and Chl-f-PSII; (iii) the acceptor-side energy gaps in Chl-f-PSII are tuned to avoid harmful back reactions, favouring resilience to photodamage over efficiency of light usage. The results are explained by the differences in the redox tuning of the electron transfer cofactors Phe and QA and in the number and layout of the chlorophylls that share the excitation energy with the primary electron donor. PSII has adapted to lower energy in two distinct ways, each appropriate for its specific environment but with different functional penalties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Viola
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William Roseby
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Holger Dau
- Physics Department, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Julien Sellés
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, UMR CNRS 7141 and Sorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Alain Boussac
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR9198, CEA SaclayGif-Sur-YvetteFrance
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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9
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Gisriel CJ, Shen G, Ho MY, Kurashov V, Flesher DA, Wang J, Armstrong WH, Golbeck JH, Gunner MR, Vinyard DJ, Debus RJ, Brudvig GW, Bryant DA. Structure of a monomeric photosystem II core complex from a cyanobacterium acclimated to far-red light reveals the functions of chlorophylls d and f. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101424. [PMID: 34801554 PMCID: PMC8689208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Far-red light (FRL) photoacclimation in cyanobacteria provides a selective growth advantage for some terrestrial cyanobacteria by expanding the range of photosynthetically active radiation to include far-red/near-infrared light (700-800 nm). During this photoacclimation process, photosystem II (PSII), the water:plastoquinone photooxidoreductase involved in oxygenic photosynthesis, is modified. The resulting FRL-PSII is comprised of FRL-specific core subunits and binds chlorophyll (Chl) d and Chl f molecules in place of several of the Chl a molecules found when cells are grown in visible light. These new Chls effectively lower the energy canonically thought to define the "red limit" for light required to drive photochemical catalysis of water oxidation. Changes to the architecture of FRL-PSII were previously unknown, and the positions of Chl d and Chl f molecules had only been proposed from indirect evidence. Here, we describe the 2.25 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of a monomeric FRL-PSII core complex from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7335 cells that were acclimated to FRL. We identify one Chl d molecule in the ChlD1 position of the electron transfer chain and four Chl f molecules in the core antenna. We also make observations that enhance our understanding of PSII biogenesis, especially on the acceptor side of the complex where a bicarbonate molecule is replaced by a glutamate side chain in the absence of the assembly factor Psb28. In conclusion, these results provide a structural basis for the lower energy limit required to drive water oxidation, which is the gateway for most solar energy utilization on earth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaozhong Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ming-Yang Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vasily Kurashov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Flesher
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jimin Wang
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - John H Golbeck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marilyn R Gunner
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - David J Vinyard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Richard J Debus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Gary W Brudvig
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
| | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Intercollege Graduate Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
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10
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Sirohiwal A, Neese F, Pantazis DA. Protein Matrix Control of Reaction Center Excitation in Photosystem II. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18174-18190. [PMID: 33034453 PMCID: PMC7582616 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is a multisubunit pigment-protein complex that uses light-induced charge separation to power oxygenic photosynthesis. Its reaction center chromophores, where the charge transfer cascade is initiated, are arranged symmetrically along the D1 and D2 core polypeptides and comprise four chlorophyll (PD1, PD2, ChlD1, ChlD2) and two pheophytin molecules (PheoD1 and PheoD2). Evolution favored productive electron transfer only via the D1 branch, with the precise nature of primary excitation and the factors that control asymmetric charge transfer remaining under investigation. Here we present a detailed atomistic description for both. We combine large-scale simulations of membrane-embedded PSII with high-level quantum-mechanics/molecular-mechanics (QM/MM) calculations of individual and coupled reaction center chromophores to describe reaction center excited states. We employ both range-separated time-dependent density functional theory and the recently developed domain