1
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Ahlgren K, Olsson C, Ermilova I, Swenson J. New insights into the protein stabilizing effects of trehalose by comparing with sucrose. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21215-21226. [PMID: 37534799 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02639f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Disaccharides are well known to be efficient stabilizers of proteins, for example in the case of lyophilization or cryopreservation. However, although all disaccharides seem to exhibit bioprotective and stabilizing properties, it is clear that trehalose is generally superior compared to other disaccharides. The aim of this study was to understand this by comparing how the structural and dynamical properties of aqueous trehalose and sucrose solutions influence the protein myoglobin (Mb). The structural studies were based on neutron and X-ray diffraction in combination with empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR) modeling, whereas the dynamical studies were based on quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that the overall differences in the structure and dynamics of the two systems are small, but nevertheless there are some important differences which may explain the superior stabilizing effects of trehalose. It was found that in both systems the protein is preferentially hydrated by water, but that this effect is more pronounced for trehalose, i.e. trehalose forms less hydrogen bonds to the protein surface than sucrose. Furthermore, the rotational motion around dihedrals between the two glucose rings of trehalose is slower than in the case of the dihedrals between the glucose and fructose rings of sucrose. This leads to a less perturbed protein structure in the case of trehalose. The observations indicate that an aqueous environment closest to the protein molecules is beneficial for an efficient bioprotective solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Ahlgren
- Division of Nano-Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Christoffer Olsson
- Division of Biomedical imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Systems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm SE-114 28, Sweden
| | - Inna Ermilova
- Division of Nano-Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Jan Swenson
- Division of Nano-Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg SE-412 96, Sweden.
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2
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Buoso S, Belletti G, Ragno D, Castelvetro V, Bertoldo M. Rheological Response of Polylactic Acid Dispersions in Water with Xanthan Gum. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:12536-12548. [PMID: 35474836 PMCID: PMC9026014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the rheological behavior of stable poly(lactic acid) (PLA) dispersions in water, intended for coating applications, was investigated. The newly prepared dispersion consists of PLA particles with an average diameter of 222 ± 2 nm based on dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses, at concentrations varying in the 5-22 wt % range. Xanthan gum (XG), a bacterial polysaccharide, was used as a thickening agent to modulate the viscosity of the formulations. The rheological properties of the PLA dispersions with different XG and PLA contents were studied in steady shear, amplitude sweep, and frequency sweep experiments. Under steady shear conditions, the viscosity of all the formulations showed a shear-thinning behavior similar to XG solutions in the whole investigated 1-1000 s-1 range, with values dependent on both PLA particles and XG concentrations. Amplitude and frequency sweep data revealed a weak-gel behavior except in the case of the most diluted sample, with moduli dependent on both PLA and XG contents. A unified scaling parameter was identified in the volume fraction (ϕ) of the PLA particles, calculated by considering the dependence of the continuous phase density on the XG concentration. Accordingly, a master curve at different volume fractions was built using the time-concentration-superposition approach. The master curve describes the rheological response of the system over a wider frequency window than the experimentally accessible one and reveals the presence of a superimposed β relaxation process in the high-frequency region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Buoso
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity−Italian National Research
Council, via P. Gobetti,
101, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Giada Belletti
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity−Italian National Research
Council, via P. Gobetti,
101, Bologna 40129, Italy
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via. L. Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via. L. Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
| | - Valter Castelvetro
- Department
of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University
of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi,
2, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Monica Bertoldo
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity−Italian National Research
Council, via P. Gobetti,
101, Bologna 40129, Italy
- Department
of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, via. L. Borsari, 46, Ferrara 44121, Italy
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3
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Olsson C, Zangana R, Swenson J. Stabilization of proteins embedded in sugars and water as studied by dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 22:21197-21207. [PMID: 32930314 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03281f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In many products proteins have become an important component, and the long-term properties of these products are directly dependent on the stability of their proteins. To enhance this stability it has become common to add disaccharides in general, and trehalose in particular. However, the mechanisms by which disaccharides stabilize proteins and other biological materials are still not fully understood, and therefore we have here used broadband dielectric spectroscopy to investigate the stabilizing effect of the disaccharides trehalose and sucrose on myoglobin, with the aim to enhance this understanding in general and to obtain specific insights into why trehalose exhibits extraordinary stabilizing properties. The results show the existence of three or four clearly observed relaxation processes, where the three common relaxations are the local (β) water relaxation below the glass transition temperature (Tg), the structural α-relaxation of the solvent, observed above Tg, and an even slower protein relaxation due to large-scale conformational protein motions. For the trehalose containing samples with less than 50 wt% myoglobin a fourth relaxation process was observed due to a β-relaxation of trehalose below Tg. This latter process, which was assigned to intramolecular rotations of the monosaccharide rings in trehalose, could not be detected for high protein concentrations or for the sucrose containing samples. Since sucrose has previously been found to form more intramolecular hydrogen bonds at the present hydration levels, it is likely that this rotation becomes too slow to be observed in the case of sucrose. However, this sugar relaxation has probably less influence on the protein stability below Tg, where the better stabilizing effect of trehalose on proteins can be explained by our observation that trehalose slows down the water relaxation more than sucrose does. Finally, we show that the α-relaxation of the solvent and the large-scale protein motions exhibit similar temperature dependences, which suggests that these protein motions are slaved by the α-relaxation. Furthermore, the α-relaxation of the trehalose solution is slower than for the corresponding sucrose solution, and thereby also the protein motions become slower in the trehalose solution, which explains the more efficient stabilizing effect of trehalose on proteins above Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Rano Zangana
