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Wang L, Wang Y. Exploring Reactivity and Regioselectivity of Dimerization of Paramagnetic Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10962-10975. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225002, China
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2
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Hu Y, Solé-Daura A, Yao YR, Liu X, Liu S, Yu A, Peng P, Poblet JM, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Echegoyen L, Li FF. Chemical Reactions of Cationic Metallofullerenes: An Alternative Route for Exohedral Functionalization. Chemistry 2020; 26:1748-1753. [PMID: 31749187 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The chemistry of cationic forms of clusterfullerenes remain less explored than that of the corresponding neutral or anionic species. In the present work, M3 N@Ih -C80 (M=Sc or Lu) cations were generated by both electrochemical and chemical oxidation methods. The as-obtained cations successfully underwent the typical Bingel-Hirsch reaction that fails with neutral Sc3 N@Ih -C80 . Two isomeric Sc3 N@Ih -C80 cation derivatives, [5,6]-open and [6,6]-open adducts, were synthesized, and the former has never been prepared by means of a Bingel-Hirsch reaction with neutral clusterfullerenes. In the case of the Lu3 N@Ih -C80 cation, however, only a [6,6]-open adduct was obtained. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicated that the oxidized M3 N@Ih -C80 was much more reactive than the neutral compound upon addition of the diethyl bromomalonate anion. The Bingel-Hirsch reaction of M3 N@Ih -C80 cations occurred by means of an unusual outer-sphere single-electron transfer (SET) process from the diethyl bromomalonate anion to the stable intermediate [M3 N@C80 (C2 H5 COO)2 CBr]. . Remarkably, the diethyl bromomalonate anion was found to act as both a nucleophile and an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Albert Solé-Daura
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Xuechen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Sijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ping Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
| | - Josep M Poblet
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Fortea
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Marcel⋅lí Domingo 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas, 79968, USA
| | - Fang-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of, Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P.R. China
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3
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Freisetzung der Spannung kondensierter Fünfringe des Fullerenkäfigs durch chemische Funktionalisierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Guan R, Chen M, Jin F, Yang S. Strain Release of Fused Pentagons in Fullerene Cages by Chemical Functionalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1048-1073. [PMID: 30884036 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
According to the isolated pentagon rule (IPR), for stable fullerenes, the 12 pentagons should be isolated from one another by hexagons, otherwise the fused pentagons will result in an increase in the local steric strain of the fullerene cage. However, the successful isolation of more than 100 endohedral and exohedral fullerenes containing fused pentagons over the past 20 years has shown that strain release of fused pentagons in fullerene cages is feasible. Herein, we present a general overview on fused-pentagon-containing (i.e. non-IPR) fullerenes through an exhaustive review of all the types of fused-pentagon-containing fullerenes reported to date. We clarify how the strain of fused pentagons can be released in different manners, and provide an in-depth understanding of the role of fused pentagons in the stability, electronic properties, and chemical reactivity of fullerene cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runnan Guan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Muqing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Fei Jin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shangfeng Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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5
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Konarev DV, Popov AA, Zorina LV, Khasanov SS, Lyubovskaya RN. Molecular Structure and Magnetic and Optical Properties of Endometallonitridofullerene Sc 3 N@I h -C 80 in Neutral, Radical Anion, and Dimeric Anionic Forms. Chemistry 2019; 25:14858-14869. [PMID: 31523861 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds with Sc3 N@Ih -C80 in the neutral, monomeric, and dimeric anion states have been prepared in the crystalline form and their molecular structures and optical and magnetic properties have been studied. The neutral Sc3 N@Ih -C80 ⋅3 C6 H4 Cl2 (1) and (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 )3 (TPC)2 ⋅5 C6 H4 Cl2 (2, TPC=triptycene) compounds both crystallized in a high-symmetry trigonal structure. The reduction of Sc3 N@Ih -C80 to the radical anion resulted in dimerization to form diamagnetic singly bonded (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 dimers. In contrast to {[2.2.2]cryptand(Na+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2.5 C6 H4 Cl2 (3) with strongly disordered components, we synthesized new dimeric phases {[2.2.2]cryptand- (K+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2 C6 H4 Cl2 (4) and {[2.2.2]cryptand- (Cs+ )}2 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 ⋅2 C6 H4 Cl2 (5) in which only one major dimer orientation was found. The thermal stability of the (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - )2 dimers was studied by EPR analysis of 3 to show their dissociation in the 400-460 K range producing monomeric Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- radical anions. This species shows an EPR signal with a hyperfine splitting of 5.8 mT. The energy of the intercage C-C bond was estimated to be 234±7 kJ mol-1 , the highest value among negatively charged fullerene dimers. The EPR spectra of crystalline (Bu3 MeP+ )3 (Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- )3 ⋅C6 H4 Cl2 (6) are presented for the first time. The salt shows an asymmetric EPR signal, which could be fitted by three lines. Two lines were attributed to Sc3 N@Ih -C80 .- . Hyperfine splitting is manifested above 180 K due to the hyperfine interaction of the electron spin with the three scandium atoms (a total of 22 lines with an average splitting of 5.32 mT are observed at 220 K). Furthermore, each of the 22 lines is additionally split into six lines with an average separation of 0.82 mT. The large splitting indicates intrinsic charge and spin density transfer from the fullerene cage to the Sc3 N cluster. Both the monomeric and dimeric Sc3 N@Ih -C80 - anions show an intrinsic shift of the IR bands attributed to the Sc3 N cluster and new bands corresponding to these species appear in the NIR range of their UV/Vis/NIR spectra, which allows these anions to be distinguished from neutral species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Konarev
- Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Leokadiya V Zorina
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Salavat S Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rimma N Lyubovskaya
- Department of Kinetics and Catalysis, Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS, 142432, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Jin P, Li Y, Magagula S, Chen Z. Exohedral functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes: Interplay between inside and outside. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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7
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Zhao C, Wang T, Li Y, Meng H, Nie M, Tian J, Wang C. Awaking N-hyperfine couplings in charged yttrium nitride endohedral fullerenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:26846-26850. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Charged yttrium nitride endohedral fullerenes show particular N-hyperfine couplings that are sensitive to the outer carbon cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Taishan Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Yongjian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Haibing Meng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Mingzhe Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Jianlei Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
| | - Chunru Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- 100190 Beijing
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8
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Konarev DV, Zorina LV, Khasanov SS, Popov AA, Otsuka A, Yamochi H, Saito G, Lyubovskaya RN. A crystalline anionic complex of scandium nitride endometallofullerene: experimental observation of single-bonded (Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2 dimers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:10763-6. [PMID: 27511304 PMCID: PMC5730043 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05550h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Reduction of scandium nitride clusterfullerene, Sc3N@Ih-C80, by sodium fluorenone ketyl in the presence of cryptand[2,2,2] allows the crystallization of the {cryptand[2,2,2](Na(+))}2(Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2·2.5C6H4Cl2 (1) salt. The Sc3N@Ih-C80˙(-) radical anions are dimerized to form single-bonded (Sc3N@Ih-C80(-))2 dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Konarev
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
.
| | - Leokadiya V. Zorina
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
| | - Salavat S. Khasanov
- Institute of Solid State Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Helmholtzstraße 20
,
01069 Dresden
, Germany
| | - Akihiro Otsuka
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
,
Sakyo-ku
, Kyoto 606-8502
, Japan
| | - Hideki Yamochi
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University
,
Sakyo-ku
, Kyoto 606-8502
, Japan
| | - Gunzi Saito
- Faculty of Agriculture, Meijo University
,
1-501 Shiogamaguchi
, Tempaku-ku
, Nagoya 468-8502
, Japan
- Toyota Physical and Chemical Research Institute
,
41-1
, Yokomichi
, Nagakute
, Aichi 480-1192
, Japan
| | - Rimma N. Lyubovskaya
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS
,
Chernogolovka
, Moscow region
, 142432 Russia
.
