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Kawagoe Y, Kikugawa G, Shirasu K, Kinugawa Y, Okabe T. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation for Reaction-Induced Phase Separation of Thermoset/Thermoplastic Blends. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:2018-2027. [PMID: 38373192 PMCID: PMC10911110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Reaction-induced phase separation occurs during the curing reaction when a thermoplastic resin is dissolved in a thermoset resin, which enables toughening of the thermoset resin. As resin properties vary significantly depending on the morphology of the phase-separated structure, controlling the morphology formation is of critical importance. Reaction-induced phase separation is a phenomenon that ranges from the chemical reaction scale to the mesoscale dynamics of polymer molecules. In this study, we performed curing simulations using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) coupled with a reaction model to reproduce reaction-induced phase separation. The curing reaction properties of the thermoset resin were determined by ab initio quantum chemical calculations, and the DPD parameters were determined by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. This enabled mesoscopic simulations, including reactions that reflect the intrinsic material properties. The effects of the thermoplastic resin concentration, molecular weight, and curing conditions on the phase-separation morphology were evaluated, and the cure shrinkage and stiffness of each cured resin were confirmed to be consistent with the experimental trends. Furthermore, the local strain field under tensile deformation was visualized, and the inhomogeneous strain field caused by the phase-separated structures of two resins with different stiffnesses was revealed. These results can aid in understanding the toughening properties of thermoplastic additives at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Kawagoe
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Gota Kikugawa
- Institute
of Fluid Science, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Keiichi Shirasu
- Department
of Finemechanics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuuki Kinugawa
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomonaga Okabe
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, P.O. Box 352120, Seattle, Washington 98195-1750, United States
- Research
Center for Structural Materials, Polymer Matrix Hybrid Composite Materials
Group, National Institute for Materials
Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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2
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Poornima Vijayan P, George JS, Thomas S. The Effect of Polymeric Inclusions and Nanofillers on Cure Kinetics of Epoxy Resin: A Review. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x21350145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Surendran A, Pionteck J, Malanin M, Vogel R, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Miscibility, microstructure, and in situ cure analysis of epoxy–SAN–cloisite 20A nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04282j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction induced phase separation is a characteristic of thermoset/thermoplastic blend systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Surendran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Jűrgen Pionteck
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Mikhail Malanin
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Roland Vogel
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Nandakumar Kalarikkal
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- School of Chemical Sciences
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4
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Surendran A, Joy J, Parameswaranpillai J, Anas S, Thomas S. An overview of viscoelastic phase separation in epoxy based blends. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3363-3377. [PMID: 32215406 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic effects during reaction induced phase separation play an important role in toughening epoxy-based blends. The large difference in molecular weight/glass transition temperature between the blend components before the curing reaction results in dynamic asymmetry, causing viscoelastic effects during phase separation accompanying the curing reaction. This review will focus on the key factors responsible for viscoelastic phase separation in epoxy-based blends and hybrid nanocomposites. Time-resolved characterization techniques such as rheometry, small angle laser light scattering, optical microscopy etc., are mainly used for monitoring the viscoelastic effects during phase separation. Incorporation of nanofillers in epoxy thermoplastic blends enhances the viscoelastic phase separation due to the increase in dynamic asymmetry. Different theoretical models are identified for the determination of processing parameters such as temperature, viscosity, phase domain size, and other parameters during the viscoelastic phase separation process. The effect of viscoelastic phase separation has a very strong influence on the domain parameters of the blends and thereby on the ultimate properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Surendran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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5
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Novel Poly(Caprolactone)/Epoxy Blends by Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040819. [PMID: 32054094 PMCID: PMC7078803 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was the development of a thermoplastic/thermosetting combined system with a novel production technique. A poly(caprolactone) (PCL) structure has been designed and produced by fused filament fabrication, and impregnated with an epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties, fracture toughness, and thermal healing capacities of this blend (EP-PCL(3D)) were compared with those of a conventional melt mixed poly(caprolactone)/epoxy blend (EP-PCL). The fine dispersion of the PCL domains within the epoxy in the EP-PCL samples was responsible of a noticeable toughening effect, while in the EP-PCL(3D) structure the two phases showed an independent behavior, and fracture propagation in the epoxy was followed by the progressive yielding of the PCL domains. This peculiar behavior of EP-PCL(3D) system allowed the PCL phase to express its full potential as energy absorber under impact conditions. Optical microscope images on the fracture surfaces of the EP-PCL(3D) samples revealed that during fracture toughness tests the crack mainly propagated within the epoxy phase, while PCL contributed to energy absorption through plastic deformation. Due to the selected PCL concentration in the blends (35 vol %) and to the discrepancy between the mechanical properties of the constituents, the healing efficiency values of the two systems were rather limited.