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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4
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Liu Y, Yang M, Gao Y, Fan X, Zhao K. Broadband dielectric properties of honey: effects of temperature. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 57:1656-1660. [PMID: 32327776 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric properties of jujube honey were investigated at 298-358 K by broadband dielectric measurements. Four relaxation processes were observed and analyzed, which are caused by long range correlation of density fluctuation, cooperative motions of molecules, rotational polarization of bound water and collective reorientation of free water, respectively. The results of temperature dependence of dielectric parameters show that with increasing temperature, the interaction among the molecules e.g. water, fructose and glucose molecules etc. weaken, and the honey gradually forms a complete sugar solution. At a given temperature, the penetration depth at 27 MHz is much greater than that at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz. And based on the calculated penetration depth, dielectric heating at 27 MHz seems to has more advantages for large volume of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Man Yang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yanyan Gao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Xiaoqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Kongshuang Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 China
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5
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Ngono F, Cuello GJ, Jiménez-Ruiz M, Willart JF, Guerain M, Wildes AR, Stunault A, Hamoudi-Ben Yelles CM, Affouard F. Morphological and Structural Properties of Amorphous Lactulose Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polarized Neutron Scattering, and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:10-20. [PMID: 31710493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and structural properties of amorphous disaccharide lactulose (C12H22O11), obtained by four different amorphization methods (milling, quenching of the melt form, spray-drying, and freeze-drying), are investigated by scanning electron microscopy, polarized neutron scattering, and molecular dynamics simulations. While major differences on the morphology of the different amorphous samples are revealed by scanning electron microscopy images, only subtle structural differences have been found by polarized neutron scattering. Microstructure of the milled sample appears slightly different from the other amorphized materials with the presence of remaining crystalline germs which are not detected by X-ray diffraction. Quantitative phase analysis shows that these remaining crystallites are present in a ratio between 1 and 4%, and their size remains between 20 and 30 nm despite a long milling time of about 8 h. The impact of the change in tautomeric concentrations on the physical properties of lactulose in the amorphous state has been investigated from molecular dynamics simulations. It is suggested that chemical differences between lactulose tautomers could be at the origin of small structural differences detected by polarized neutron scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Ngono
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France.,Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Gabriel J Cuello
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Monica Jiménez-Ruiz
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Francois Willart
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Mathieu Guerain
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Andrew R Wildes
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Anne Stunault
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs, CS 20156 , F-38042 Grenoble , France
| | | | - Frederic Affouard
- Universite de Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207 - UMET - Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
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6
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Ngono F, Willart JF, Cuello GJ, Jimenez-Ruiz M, Yelles CMHB, Affouard F. Impact of Amorphization Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Amorphous Lactulose. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1-9. [PMID: 31647674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the amorphization technique on the physicochemical properties of amorphous lactulose was investigated. Four different amorphization techniques were used: quenching of the melt, milling, spray-drying, and freeze-drying, and amorphous samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, NMR spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Special attention was paid to the tautomeric composition and to the glass transition of amorphized materials. It was found that the tautomeric composition of the starting physical state (crystal, liquid, or solution) is preserved during the amorphization process and has a strong repercussion on the glass transition of the material. The correlation between these two properties as well as the plasticizing effect of the different tautomers was clarified by molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Ngono
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France.,Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs , CS 20156, F-38042 , Grenoble , France
| | - Jean-Francois Willart
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
| | - Gabriel Julio Cuello
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs , CS 20156, F-38042 , Grenoble , France
| | - Monica Jimenez-Ruiz
- Institut Laue Langevin , 71 Av. des Martyrs , CS 20156, F-38042 , Grenoble , France
| | | | - Frederic Affouard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INRA, ENSCL, UMR 8207-UMET-Unité Matériaux et Transformations , F-59000 Lille , France
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7
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Starciuc T, Malfait B, Danede F, Paccou L, Guinet Y, Correia NT, Hedoux A. Trehalose or Sucrose: Which of the Two Should be Used for Stabilizing Proteins in the Solid State? A Dilemma Investigated by In Situ Micro-Raman and Dielectric Relaxation Spectroscopies During and After Freeze-Drying. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:496-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Correlation between molecular dynamics and physical stability of two milled anhydrous sugars: Lactose and sucrose. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:184-194. [PMID: 30223078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The process of milling often results in amorphization and the physical stability of amorphous phase is linked with its molecular dynamics. This study focuses on a propensity of two disaccharides (lactose and sucrose) to amorphize on ball milling and the stability of the resultant amorphous phase. The amorphous content in milled sugars is estimated by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and the stability was measured in terms of the tendency to recrystallize by Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS). The results show that the amorphous content increases with milling time and is greater for lactose than sucrose. At the same degree of amorphization, sucrose recrystallize at temperature ∼15 °C higher than lactose, indicating higher stability. The molecular dynamics (beta relaxation process), suggest that milled sucrose is more stable with higher activation energy (∼9 kJ mol-1) than that of lactose. The moisture content of amorphous phase also impacts its molecular dynamics in terms of increase in activation energy as the moisture decrease with increasing the milling times. The study suggests a greater stability of amorphous sucrose and susceptibility of milled lactose to recrystallize, however, on extended milling when the moisture content decreases, lactose was seen to become relatively more stable.