based local pair natural orbital (DLPNO) implementation of the similarity transformed equation of motion coupled cluster theory with single and double excitations (STEOM-CCSD), the first coupled cluster QM/MM calculations of the reaction center. We find that the protein matrix is exclusively responsible for both transverse (chlorophylls versus pheophytins) and lateral (D1 versus D2 branch) excitation asymmetry, making ChlD1 the chromophore with the lowest site energy. Multipigment calculations show that the protein matrix renders the ChlD1 → PheoD1 charge-transfer the lowest energy excitation globally within the reaction center, lower than any pigment-centered local excitation. Remarkably, no low-energy charge transfer states are located within the "special pair" PD1-PD2, which is therefore excluded as the site of initial charge separation in PSII. Finally, molecular dynamics simulations suggest that modulation of the electrostatic environment due to protein conformational flexibility enables direct excitation of low-lying charge transfer states by far-red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Sirohiwal
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Fakultät
für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität
Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Neese
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Dimitrios A. Pantazis
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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11
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Mascoli V, Bersanini L, Croce R. Far-red absorption and light-use efficiency trade-offs in chlorophyll f photosynthesis. NATURE PLANTS 2020; 6:1044-1053. [PMID: 32661277 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-020-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants and cyanobacteria use the chlorophylls embedded in their photosystems to absorb photons and perform charge separation, the first step of converting solar energy to chemical energy. While oxygenic photosynthesis is primarily based on chlorophyll a photochemistry, which is powered by red light, a few cyanobacterial species can harness less energetic photons when growing in far-red light. Acclimatization to far-red light involves the incorporation of a small number of molecules of red-shifted chlorophyll f in the photosystems, whereas the most abundant pigment remains chlorophyll a. Due to its different energetics, chlorophyll f is expected to alter the excited-state dynamics of the photosynthetic units and, ultimately, their performances. Here we combined time-resolved fluorescence measurements on intact cells and isolated complexes to show that chlorophyll f insertion slows down the overall energy trapping in both photosystems. While this marginally affects the efficiency of photosystem I, it substantially decreases that of photosystem II. Nevertheless, we show that despite the lower energy output, the insertion of red-shifted chlorophylls in the photosystems remains advantageous in environments that are enriched in far-red light and therefore represents a viable strategy for extending the photosynthetically active spectrum in other organisms, including plants. However, careful design of the new photosynthetic units will be required to preserve their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Mascoli
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Bersanini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Croce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Institute for Lasers, Life and Biophotonics, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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12
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The primary donor of far-red photosystem II: Chl D1 or P D2? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148248. [PMID: 32565079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Far-red light (FRL) Photosystem II (PSII) isolated from Chroococcidiopsis thermalis is studied using parallel analyses of low-temperature absorption, circular dichroism (CD) and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopies in conjunction with fluorescence measurements. This extends earlier studies (Nurnberg et al 2018 Science 360 (2018) 1210-1213). We confirm that the chlorophyll absorbing at 726 nm is the primary electron donor. At 1.8 K efficient photochemistry occurs when exciting at 726 nm and shorter wavelengths; but not at wavelengths longer than 726 nm. The 726 nm absorption peak exhibits a 21 ± 4 cm-1 electrochromic shift due to formation of the semiquinone anion, QA-. Modelling indicates that no other FRL pigment is located among the 6 central reaction center chlorins: PD1, PD2 ChlD1, ChlD2, PheoD1 and PheoD2. Two of these chlorins, ChlD1 and PD2, are located at a distance and orientation relative to QA- so as to account for the observed electrochromic shift. Previously, ChlD1 was taken as the most likely candidate for the primary donor based on spectroscopy, sequence analysis and mechanistic arguments. Here, a more detailed comparison of the spectroscopic data with exciton modelling of the electrochromic pattern indicates that PD2 is at least as likely as ChlD1 to be responsible for the 726 nm absorption. The correspondence in sign and magnitude of the CD observed at 726 nm with that predicted from modelling favors PD2 as the primary donor. The pros and cons of PD2 vs ChlD1 as the location of the FRL-primary donor are discussed.