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6
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Joy J, Winkler K, Joseph K, Anas S, Thomas S. Epoxy/methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer blends: reaction-induced viscoelastic phase separation, morphology development and mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05653f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy/MABS blends undergo viscoelastic phase separation during curing due to the dynamic asymmetry of the phases and a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the system is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomon Joy
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | | | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - S. Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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7
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Reghunadhan A, Datta J, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Development of nanoscale morphology and role of viscoelastic phase separation on the properties of epoxy/recycled polyurethane blends. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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The effect of amino-terminated hyperbranched polymers on the impact resistance of epoxy resins. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3811-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Chandran CS, Muller R, Bouquey M, Serra C, Thomas S. Effect of blend ratio and elongation flow on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sarath Chandran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Rene Muller
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - M. Bouquey
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - C. Serra
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - S. Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
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10
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George SM, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Parameswaranpillai J, Vijayan P P, Pionteck J, Thomas S. Volume shrinkage and rheological studies of epoxidised and unepoxidised poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) triblock copolymer modified epoxy resin–diamino diphenyl methane nanostructured blend systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:12760-70. [PMID: 25902727 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp00612k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spherical, wormlike and micro domains like morphologies in epoxy/eSBS/DDM blends with different epoxidation degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev Martin George
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- Research and Post Graduate Department of Chemistry
| | - Debora Puglia
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
- University of Perugia
- UdR INSTM
- 05100 Terni
- Italy
| | - Josè M. Kenny
- Civil and Environmental Engineering Department
- University of Perugia
- UdR INSTM
- 05100 Terni
- Italy
| | | | | | - Jűrgen Pionteck
- Leibniz-Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- D-01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience & Nanotechnology
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11
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Hu Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Li T, Liu Z, Yu Y. Dual effects of mesoscopic fillers on the polyethersulfone modified cyanate ester: enhanced viscoelastic effect and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06808d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enlarging the filler content and decreasing the filler size contribute to enhancing both viscoelastic effect and mechanical property of polyethersulfone modified cyanate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
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12
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Zhang J, Li T, Hu Z, Wang H, Yu Y. Effect of size and content of mesoscopic fillers on the polymerization induced viscoelastic phase separation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44536d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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13
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Huang YJ, Kong MQ, Chen GL, Yang Q, Li GX. Formation and dynamics of core–shell droplets in immiscible polymer blends. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07229d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two mechanisms of generating core–shell droplets, namely the rupture of blend films and the disintegration of compound threads, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. J. Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, China
| | - M. Q. Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, China
| | - G. L. Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, China
| | - Q. Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, China
| | - G. X. Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu, China
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14
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Fernàndez-Francos X, Kazarian SG, Ramis X, Serra À. Simultaneous monitoring of curing shrinkage and degree of cure of thermosets by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR) spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 67:1427-1436. [PMID: 24359657 DOI: 10.1366/13-07169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel methodology to simultaneously monitor of the degree of cure and curing shrinkage of thermosetting formulations. This methodology is based on the observation of changes in the infrared absorption of reactive functional groups and the groups used as a standard reference for normalization. While the optical path length is exact and controlled in transmission infrared spectroscopy, in attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR FT-IR), the exact determination of volume changes requires the measurement of the refractive indices of the studied system throughout the curing process or at least an indirect parallel measurement of this property. The methodology presented here allows one to achieve quantitative measurements of the degree of cure and shrinkage for thermosets using in situ ATR FT-IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fernàndez-Francos
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
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15
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Fernàndez-Francos X, Ramis X, Serra À. From curing kinetics to network structure: A novel approach to the modeling of the network buildup of epoxy-anhydride thermosets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Fernàndez-Francos
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; c/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory ETSEIB; Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya; Av. Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry; Universitat Rovira i Virgili; c/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n 43007 Tarragona Spain
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16
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Investigation of Cure Reaction, Rheology, Volume Shrinkage and Thermomechanical Properties of Nano-TiO2 Filled Epoxy/DDS Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/183463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cure reaction, rheology, volume shrinkage, and thermomechanical behavior of epoxy-TiO2 nanocomposites based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A cured with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone have been investigated. The FTIR results show that, at the initial curing stage, TiO2 acts as a catalyst and facilitates the curing. The catalytic effect of TiO2 was further confirmed by the decrease in maximum exothermal peak temperature (DSC results); however, it was also found that the addition of TiO2 decreases the overall degree of cure, as evidenced by lower total heat of reaction of the cured composites compared to neat epoxy. The importance of cure rheology in the microstructure formation during curing was explored by using rheometry. From the PVT studies, it was found that TiO2 decreases the volume shrinkage behavior of the epoxy matrix. The mechanical properties of the cured epoxy composites, such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact strength, and fracture toughness of the polymer composites, were examined. The nanocomposites exhibited good improvement in dimensional, thermal, and mechanical properties with respect to neat cross-linked epoxy system. FESEM micrographs of fractured surfaces were examined to understand the toughening mechanism.