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Heczko D, Kamińska E, Minecka A, Tarnacka M, Waliłko P, Kasprzycka A, Kamiński K, Paluch M. Studies on the molecular dynamics of acetylated oligosaccharides of different topologies (linear versus cyclic). Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:273-280. [PMID: 30553322 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the molecular dynamics and thermal properties of representative acetylated linear and cyclic oligosaccharides: acTRE, acRAF, acSTA, ac-α-CD, ac-β-CD, ac-γ-CD, have been investigated by using broadband dielectric spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. We found that there are marked differences in the dynamics of the structural and secondary relaxation processes in both groups of materials. Just to mention a variation in the distribution of the structural relaxation times as well as different evolutions of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and fragility (m) versus molecular weight (Mw), which seem to be affected by the shape of the molecule, strain in the carbohydrate ring and mobility of side acetyl moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Heczko
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Aldona Minecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, ul. Jagiellonska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Magdalena Tarnacka
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Patrycja Waliłko
- Silesian Technical University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian Technical University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprzycka
- Silesian Technical University of Technology, Department of Chemistry, ul. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; Biotechnology Centre, Silesian Technical University of Technology, ul. Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Marian Paluch
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland; Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, ul. 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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10
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Minecka A, Kamińska E, Tarnacka M, Dzienia A, Madejczyk O, Waliłko P, Kasprzycka A, Kamiński K, Paluch M. High pressure studies on structural and secondary relaxation dynamics in silyl derivative of D-glucose. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:064502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4989679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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11
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Malferrari M, Savitsky A, Lubitz W, Möbius K, Venturoli G. Protein Immobilization Capabilities of Sucrose and Trehalose Glasses: The Effect of Protein/Sugar Concentration Unraveled by High-Field EPR. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4871-4877. [PMID: 27934049 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Disaccharide glasses are increasingly used to immobilize proteins at room temperature for structural/functional studies and long-term preservation. To unravel the molecular basis of protein immobilization, we studied the effect of sugar/protein concentration ratios in trehalose or sucrose matrixes, in which the bacterial photosynthetic reaction center (RC) was embedded as a model protein. The structural, dynamical, and H-bonding characteristics of the sugar-protein systems were probed by high-field W-band EPR of a matrix-dissolved nitroxide radical. We discovered that RC immobilization and thermal stabilization, being independent of the protein concentration in trehalose, occur in sucrose only at sufficiently low sugar/protein ratios. EPR reveals that only under such conditions does sucrose form a microscopically homogeneous matrix that immobilizes, via H-bonds, the nitroxide probe. We conclude that the protein immobilization capability depends critically on the propensity of the glass-forming sugar to create intermolecular H-bond networks, thus establishing long-range, homogeneous connectivity within the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Malferrari
- Laboratorio di Biochimica e Biofisica Molecolare, Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, FaBiT, Università di Bologna , I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anton Savitsky
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , D-45470 Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lubitz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , D-45470 Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
| | - Klaus Möbius
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion , D-45470 Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin , D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Venturoli
- Laboratorio di Biochimica e Biofisica Molecolare, Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, FaBiT, Università di Bologna , I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- Consorzio Nazionale Interuniversitario per le Scienze Fisiche della Materia (CNISM) , c/o Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia (DIFA), I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Ngai KL, Capaccioli S, Paciaroni A. Dynamics of hydrated proteins and bio-protectants: Caged dynamics, β-relaxation, and α-relaxation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3553-3563. [PMID: 27155356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The properties of the three dynamic processes, α-relaxation, ν-relaxation, and caged dynamics in aqueous mixtures and hydrated proteins are analogous to corresponding processes found in van der Waals and polymeric glass-formers apart from minor differences. METHODS Collection of various experimental data enables us to characterize the structural α-relaxation of the protein coupled to hydration water (HW), the secondary or ν-relaxation of HW, and the caged HW process. RESULTS From the T-dependence of the ν-relaxation time of hydrated myoglobin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin, we obtain Ton at which it enters the experimental time windows of Mössbauer and neutron scattering spectroscopies, coinciding with protein dynamical transition (PDT) temperature Td. However, for all systems considered, the α-relaxation time at Ton or Td is many orders of magnitude longer. The other step change of the mean-square-displacement (MSD) at Tg_alpha originates from the coupling of the nearly constant loss (NCL) of caged HW to density. The coupling of the NCL to density is further demonstrated by another step change at the secondary glass temperature Tg_beta in two bio-protectants, trehalose and sucrose. CONCLUSIONS The structural α-relaxation plays no role in PDT. Since PDT is simply due to the ν-relaxation of HW, the term PDT is a misnomer. NCL of caged dynamics is coupled to density and show transitions at lower temperature, Tg_beta and Tg_alpha. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The so-called protein dynamical transition (PDT) of hydrated proteins is not caused by the structural α-relaxation of the protein but by the secondary ν-relaxation of hydration water. "This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo".