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Kosugi M, Ozawa SI, Takahashi Y, Kamei Y, Itoh S, Kudoh S, Kashino Y, Koike H. Red-shifted chlorophyll a bands allow uphill energy transfer to photosystem II reaction centers in an aerial green alga, Prasiola crispa, harvested in Antarctica. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2020; 1861:148139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.148139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wolf BM, Blankenship RE. Far-red light acclimation in diverse oxygenic photosynthetic organisms. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 142:349-359. [PMID: 31222688 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis has historically been considered limited to be driven by the wavelengths of visible light. However, in the last few decades, various adaptations have been discovered that allow algae, cyanobacteria, and even plants to utilize longer wavelength light in the far-red spectral range. These adaptations provide distinct advantages to the species possessing them, allowing the effective utilization of shade light under highly filtered light environments. In prokaryotes, these adaptations include the production of far-red-absorbing chlorophylls d and f and the remodeling of phycobilisome antennas and reaction centers. Eukaryotes express specialized light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes that use interactions between pigments and their protein environment to spectrally tune the absorption of chlorophyll a. If these adaptations could be applied to crop plants, a potentially significant increase in photon utilization in lower shaded leaves could be realized, improving crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Wolf
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - Robert E Blankenship
- Departments of Biology and Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
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15
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Nürnberg DJ, Morton J, Santabarbara S, Telfer A, Joliot P, Antonaru LA, Ruban AV, Cardona T, Krausz E, Boussac A, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW. Photochemistry beyond the red limit in chlorophyll f-containing photosystems. Science 2018; 360:1210-1213. [PMID: 29903971 DOI: 10.1126/science.aar8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Photosystems I and II convert solar energy into the chemical energy that powers life. Chlorophyll a photochemistry, using red light (680 to 700 nm), is near universal and is considered to define the energy "red limit" of oxygenic photosynthesis. We present biophysical studies on the photosystems from a cyanobacterium grown in far-red light (750 nm). The few long-wavelength chlorophylls present are well resolved from each other and from the majority pigment, chlorophyll a. Charge separation in photosystem I and II uses chlorophyll f at 745 nm and chlorophyll f (or d) at 727 nm, respectively. Each photosystem has a few even longer-wavelength chlorophylls f that collect light and pass excitation energy uphill to the photochemically active pigments. These photosystems function beyond the red limit using far-red pigments in only a few key positions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefano Santabarbara
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alison Telfer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pierre Joliot
- Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 13 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Laura A Antonaru
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Alexander V Ruban
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - Tanai Cardona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elmars Krausz
- Istituto di Biofisica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alain Boussac
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR 9198, Bât 532, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Badshah SL, Mabkhot Y, Al-Showiman SS. Photosynthesis at the far-red region of the spectrum in Acaryochloris marina. Biol Res 2017; 50:16. [PMID: 28526061 PMCID: PMC5438491 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0120-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acaryochloris marina is an oxygenic cyanobacterium that utilizes far-red light for photosynthesis. It has an expanded genome, which helps in its adaptability to the environment, where it can survive on low energy photons. Its major light absorbing pigment is chlorophyll d and it has α-carotene as a major carotenoid. Light harvesting antenna includes the external phycobilin binding proteins, which are hexameric rods made of phycocyanin and allophycocyanins, while the small integral membrane bound chlorophyll binding proteins are also present. There is specific chlorophyll a molecule in both the reaction center of Photosystem I (PSI) and PSII, but majority of the reaction center consists of chlorophyll d. The composition of the PSII reaction center is debatable especially the role and position of chlorophyll a in it. Here we discuss the photosystems of this bacterium and its related biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Lal Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Islamia College University Peshawar, Peshawar, 25120, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Yahia Mabkhot
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salim S Al-Showiman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyad, Saudi Arabia.
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Gan F, Bryant DA. Adaptive and acclimative responses of cyanobacteria to far-red light. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3450-65. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
| | - Donald A. Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; The Pennsylvania State University; University Park PA 16802 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Montana State University; Bozeman MT 59717 USA
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18