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9
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Romero EL, Echegoyen L. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy of empty and endohedral fullerenes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elkin L. Romero
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 79968 El Paso Texas USA
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Texas at El Paso; 79968 El Paso Texas USA
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10
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Zhao J, Huang X, Jin P, Chen Z. Magnetic properties of atomic clusters and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Zhang Y, Popov AA. Transition-Metal and Rare-Earth-Metal Redox Couples inside Carbon Cages: Fullerenes Acting as Innocent Ligands. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om5000387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexey A. Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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12
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW) Dresden , D-01171 Dresden, Germany
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Feng Y, Wang T, Wu J, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Jiang L, Ge C, Shu C, Wang C. Spin-active metallofullerene stabilized by the core of an NC moiety. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2148-50. [PMID: 23389116 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc38445d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A paramagnetic Sc(3)NC@C(80) anion radical was obtained by chemical reduction. ESR spectrometry and theoretical calculations disclosed that the core NC moiety takes possession of the unpaired electron and stabilizes the paramagnetic species. It is the first time a paramagnetic metal cyanide metallofullerene has been obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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15
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Popov AA, Chen N, Pinzón JR, Stevenson S, Echegoyen LA, Dunsch L. Redox-active scandium oxide cluster inside a fullerene cage: spectroscopic, voltammetric, electron spin resonance spectroelectrochemical, and extended density functional theory study of Sc4O2@C80 and its ion radicals. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:19607-18. [PMID: 22924339 DOI: 10.1021/ja306728p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clusterfullerene Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) with a mixed redox state of scandium was found to be an exciting molecule for endohedral electrochemistry as demonstrated by means of an in situ electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroelectrochemical study of the spin density distribution in its electrochemically generated cation and anion radicals. The compound exhibits two reversible reduction and oxidation steps with a relatively small electrochemical gap of 1.10 V. The ESR spectra of the ion radicals have a rich hyperfine structure caused by two pairs of equivalent Sc atoms. The Sc-based hyperfine structure with large hyperfine coupling constants shows that both oxidation and reduction of Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) are in cavea redox processes, which is the subject of endohedral electrochemistry. The assignment of the experimentally determined a((45)Sc) values to the two types of Sc atoms in the Sc(4)O(2) cluster was accomplished by extended density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Sc atoms adopting a divalent state in the neutral Sc(4)O(2)@C(80) exhibited an especially large coupling constant of 150.4 G in the cation radical, which is the record high a((45)Sc) value for Sc-based endohedral metallofullerenes. Such a high value is explained by the nature of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) localized on the six-atom Sc(4)O(2) cluster. This HOMO is a Sc-Sc bonding MO and hence has large contributions from the 4s atomic orbitals of Sc(II). We claim that ESR spectroelectrochemistry is an invaluable experimental tool in the studies of metal-metal bonding in endohedral metallofullerenes and in endohedral electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz-Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Ma Y, Wang T, Wu J, Feng Y, Xu W, Jiang L, Zheng J, Shu C, Wang C. Size effect of endohedral cluster on fullerene cage: preparation and structural studies of Y3N@C78-C2. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:4955-4957. [PMID: 22057827 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr11327e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A new metallofullerene Y(3)N@C(78)-C(2) was synthesized and characterized. It was shown that Y(3)N@C(78) has an unconventional C(78)-C(2) cage with two pairs of fused pentagons closely bonded with two yttrium atoms. DFT calculations showed that the size of the ionic radii of the metals forming the caged cluster plays an important role in the non-isolated-pentagon-rule-feature of the C(78) cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Beijing, 100190, China