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - S Capaccioli
- CNR-IPCF, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo Bruno Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - A Paciaroni
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Via A Pascoli 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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13
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Wojnarowska Z, Rams-Baron M, Knapik J, Ngai KL, Kruk D, Paluch M. Dynamic Properties of Glass-Formers Governed by the Frequency Dispersion of the Structural α-Relaxation: Examples from Prilocaine. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:12699-707. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b06426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - M. Rams-Baron
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - J. Knapik
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - K. L. Ngai
- CNR-IPCF, Largo B. Pontecorvo
3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, Università di Pisa, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - D. Kruk
- Faculty
of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 54, Olsztyn PL-10710, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute
of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
- Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
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14
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Cecotka A, Tripathy SN, Paluch M. Evidence of pressure induced intermolecular proton transfer via mutarotation: the case of supercooled d-fructose. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19394-400. [PMID: 26144525 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02044a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a systematic investigation on the role of pressure in mutarotation kinetics of supercooled d-fructose using dielectric spectroscopy. The structural relaxation time acts as a suitable dynamical observable to monitor the mutarotation process that enables the construction of the kinetic curves. The reaction kinetic shapes have been analyzed using the Avrami model. At low temperature, sigmoidal kinetic curves are noted, which correspond to the high concentration of furanosidic forms. The magnitude of activation energy of the process significantly decreases with increasing pressure and is comparable to the solvated systems at 100 MPa. A potential connection between cooperative motion and the origin of intermolecular proton transfer via mutarotation at elevated pressure is also discussed. These experimental observations have fundamental significance on theoretical explanation of the mechanism involving mutarotation in sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Cecotka
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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15
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Bhardwaj SP, Arora KK, Kwong E, Templeton A, Clas SD, Suryanarayanan R. Mechanism of Amorphous Itraconazole Stabilization in Polymer Solid Dispersions: Role of Molecular Mobility. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4228-37. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5004515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kapildev K. Arora
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kwong
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Allen Templeton
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sophie-Dorothee Clas
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Bhattacharya S, Bhardwaj SP, Suryanarayanan R. Molecular Motions in Sucrose-PVP and Sucrose-Sorbitol Dispersions—II. Implications of Annealing on Secondary Relaxations. Pharm Res 2014; 31:2822-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1379-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Kishikawa Y, Seki Y, Shingai K, Kita R, Shinyashiki N, Yagihara S. Dielectric Relaxation for Studying Molecular Dynamics of Pullulan in Water. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9034-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp403606r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kishikawa
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Yuki Seki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Kou Shingai
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Rio Kita
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Naoki Shinyashiki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Shin Yagihara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
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18
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Bhardwaj SP, Arora KK, Kwong E, Templeton A, Clas SD, Suryanarayanan R. Correlation between Molecular Mobility and Physical Stability of Amorphous Itraconazole. Mol Pharm 2013. [PMID: 23198856 DOI: 10.1021/mp300487u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kapildev K. Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Elizabeth Kwong
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Allen Templeton
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sophie-Dorothee Clas
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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19
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Hoobin P, Burgar I, Zhu S, Ying D, Sanguansri L, Augustin MA. Water sorption properties, molecular mobility and probiotic survival in freeze dried protein–carbohydrate matrices. Food Funct 2013; 4:1376-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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20
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Liang J, Ludescher RD. Influence of glycerol on molecular mobility and hydrogen bond network in amorphous glucose matrix. Carbohydr Res 2012; 361:120-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2012.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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21
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Bhardwaj SP, Suryanarayanan R. Use of Dielectric Spectroscopy To Monitor Molecular Mobility in Glassy and Supercooled Trehalose. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11728-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303317p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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22