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17
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Parameswaranpillai J, Moldenaers P, Thomas S. Rheological study of the SAN modified epoxy–DDM system: relationship between viscosity and viscoelastic phase separation. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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George SM, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Jyotishkumar P, Thomas S. Cure kinetics and thermal stability of micro and nanostructured thermosetting blends of epoxy resin and epoxidized styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene triblock copolymer systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Liu Y, Zhong X, Zhan G, Yu Y, Jin J. Effect of Mesoscopic Fillers on the Polymerization Induced Viscoelastic Phase Separation at Near- and Off-Critical Compositions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3671-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guozhu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yingfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianyong Jin
- Polymer Innovations Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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20
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Zhang Y, Chen F, Li Z, Han CC. Ubiquitous nature of the three-layered structure formation in the asymmetric phase separation of the epoxy/thermoplastic blends. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Zhang Y, Shi W, Chen F, Han CC. Dynamically Asymmetric Phase Separation and Morphological Structure Formation in the Epoxy/Polysulfone Blends. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201318g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Charles C. Han
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Joint Laboratory of Polymer Science and Materials, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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22
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Jyotishkumar P, Özdilek C, Moldenaers P, Sinturel C, Janke A, Pionteck J, Thomas S. Dynamics of Phase Separation in Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-Modified Epoxy/DDS System: Kinetics and Viscoelastic Effects. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13271-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101661t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jyotishkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Ceren Özdilek
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Paula Moldenaers
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Christophe Sinturel
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Andreas Janke
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
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Gelation behavior of thermoplastic-modified epoxy systems during polymerization-induced phase separation. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jyotishkumar P, Koetz J, Tiersch B, Strehmel V, Ozdilek C, Moldenaers P, Hässler R, Thomas S. Complex phase separation in poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-modified epoxy/4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone blends: generation of new micro- and nanosubstructures. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:5418-30. [PMID: 19331324 DOI: 10.1021/jp8094566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The epoxy system containing diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone is modified with poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) to explore the effects of the ABS content on the phase morphology, mechanism of phase separation, and viscoelastic properties. The amount of ABS in the blends was 5, 10, 15, and 20 parts per hundred of epoxy resin (phr). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the final morphology of ABS-modified epoxy blends. Scanning electron microscopic studies of 15 phr ABS-modified epoxy blends reveal a bicontinuous structure in which both epoxy and ABS are continuous, with substructures of the ABS phase dispersed in the continuous epoxy phase and substructures of the epoxy phase dispersed in the continuous ABS phase. TEM micrographs of 15 phr ABS-modified epoxy blends confirm the results observed by SEM. TEM micrographs reveal the existence of nanosubstructures of ABS in 20 phr ABS-modified epoxy blends. To the best of our knowledge, to date, nanosubstructures have never been reported in any epoxy/thermoplastic blends. The influence of the concentration of the thermoplastic on the generated morphology as analyzed by SEM and TEM was explained in detail. The evolution and mechanism of phase separation was investigated in detail by optical microscopy (OM) and small-angle laser light scattering (SALLS). At concentrations lower than 10 phr the system phase separates through nucleation and growth (NG). However, at higher concentrations, 15 and 20 phr, the blends phase separate through both NG and spinodal decomposition mechanisms. On the basis of OM and SALLS, we conclude that the phenomenon of complex substructure formation in dynamic asymmetric blends is due to the combined effect of hydrodynamics and viscoelasticity. Additionally, dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out to evaluate the viscoelastic behavior of the cross-linked epoxy/ABS blends. Finally, apparent weight fractions of epoxy and ABS components in epoxy- and ABS-rich phases were evaluated from T(g) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jyotishkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
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