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Chen N, Pinzón JR, Echegoyen L. Influence of the Encapsulated Clusters on the Electrochemical Behaviour of Endohedral Fullerene Derivatives: Comparative Study of N-Tritylpyrrolidino Derivatives of Sc3N@Ih-C80 and Lu3N@Ih-C80. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:1422-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Shustova NB, Peryshkov DV, Kuvychko IV, Chen YS, Mackey MA, Coumbe CE, Heaps DT, Confait BS, Heine T, Phillips JP, Stevenson S, Dunsch L, Popov AA, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV. Poly(perfluoroalkylation) of metallic nitride fullerenes reveals addition-pattern guidelines: synthesis and characterization of a family of Sc3N@C80(CF3)n (n = 2-16) and their radical anions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:2672-90. [PMID: 21294511 DOI: 10.1021/ja109462j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A family of highly stable (poly)perfluoroalkylated metallic nitride cluster fullerenes was prepared in high-temperature reactions and characterized by spectroscopic (MS, (19)F NMR, UV-vis/NIR, ESR), structural and electrochemical methods. For two new compounds, Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(10) and Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(12,) single crystal X-ray structures are determined. Addition pattern guidelines for endohedral fullerene derivatives with bulky functional groups are formulated as a result of experimental ((19)F NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction) studies and exhaustive quantum chemical calculations of the structures of Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(n) (n = 2-16). Electrochemical studies revealed that Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(n) derivatives are easier to reduce than Sc(3)N@C(80), the shift of E(1/2) potentials ranging from +0.11 V (n = 2) to +0.42 V (n = 10). Stable radical anions of Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(n) were generated in solution and characterized by ESR spectroscopy, revealing their (45)Sc hyperfine structure. Facile further functionalizations via cycloadditions or radical additions were achieved for trifluoromethylated Sc(3)N@C(80) making them attractive versatile platforms for the design of molecular and supramolecular materials of fundamental and practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Osuna S, Swart M, Solà M. The reactivity of endohedral fullerenes. What can be learnt from computational studies? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3585-603. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Dodziuk H. Endohedral Fullerene Complexes and In-Out Isomerism in Perhydrogenated Fullerenes. THE MATHEMATICS AND TOPOLOGY OF FULLERENES 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0221-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Popov AA, Shustova NB, Svitova AL, Mackey MA, Coumbe CE, Phillips JP, Stevenson S, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Dunsch L. Redox-tuning endohedral fullerene spin states: from the dication to the trianion radical of Sc(3)N@C(80)(CF(3))(2) in five reversible single-electron steps. Chemistry 2010; 16:4721-4. [PMID: 20349474 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Popov
- Department of Electrochemistry and Conducting Polymers, Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, Dresden 01069, Germany.
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Xu L, Shao X, Cai W. Electronic structures, stabilities, and spectroscopies of the fullerene derivatives C68X4 (X=H, F, Cl). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Wang T, Wu J, Xu W, Xiang J, Lu X, Li B, Jiang L, Shu C, Wang C. Spin Divergence Induced by Exohedral Modification: ESR Study of Sc3C2@C80Fulleropyrrolidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200906325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Wang T, Wu J, Xu W, Xiang J, Lu X, Li B, Jiang L, Shu C, Wang C. Spin Divergence Induced by Exohedral Modification: ESR Study of Sc3C2@C80Fulleropyrrolidine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:1786-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Valencia R, Rodríguez-Fortea A, Clotet A, de Graaf C, Chaur MN, Echegoyen L, Poblet JM. Electronic structure and redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes M(3)N@C(2n) (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, 96). Chemistry 2009; 15:10997-1009. [PMID: 19760713 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An extensive study of the redox properties of metal nitride endohedral fullerenes (MNEFs) based on DFT computational calculations has been performed. The electronic structure of the singly oxidized and reduced MNEFs has been thoroughly analyzed and the first anodic and cathodic potentials, as well as the electrochemical gaps, have been predicted for a large number of M(3)N@C(2n) systems (M=Sc, Y, La, and Gd; 2n=80, 84, 88, 92, and 96). In particular, calculations that include thermal and entropic effects correctly predict the different anodic behavior of the two isomers (I(h) and D(5h)) of Sc(3)N@C(80), which is the basis for their electrochemical separation. Important differences were found in the electronic structure of reduced M(3)N@C(80) when M=Sc or when M is a more electropositive metal, such as Y or Gd. Moreover, the changes in the electrochemical gaps within the Gd(3)N@C(2n) series (2n=80, 84, and 88) have been rationalized and the use of Y-based computational models to study the Gd-based systems has been justified. The redox properties of the largest MNEFs characterized so far, La(3)N@C(2n) (2n=92 and 96), were also correctly predicted. Finally, the quality of these predictions and their usefulness in distinguishing the carbon cages for MNEFs with unknown structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Valencia