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Kaminski K, Adrjanowicz K, Kaminska E, Grzybowska K, Hawelek L, Paluch M, Tarnacka M, Gruszka I, Kasprzycka A. Impact of water on molecular dynamics of amorphous α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins studied by dielectric spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:031506. [PMID: 23030922 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.031506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric, calorimetric, and x-ray diffraction measurements were carried out on α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins, which are cyclic saccharides built by, respectively, six, seven, and eight glucose units connected via glycosidic linkage. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements indicated that each carbohydrate has a melting temperature located much above the temperature at which thermal decomposition begins. Moreover, calorimetric data revealed that it is possible to completely dehydrate each cyclodextrin by annealing them above 413 K. Unfortunately, it is impossible to obtain amorphous forms of cyclodextrin by simple cooling of the melt. Thus, a solid state amorphization method has been applied. X-ray diffraction studies demonstrated that by ball milling at room temperature we are able to obtain completely amorphous cyclodextrins. Finally, dielectric measurements were carried out to probe molecular dynamics in the amorphous state of cyclodextrins. It was found that there is only one relaxation process in amorphous hydrated cyclodextrins, while in dried samples two secondary relaxations are present. Moreover, we have shown that water has an enormous effect on the dynamics of both relaxation modes, i.e., with increasing content of water, the activation energy of the slow mode decreases, while that evaluated for the fast mode increases. We were not able to follow the dynamics of the structural relaxation process, because glass transition temperatures of amorphous cyclodextrins were found to lie above thermal degradation points.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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23
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Kaminski K, Adrjanowicz K, Zakowiecki D, Kaminska E, Wlodarczyk P, Paluch M, Pilch J, Tarnacka M. Dielectric Studies on Molecular Dynamics of Two Important Disaccharides: Sucrose and Trehalose. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:1559-69. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2004498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K. Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - D. Zakowiecki
- Preformulation Department R&D, Pharmaceutical Works Polpharma SA, Pelplinska 19, 83-200 Starogard Gdanski, Poland
| | - E. Kaminska
- Department
of Pharmacognosy and
Phytochemistry, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellonska 4,
41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - P. Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - J. Pilch
- Department of Biological Sciences
Academy of Physical Education, Raciborska 1, 40-074 Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Tarnacka
- Institute of Physics, University
of Silesia, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Pagnotta SE, Alegría A, Colmenero J. Dynamical behavior of highly concentrated trehalose water solutions: a dielectric spectroscopy study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2991-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp22402j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Silalai N, Roos YH. Mechanical α-relaxations and stickiness of milk solids/maltodextrin systems around glass transition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2011; 91:2529-2536. [PMID: 21445896 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stickiness correlates with changes in mechanical α-relaxation properties and often results from glass transition and plasticisation of amorphous food components. In this study, milk solids with maltodextrins with different dextrose equivalents (DE9 and DE17) were analysed for glass transition (T(g) ), α-relaxation (T(α) ) and sticky point (SPT) temperatures using differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis and a sticky point test respectively. RESULTS At the same maltodextrin contents, T(g) and T(α) were lower for milk solids with the higher-DE maltodextrin. Increasing maltodextrin contents gave T(g) , T(α) and SPT at higher temperatures, and the magnitudes of α-relaxations with high maltodextrin (DE9 and DE17) contents were less pronounced. CONCLUSION Stickiness was governed by glass transition and affected by skim milk/maltodextrin composition. Stickiness was reduced with increasing maltodextrin content as a result of maltodextrin miscibility with skim milk solids, particularly lactose, which changed the relaxation behaviour above the glass transition. The mixes of milk solids with low-DE maltodextrin may show improved dehydration characteristics and powder stability resulting from increased T(g) , T(α) and SPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattiga Silalai
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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26
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Kaminski K, Wlodarczyk P, Paluch M. Comment on “Study of dielectric relaxations of anhydrous trehalose and maltose glasses” [J. Chem. Phys. 134, 014508 (2011)]. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:167102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3647898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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27
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Silalai N, Roos YH. Mechanical relaxation times as indicators of stickiness in skim milk–maltodextrin solids systems. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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28
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Broadband dielectric spectroscopy and calorimetric investigations of d-lyxose. Carbohydr Res 2011; 346:2165-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Bhardwaj SP, Suryanarayanan R. Subtraction of DC Conductivity and Annealing: Approaches To Identify Johari–Goldstein Relaxation in Amorphous Trehalose. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1416-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny P. Bhardwaj
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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30
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Silalai N, Roos YH. Coupling of dielectric and mechanical relaxations with glass transition and stickiness of milk solids. J FOOD ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Kaminski K, Adrjanowicz K, Kaminska E, Paluch M. Probing of structural relaxation times in the glassy state of sucrose and trehalose based on dynamical properties of two secondary relaxation processes. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2011; 83:061502. [PMID: 21797367 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.061502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Time-dependent isothermal dielectric measurements were carried out deeply in the glassy state on two very important saccharides: sucrose and trehalose. In both compounds two prominent secondary relaxation processes were identified. The faster one is an inherent feature of the whole family of carbohydrates. The slower one can also be detected in oligo- and polysaccharides. It was shown earlier that the β process is the Johari-Goldstein (JG) relaxation coupled to motions of the glycosidic linkage, while the γ relaxation originates from motions of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl unit. Recently, it was shown that the JG relaxation process can be used to determine structural relaxation times in the glassy state [R. Casalini and C. M. Roland, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 035701 (2009)]. In this paper we present the results of an analysis of the data obtained during aging using two independent approaches. The first was proposed by Casalini and Roland, and the second one is based on the variation of the dielectric strength of the secondary relaxation process during aging [J. K. Vij and G. Power, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 357, 783 (2011)]. Surprisingly, we found that the estimated structural relaxation times in the glassy state of both saccharides are almost the same, independent of the type of secondary mode. This finding calls into question the common view that secondary modes of intramolecular origin do not provide information about the dynamics of the glassy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, Katowice, Poland