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Sano Y, Endo K, Tomo T, Noguchi T. Modified molecular interactions of the pheophytin and plastoquinone electron acceptors in photosystem II of chlorophyll D-containing Acaryochloris marina as revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2015; 125:105-114. [PMID: 25560630 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acaryochloris marina is a unique cyanobacterium that contains chlorophyll (Chl) d as a major pigment. Because Chl d has smaller excitation energy than Chl a used in ordinary photosynthetic organisms, the energetics of the photosystems of A. marina have been the subject of interest. It was previously shown that the redox potentials (E m's) of the redox-active pheophytin a (Pheo) and the primary plastoquinone electron acceptor (QA) in photosystem II (PSII) of A. marina are higher than those in Chl a-containing PSII, to compensate for the smaller excitation energy of Chl d (Allakhverdiev et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 3924-3929, 2010; ibid. 108: 8054-8058, 2011). To clarify the mechanisms of these E m increases, in this study, we have investigated the molecular interactions of Pheo and QA in PSII core complexes from A. marina using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Light-induced FTIR difference spectra upon single reduction of Pheo and QA showed that spectral features in the regions of the keto and ester C=O stretches and the chlorin ring vibrations of Pheo and in the CO/CC stretching region of the Q A (-) semiquinone anion in A. marina are significantly different from those of the corresponding spectra in Chl a-containing cyanobacteria. These observations indicate that the molecular interactions, including the hydrogen bond interactions at the C=O groups, of these cofactors are modified in their binding sites of PSII proteins. From these results, along with the sequence information of the D1 and D2 proteins, it is suggested that A. marina tunes the E m's of Pheo and QA by altering nearby hydrogen bond networks to modify the structures of the binding pockets of these cofactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sano
- Division of Material Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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19
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Cotton CAR, Douglass JS, De Causmaecker S, Brinkert K, Cardona T, Fantuzzi A, Rutherford AW, Murray JW. Photosynthetic constraints on fuel from microbes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:36. [PMID: 25853129 PMCID: PMC4364286 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tanai Cardona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | - Andrea Fantuzzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
| | | | - James W Murray
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London , London , UK
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20
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Loughlin P, Lin Y, Chen M. Chlorophyll d and Acaryochloris marina: current status. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2013; 116:277-93. [PMID: 23615924 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-013-9829-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina in 1996 precipitated a shift in our understanding of oxygenic photosynthesis. The presence of the red-shifted chlorophyll d in the reaction centre of the photosystems of Acaryochloris has opened up new avenues of research on photosystem energetics and challenged the unique status of chlorophyll a in oxygenic photosynthesis. In this review, we detail the chemistry and role of chlorophyll d in photosynthesis and summarise the unique adaptations that have allowed the proliferation of Acaryochloris in diverse ecological niches around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Loughlin
- School of Biological Sciences (A08), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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21
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Photosystem trap energies and spectrally-dependent energy-storage efficiencies in the Chl d-utilizing cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris marina. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1827:255-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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22
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23
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Saito K, Shen JR, Ishikita H. Cationic state distribution over the chlorophyll d-containing P(D1)/P(D2) pair in photosystem II. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:1191-5. [PMID: 22192718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most of the chlorophyll (Chl) cofactors in photosystem II (PSII) from Acaryochloris marina are Chld, although a few Chla molecules are also present. To evaluate the possibility that Chla may participate in the P(D1)/P(D2) Chl pair in PSII from A. marina, the P(D1)(•+)/P(D2)(•+) charge ratio was investigated using the PSII crystal structure analyzed at 1.9-Å resolution, while considering all possibilities for the Chld-containing P(D1)/P(D2) pair, i.e., Chld/Chld, Chla/Chld, and Chld/Chla pairs. Chld/Chld and Chla/Chld pairs resulted in a large P(D1)(•+) population relative to P(D2)(•+), as identified in Chla/Chla homodimer pairs in PSII from other species, e.g., Thermosynechococcus elongatus PSII. However, the Chld/Chla pair possessed a P(D1)(•+)/P(D2)(•+) ratio of approximately 50/50, which is in contrast to previous spectroscopic studies on A. marina PSII. The present results strongly exclude the possibility that the Chld/Chla pair serves as P(D1)/P(D2) in A. marina PSII. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Saito
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Theiss C, Schmitt FJ, Pieper J, Nganou C, Grehn M, Vitali M, Olliges R, Eichler HJ, Eckert HJ. Excitation energy transfer in intact cells and in the phycobiliprotein antennae of the chlorophyll d containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:1473-1487. [PMID: 21396735 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina is unique because it mainly contains Chlorophyll d (Chl d) in the core complexes of PS I and PS II instead of the usually dominant Chl a. Furthermore, its light harvesting system has a structure also different from other cyanobacteria. It has both, a membrane-internal chlorophyll containing antenna and a membrane-external phycobiliprotein (PBP) complex. The first one binds Chl d and is structurally analogous to CP43. The latter one has a rod-like structure consisting of three phycocyanin (PC) homohexamers and one heterohexamer containing PC and allophycocyanin (APC). In this paper, we give an overview on the investigations of excitation energy transfer (EET) in this PBP-light-harvesting system and of charge separation in the photosystem II (PS II) reaction center of A. marina performed at the Technische Universität Berlin. Due to the unique structure of the PBP antenna in A. marina, this EET occurs on a much shorter overall time scale than in other cyanobacteria. We also briefly discuss the question of the pigment composition in the reaction center (RC) of PS II and the nature of the primary donor of the PS II RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Theiss