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili c/Marcellí Domingo s/n, Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Chaur MN, Melin F, Ortiz AL, Echegoyen L. Chemical, electrochemical, and structural properties of endohedral metallofullerenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7514-38. [PMID: 19777461 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200901746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first experimental evidence of the existence of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) was obtained, the search for carbon cages with encapsulated metals and small molecules has become a very active field of research. EMFs exhibit unique electronic and structural features, with potential applications in many fields. Furthermore, functionalized EMFs offer additional potential applications because of their higher solubility and their ease of characterization by X-ray crystallography and other techniques. Herein we review the general field of EMFs, particularly of functionalized EMFs. We also address their structures and their (electrochemical) properties, as well as applications of these fascinating compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel N Chaur
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 219 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29631-0973, USA
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Chaur M, Melin F, Ortiz A, Echegoyen L. Chemische, elektrochemische und Struktureigenschaften von endohedralen Metallofullerenen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200901746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tarábek J, Yang S, Dunsch L. Redox Properties of Mixed Lutetium/Yttrium Nitride Clusterfullerenes: Endohedral LuxY3−xN@C80(I) (x=0-3) Compounds. Chemphyschem 2009; 10:1037-43. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Taubert S, Straka M, Pennanen TO, Sundholm D, Vaara J. Dynamics and magnetic resonance properties of Sc3C2@C80 and its monoanion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:7158-68. [PMID: 19039350 DOI: 10.1039/b811032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report density functional theory (DFT) studies on the endohedral scandium carbide fullerene Sc3C2@C80 and its monoanion [Sc3C2@C80](-). The system consisting of a Sc3C2 moiety inside the Ih C80 fullerene has been studied by using first principles molecular dynamics simulations at the DFT level. On the picosecond time scale, the triangle defined by the scandium atoms is seen to jump between orientations along the equatorial six-membered ring belt of the cage. The confined carbide unit, in turn, is engaged in a flipping motion through the Sc3 plane. In contrast to the equilibrium geometry optimisations using large basis sets that predict a trigonal bipyramidal structure, a planar Sc3C2-moiety is preferred during the finite-temperature simulation. In the molecular dynamics picture, Sc3C2@C80 is best described as an equilibrium between the two static minimum structures. Calculations of the vibrational frequencies show that the earlier predicted C2 and C2v symmetric isomers are in fact saddle points, with one imaginary normal mode frequency that is related to the flipping motion of the confined carbon dimer. Reoptimisation revealed two new minimum energy structures where the C2 unit is tilted with respect to its orientation in the earlier suggested higher-symmetry structures. The nature of the bonding in the static structures of the two isomers of Sc3C2@C80 has been investigated using the electron localisation function and natural population analysis. Some increased electron pair localisation is detected on the six-membered rings closest to the Sc atoms. 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts have been calculated for the closed-shell monoanion of Sc3C2@C80. The 13C shifts were also calculated for Sc2C2@C84, for further comparison to experimentally measured spectra. The confined carbon atoms are strongly deshielded in these metallofullerenes, implying an incorrect earlier interpretation of the experimental 13C NMR spectrum of Sc2C2@C84. The neutral Sc3C2@C80 system with one unpaired electron is further characterised by calculating the hyperfine coupling constants, the g tensor, as well as paramagnetic NMR (pNMR) 13C shifts for both static isomers. The chemical shifts of the confined carbon atoms and the hyperfine coupling constants of all the confined atoms are strongly dependent on the conformation of the Sc3C2 moiety. Consequently, dynamical effects are expected to be important in the modelling of the magnetic properties of endohedral scandium carbide fullerenes. The two low-lying isomers have rather different pNMR 13C shifts, implying the potential of this method in structural assignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Taubert
- Department of Chemistry, (A.I. Virtanens plats 1), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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