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32
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Kaminski K, Adrjanowicz K, Wojnarowska Z, Grzybowska K, Hawelek L, Paluch M, Zakowiecki D, Mazgalski J. Molecular dynamics of the cryomilled base and hydrochloride ziprasidones by means of dielectric spectroscopy. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2642-57. [PMID: 21271564 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cryomilling was applied to obtain amorphous forms of the base ziprasidone and its hydrochloride salt. Complete amorphization of both samples was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray measurements. As it turned out, cryogrinding is very effective way to obtain these drugs in the amorphous state, especially because melting of both ziprazidones accompanies significant chemical decomposition as revealed by ultra performance liquid chromatography examination. Consequently, the glassy state cannot be reached in conventional way, that is, by supercooling of melt. Broadband dielectric relaxation measurements were performed on both drugs to describe their molecular dynamics above as well as below their glass transition temperatures (T(g)). We found out that ziprasidone base and its hydrochloride salt differ in T(g) in the same way as it was previously reported for tramadol monohydrate and its hydrochloride. Moreover, our dielectric studies revealed that molecular mobility is not the main factor controlling kinetics of crystallization of both ziprasidones above their T(g) . Below the T(g) relaxation related to water as well as secondary relaxation process originating from the intermolecular interaction (Johari-Goldstein) were identified in the loss spectra of both materials. We have demonstrated that except of local mobility, water is the dominant factor moving both ziprasidones toward recrystallization process. Finally, we have also carried out solubility measurements to show that dissolution rate of the amorphous ziprasidones is much higher with respect to the crystalline samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland.
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33
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Kwon HJ, Seo JA, Kim HK, Hwang YH. Study of dielectric relaxations of anhydrous trehalose and maltose glasses. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:014508. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3517217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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34
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Kaminski K, Kaminska E, Adrjanowicz K, Grzybowiska K, Wlodarczyk P, Paluch M, Burian A, Ziolo J, Lepek P, Mazgalski J, Sawicki W. Dielectric relaxation study on tramadol monohydrate and its hydrochloride salt. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:94-106. [PMID: 19475556 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dielectric relaxation measurements as well as differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction investigations were performed on tramadol monohydrate and its hydrochloride salt. Examined samples do not crystallize during cooling and in consequence they reach the glassy state. In the case of the hydrochloride tramadol we are able to monitor alpha-relaxation process despite large contribution of dc conductivity to the loss spectra. It is the first such study on the salt of the drug. Up to now the dielectric spectroscopy has been regarded as useless in measuring such kind of API (active pharmaceutical ingredient). In this paper we also made some suggestions about the nature of the secondary relaxations in the amorphous tramadol monohydrate and its salt. The knowledge about the molecular mechanisms, which govern the observed secondary relaxations seems to be the key in predicting the stability of the amorphous form of the examined API. Finally additional dissolving measurements on the amorphous and crystal tramadol hydrochloride were performed. As a result we understood that dissolution properties of the amorphous form of the considered drug are comparable to those of crystalline one. However, we have found out that amorphous tramadol hydrochloride has greater ability to form tablets than its crystalline equivalent. This finding shows that amorphous drugs can be alternative even for the freely solved pharmaceuticals such as tramadol hydrochloride, because the former one has better ability to form tablets. It implies that during tabletting of the amorphous drugs there is no need to use any excipients and chemicals improving compaction properties of the API.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland.
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Hansen HS, Hünenberger PH. A reoptimized GROMOS force field for hexopyranose-based carbohydrates accounting for the relative free energies of ring conformers, anomers, epimers, hydroxymethyl rotamers, and glycosidic linkage conformers. J Comput Chem 2010; 32:998-1032. [PMID: 21387332 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a reoptimization of the GROMOS 53A6 force field for hexopyranose-based carbohydrates (nearly equivalent to 45A4 for pure carbohydrate systems) into a new version 56A(CARBO) (nearly equivalent to 53A6 for non-carbohydrate systems). This reoptimization was found necessary to repair a number of shortcomings of the 53A6 (45A4) parameter set and to extend the scope of the force field to properties that had not been included previously into the parameterization procedure. The new 56A(CARBO) force field is characterized by: (i) the formulation of systematic build-up rules for the automatic generation of force-field topologies over a large class of compounds including (but not restricted to) unfunctionalized polyhexopyranoses with arbritrary connectivities; (ii) the systematic use of enhanced sampling methods for inclusion of experimental thermodynamic data concerning slow or unphysical processes into the parameterization procedure; and (iii) an extensive validation against available experimental data in solution and, to a limited extent, theoretical (quantum-mechanical) data in the gas phase. At present, the 56A(CARBO) force field is restricted to compounds of the elements C, O, and H presenting single bonds only, no oxygen functions other than alcohol, ether, hemiacetal, or acetal, and no cyclic segments other than six-membered rings (separated by at least one intermediate atom). After calibration, this force field is shown to reproduce well the relative free energies of ring conformers, anomers, epimers, hydroxymethyl rotamers, and glycosidic linkage conformers. As a result, the 56A(CARBO) force field should be suitable for: (i) the characterization of the dynamics of pyranose ring conformational transitions (in simulations on the microsecond timescale); (ii) the investigation of systems where alternative ring conformations become significantly populated; (iii) the investigation of anomerization or epimerization in terms of free-energy differences; and (iv) the design of simulation approaches accelerating the anomerization process along an unphysical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halvor S Hansen