- Institute of Optics and Atomic Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Mielke SP, Kiang NY, Blankenship RE, Gunner MR, Mauzerall D. Efficiency of photosynthesis in a Chl d-utilizing cyanobacterium is comparable to or higher than that in Chl a-utilizing oxygenic species. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1807:1231-6. [PMID: 21708123 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina uses chlorophyll d to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis in environments depleted in visible and enhanced in lower-energy, far-red light. However, the extent to which low photon energies limit the efficiency of oxygenic photochemistry in A. marina is not known. Here, we report the first direct measurements of the energy-storage efficiency of the photosynthetic light reactions in A. marina whole cells, and find it is comparable to or higher than that in typical, chlorophyll a-utilizing oxygenic species. This finding indicates that oxygenic photosynthesis is not fundamentally limited at the photon energies employed by A. marina, and therefore is potentially viable in even longer-wavelength light environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mielke
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Renger T, Schlodder E. Optical properties, excitation energy and primary charge transfer in photosystem II: theory meets experiment. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:126-41. [PMID: 21531572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss structure-function relationships of the core complex of photosystem II, as uncovered from analysis of optical spectra of the complex and its subunits. Based on descriptions of optical difference spectra including site directed mutagenesis we propose a revision of the multimer model of the symmetrically arranged reaction center pigments, described by an asymmetric exciton Hamiltonian. Evidence is provided for the location of the triplet state, the identity of the primary electron donor, the localization of the cation and the secondary electron transfer pathway in the reaction center. We also discuss the stationary and time-dependent optical properties of the CP43 and CP47 subunits and the excitation energy transfer and trapping-by-charge-transfer kinetics in the core complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Renger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Johannes Kepler Universität, Abteilung Theoretische Biophysik, Austria.
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27
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Tomo T, Allakhverdiev SI, Mimuro M. Constitution and energetics of photosystem I and photosystem II in the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:333-40. [PMID: 21530298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This mini review presents current topics of discussion about photosystem (PS) I and PS II of photosynthesis in the Acaryochloris marina. A. marina is a photosynthetic cyanobacterium in which chlorophyll (Chl) d is the major antenna pigment (>95%). However, Chl a is always present in a few percent. Chl d absorbs light with a wavelength up to 30 nm red-shifted from Chl a. Therefore, the chlorophyll species of the special pair in PS II has been a matter of debate because if Chl d was the special pair component, the overall energetics must be different in A. marina. The history of this field indicates that a purified sample is necessary for the reliable identification and characterization of the special pair. In view of the spectroscopic data and the redox potential of pheophytin, we discuss the nature of special pair constituents and the localization of the enigmatic Chl a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Tomo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Sciences, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
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28
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Renger T, Schlodder E. Primary Photophysical Processes in Photosystem II: Bridging the Gap between Crystal Structure and Optical Spectra. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:1141-53. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Bell PD, Xin Y, Blankenship RE. Purification and characterization of cytochrome c(6) from Acaryochloris marina. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 102:43-51. [PMID: 19680778 PMCID: PMC3947841 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome c(6), (cyt c(6)) a soluble monoheme electron transport protein, was isolated and characterized from the chlorophyll d-containing cyanobacterium Acaryochoris marina, the type strain MBIC11017. The protein was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration column chromatography, and fast performance liquid chromatography. Its molecular mass and pI have been determined to be 8.87 kDa and less than 4.2, respectively, by mass spectrometry and isoelectrofocusing (IEF). The protein has an alpha helical structure as indicated by CD (circular dichroism) spectroscopy and a reduction midpoint potential (E(m)) of +327 mV versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE) as determined by redox potentiometry. Its potential role in electron transfer processes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Bell
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Yueyong Xin
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
| | - Robert E. Blankenship
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1137, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA
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30