- Laboratorium für Physikalische Chemie, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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36
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Nunes TG, Diogo HP, Pinto SS, Moura Ramos JJ. Molecular Dynamics of Amorphous Gentiobiose Studied by Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:15976-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jp106371w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa G. Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, IST, TULisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and CQFM (Centro de Química-Física Molecular) and IN (Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology), Instituto Superior Técnico, TULisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hermínio P. Diogo
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, IST, TULisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and CQFM (Centro de Química-Física Molecular) and IN (Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology), Instituto Superior Técnico, TULisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana S. Pinto
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, IST, TULisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and CQFM (Centro de Química-Física Molecular) and IN (Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology), Instituto Superior Técnico, TULisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joaquim J. Moura Ramos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, IST, TULisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and CQFM (Centro de Química-Física Molecular) and IN (Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology), Instituto Superior Técnico, TULisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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37
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Affouard F, Correia NT. Debye Process in Ibuprofen Glass-Forming Liquid: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11397-402. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1046358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Affouard
- Unité Matériaux et Transformation (UMET), UMR CNRS 8207, UFR de Physique, BAT P5, Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
| | - Natália T. Correia
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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38
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Kaminski K, Wlodarczyk P, Adrjanowicz K, Kaminska E, Wojnarowska Z, Paluch M. Origin of the Commonly Observed Secondary Relaxation Process in Saccharides. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11272-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp1034773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - P. Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K. Adrjanowicz
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - E. Kaminska
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Sousa M, Brás AR, Veiga HIM, Ferreira FC, de Pinho MN, Correia NT, Dionísio M. Dynamical Characterization of a Cellulose Acetate Polysaccharide. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:10939-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101665h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Ana Rita Brás
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Helena Isabel M. Veiga
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Frederico Castelo Ferreira
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Maria Norberta de Pinho
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Natália T. Correia
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
| | - Madalena Dionísio
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. República, Apart. 127, 2780-901 Oeiras, Portugal, IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal, and Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Instituto Superior Técnico, ICEMS/DQEB,
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Perić-Hassler L, Hansen HS, Baron R, Hünenberger PH. Conformational properties of glucose-based disaccharides investigated using molecular dynamics simulations with local elevation umbrella sampling. Carbohydr Res 2010; 345:1781-801. [PMID: 20576257 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2010.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Explicit-solvent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the 11 glucose-based disaccharides in water at 300K and 1bar are reported. The simulations were carried out with the GROMOS 45A4 force-field and the sampling along the glycosidic dihedral angles phi and psi was artificially enhanced using the local elevation umbrella sampling (LEUS) method. The trajectories are analyzed in terms of free-energy maps, stable and metastable conformational states (relative free energies and estimated transition timescales), intramolecular H-bonds, single molecule configurational entropies, and agreement with experimental data. All disaccharides considered are found to be characterized either by a single stable (overwhelmingly populated) state ((1-->n)-linked disaccharides with n=1, 2, 3, or 4) or by two stable (comparably populated and differing in the third glycosidic dihedral angle omega ; gg or gt) states with a low interconversion barrier ((1-->6)-linked disaccharides). Metastable (anti-phi or anti-psi) states are also identified with relative free energies in the range of 8-22 kJ mol(-1). The 11 compounds can be classified into four families: (i) the alpha(1-->1)alpha-linked disaccharide trehalose (axial-axial linkage) presents no metastable state, the lowest configurational entropy, and no intramolecular H-bonds; (ii) the four alpha(1-->n)-linked disaccharides (n=1, 2, 3, or 4; axial-equatorial linkage) present one metastable (anti-psi) state, an intermediate configurational entropy, and two alternative intramolecular H-bonds; (iii) the four beta(1-->n)-linked disaccharides (n=1, 2, 3, or 4; equatorial-equatorial linkage) present two metastable (anti-phi and anti-psi) states, an intermediate configurational entropy, and one intramolecular H-bond; (iv) the two (1-->6)-linked disaccharides (additional glycosidic dihedral angle) present no (isomaltose) or a pair of (gentiobiose) metastable (anti-phi) states, the highest configurational entropy, and no intramolecular H-bonds. The observed conformational preferences appear to be dictated by four main driving forces (ring conformational preferences, exo-anomeric effect, steric constraints, and possible presence of a third glycosidic dihedral angle), leaving a secondary role to intramolecular H-bonding and specific solvation effects. In spite of the weak conformational driving force attributed to solvent-exposed H-bonds in water (highly polar protic solvent), intramolecular H-bonds may still have a significant influence on the physico-chemical properties of the disaccharide by decreasing its hydrophilicity. Along with previous work, the results also complete the suggestion of a spectrum of approximate transition timescales for carbohydrates up to the disaccharide level, namely: approximately 30 ps (hydroxyl groups), approximately 1 ns (free lactol group, free hydroxymethyl groups, glycosidic dihedral angleomega in (1-->6)-linked disaccharides), approximately 10 ns to 2 micros (ring conformation, glycosidic dihedral angles phi and psi). The calculated average values of the glycosidic torsional angles agree well with the available experimental data, providing validation for the force-field and simulation methodology employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Perić-Hassler