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Björn LO, Papageorgiou GC, Blankenship RE. A viewpoint: why chlorophyll a? PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 99:85-98. [PMID: 19125349 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9395-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a (Chl a) serves a dual role in oxygenic photosynthesis: in light harvesting as well as in converting energy of absorbed photons to chemical energy. No other Chl is as omnipresent in oxygenic photosynthesis as is Chl a, and this is particularly true if we include Chl a(2), (=[8-vinyl]-Chl a), which occurs in Prochlorococcus, as a type of Chl a. One exception to this near universal pattern is Chl d, which is found in some cyanobacteria that live in filtered light that is enriched in wavelengths >700 nm. They trap the long wavelength electronic excitation, and convert it into chemical energy. In this Viewpoint, we have traced the possible reasons for the near ubiquity of Chl a for its use in the primary photochemistry of Photosystem II (PS II) that leads to water oxidation and of Photosystem I (PS I) that leads to ferredoxin reduction. Chl a appears to be unique and irreplaceable, particularly if global scale oxygenic photosynthesis is considered. Its uniqueness is determined by its physicochemical properties, but there is more. Other contributing factors include specially tailored protein environments, and functional compatibility with neighboring electron transporting cofactors. Thus, the same molecule, Chl a in vivo, is capable of generating a radical cation at +1 V or higher (in PS II), a radical anion at -1 V or lower (in PS I), or of being completely redox silent (in antenna holochromes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Olof Björn
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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31
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Krammer EM, Sebban P, Ullmann GM. Profile Hidden Markov Models for Analyzing Similarities and Dissimilarities in the Bacterial Reaction Center and Photosystem II. Biochemistry 2009; 48:1230-43. [DOI: 10.1021/bi802033k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Krammer
- Structural Biology/Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, BGI, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, University P. XI/CNRS, Bât. 350, Faculté d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Sebban
- Structural Biology/Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, BGI, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, University P. XI/CNRS, Bât. 350, Faculté d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - G. Matthias Ullmann
- Structural Biology/Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, BGI, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany, and Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, University P. XI/CNRS, Bât. 350, Faculté d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Hirai Y, Tamiaki H, Kashimura S, Saga Y. Demetalation kinetics of natural chlorophylls purified from oxygenic photosynthetic organisms: effect of the formyl groups conjugated directly to the chlorin π-macrocycle. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1701-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b9pp00018f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ohashi S, Miyashita H, Okada N, Iemura T, Watanabe T, Kobayashi M. Unique photosystems in Acaryochloris marina. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:141-149. [PMID: 18985431 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9383-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A short overview is given on the discovery of the chlorophyll d-dominated cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina and the minor pigments that function as key components therein. In photosystem I, chlorophyll d', chlorophyll a, and phylloquinone function as the primary electron donor, the primary electron acceptor and the secondary electron acceptor, respectively. In photosystem II, pheophytin a serves as the primary electron acceptor. The oxidation potential of chlorophyll d was higher than that of chlorophyll a in vitro, while the oxidation potential of P740 was almost the same as that of P700. These results help us to broaden our view on the questions about the unique photosystems in Acaryochloris marina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Ohashi
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
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Cser K, Deák Z, Telfer A, Barber J, Vass I. Energetics of Photosystem II charge recombination in Acaryochloris marina studied by thermoluminescence and flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2008; 98:131-40. [PMID: 18839331 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-008-9373-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We studied the charge recombination characteristics of Photosystem II (PSII) redox components in whole cells of the chlorophyll (Chl) d-dominated cyanobacterium, Acaryochloris marina, by flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and thermoluminescence measurements. Flash-induced chlorophyll fluorescence decay was retarded in the mus and ms time ranges and accelerated in the s time range in Acaryochloris marina relative to that in the Chl a-containing cyanobacterium, Synechocystis PCC 6803. In the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea, which blocks the Q(B) site, the relaxation of fluorescence decay arising from S(2)Q(A)(-) recombination was somewhat faster in Acaryochloris marina than in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Thermoluminescence intensity of the so called B band, arising from the recombination of the S(2)Q(B)(-) charge separated state, was enhanced significantly (2.5 fold) on the basis of equal amounts of PSII in Acaryochloris marina as compared with Synechocystis 6803. Our data show that the energetics of charge recombination is modified in Acaryochloris marina leading to a approximately 15 meV decrease of the free energy gap between the Q(A) and Q(B) acceptors. In addition, the total free energy gap between the ground state and the excited state of the reaction center chlorophyll is at least approximately 25-30 meV smaller in Acaryochloris marina, suggesting that the primary donor species cannot consist entirely of Chl a in Acaryochloris marina, and there is a contribution from Chl d as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Cser
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Resarch Center, Szeged, Hungary
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