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, ETH Hönggerberg, HCI, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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41
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Wlodarczyk P, Kaminski K, Haracz S, Dulski M, Paluch M, Ziolo J, Wygledowska-Kania M. Kinetic processes in supercooled monosaccharides upon melting: Application of dielectric spectroscopy in the mutarotation studies of D-ribose. J Chem Phys 2010; 132:195104. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3408286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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42
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Kaminski K, Kaminska E, Adrjanowicz K, Wojnarowska Z, Wlodarczyk P, Grzybowska K, Dulski M, Wrzalik R, Paluch M. Observation of the dynamics of clusters in d-glucose with the use of dielectric spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:723-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b916699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Transformation of the Strongly Hydrogen Bonded System into van der Waals one Reflected in Molecular Dynamics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3408-3_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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44
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Kaminski K, Kaminska E, Ngai KL, Paluch M, Wlodarczyk P, Kasprzycka A, Szeja W. Identifying the origins of two secondary relaxations in polysaccharides. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:10088-96. [PMID: 19572673 DOI: 10.1021/jp809760t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this paper is to identify the molecular origins of two secondary relaxations observed in mechanical as well as in dielectric spectra in polysaccharides, including cellulose, and starches, such as pullulan and dextran. This issue has been actively pursued by many research groups, but consensus has not been reached. By comparing experimental data of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides, we are able to make conclusions on the origins of two secondary relaxations in polysaccharides. The faster secondary relaxations of polysaccharides are similar to the faster secondary relaxations of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. These include comparable relaxation times and activation energies in the glassy states, and also all the faster secondary relaxations have larger dielectric strengths than the slower secondary relaxation. The similarities indicate that the faster secondary relaxations in the polysaccharides have the same origin as that in mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides. Furthermore, since the relaxation time of the faster secondary relaxation in several mono- and disaccharides was found to be insensitive to applied pressure, the faster secondary relaxations of the polysaccharides are identified as internal motions within their monomeric units. The slower secondary relaxations in polysaccharides also have similar characteristics to those of the slower secondary relaxations of the disaccharides (maltose, cellobiose, sucrose, and trehalose), which indicates the analogous motions govern the slower process in these two groups of carbohydrates. Earlier we have shown in disaccharides that the rotation of the monomeric units around the glycosidic bond is responsible for this process. The same motion can occur in polysaccharides in the form of a local chain rotation. These motions involve the whole molecule in disaccharides and a local segment in polysaccharides. It is intermolecular in nature (with relaxation time pressure dependent, as found before in a disaccharide), and hence, it is the precursor of the structural alpha-relaxation. These results lead us to identify the slower secondary relaxation of the polysaccharides as the Johari-Goldstein beta-relaxation, which is supposedly a universal and fundamental process in all glass-forming substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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45
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Wlodarczyk P, Kaminski K, Adrjanowicz K, Wojnarowska Z, Czarnota B, Paluch M, Ziolo J, Pilch J. Identification of the slower secondary relaxation’s nature in maltose by means of theoretical and dielectric studies. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:125103. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3224856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Tiwari RS, Ludescher RD. Vanillin Phosphorescence as a Probe of Molecular Mobility in Amorphous Sucrose. J Fluoresc 2009; 20:125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0530-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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47
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Wlodarczyk P, Kaminski K, Paluch M, Ziolo J. Mutarotation in d-Fructose Melt Monitored by Dielectric Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2009; 113:4379-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8095902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Wlodarczyk
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - K. Kaminski
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
| | - J. Ziolo
- Institute of Physics, Silesian University, ul. Uniwersytecka 4, 40-007 Katowice, Poland
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Shinyashiki N, Shinohara M, Iwata Y, Goto T, Oyama M, Suzuki S, Yamamoto W, Yagihara S, Inoue T, Oyaizu S, Yamamoto S, Ngai KL, Capaccioli S. The Glass Transition and Dielectric Secondary Relaxation of Fructose−Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:15470-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp807038r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Shinyashiki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Shinohara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Y. Iwata
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T. Goto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - M. Oyama
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Suzuki
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - W. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Yagihara
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - T. Inoue
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Oyaizu
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Yamamoto
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - K. L. Ngai
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - S. Capaccioli
- Department of Physics, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan, Research & Development Division, Nichirei Foods INC, 9, Shinminato, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8545, Japan, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375-5320, and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pisa and polyLab, CNR-INFM, Largo B. Pontecorvo 3, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
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