1
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Joy J, Winkler K, Bassa A, Vijayan P P, Jose S, Anas S, Thomas S. Miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological analysis of epoxy/MABS blends. SOFT MATTER 2022; 19:80-89. [PMID: 36468626 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01074g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the addition of the methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer on the miscibility, thermal degradation and rheological properties of epoxy systems is described. Epoxy resin/MABS blends containing 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr MABS were prepared using the solution mixing technique. Homogenous blends obtained using this technique have undergone a polymerization reaction induced phase separation process by the introduction of the curing agent 4,4'-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS). The isothermal rheology at four different temperatures, 150, 160, 170 and 180 °C, was used to examine the effect of MABS on the gelation and vitrification time. The evolution of storage modulus, loss modulus and tan delta was found to be closely related to the evolution of complex phase separation. The increase in the complex viscosity during curing was determined by in situ rheometry and theoretically analysed by fitting with the Williams-Landell-Ferry equation. An exponential increase in complex viscosity was observed, which was induced by cross-linking. The variation of Tg before and after curing was studied using DSC analysis and dynamic kinetic modeling of the curing process was carried out by utilizing dynamic DSC scans. Thermal stability studies of completely cured epoxy/MABS blends using thermogravimetric analysis revealed that all the blends and neat epoxy exhibited single step degradation. Thermal degradation kinetics was calculated using the Coats Redfern equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomon Joy
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | | | - Anna Bassa
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Seno Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, Nattakom, Kerala, India
| | - Saithalavi Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
- School of Energy Materials, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
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2
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Direct visualization of stretch-induced phase separation in methoxy silyl-terminated polypropylene oxide/epoxy resin-type polymer alloys via AFM nanomechanics: A toughening mechanism. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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3
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Ai J, Cheng W, Wang P, Qian W, Chen Q. Silica solid particles toughening, strengthening and anti‐aging on epoxy resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Wei Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Wei Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Qinhui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
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4
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Chen H, Lian Q, Xu W, Hou X, Li Y, Wang Z, An D, Liu Y. Insights into the synergistic mechanism of reactive aliphatic soft chains and nano‐silica on toughening epoxy resins with improved mechanical properties and low viscosity. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Qingsong Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weijie Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Xuqi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Materials Application Research AVIC Manufacturing Technology Institute Beijing China
| | - Zhi Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Dong An
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Functional Nanocomposites of Shanxi Province North University of China Taiyuan China
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5
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Surendran A, Joy J, Parameswaranpillai J, Anas S, Thomas S. An overview of viscoelastic phase separation in epoxy based blends. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3363-3377. [PMID: 32215406 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02361e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The viscoelastic effects during reaction induced phase separation play an important role in toughening epoxy-based blends. The large difference in molecular weight/glass transition temperature between the blend components before the curing reaction results in dynamic asymmetry, causing viscoelastic effects during phase separation accompanying the curing reaction. This review will focus on the key factors responsible for viscoelastic phase separation in epoxy-based blends and hybrid nanocomposites. Time-resolved characterization techniques such as rheometry, small angle laser light scattering, optical microscopy etc., are mainly used for monitoring the viscoelastic effects during phase separation. Incorporation of nanofillers in epoxy thermoplastic blends enhances the viscoelastic phase separation due to the increase in dynamic asymmetry. Different theoretical models are identified for the determination of processing parameters such as temperature, viscosity, phase domain size, and other parameters during the viscoelastic phase separation process. The effect of viscoelastic phase separation has a very strong influence on the domain parameters of the blends and thereby on the ultimate properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Surendran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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6
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Reghunadhan A, Datta J, Jaroszewski M, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Polyurethane glycolysate from industrial waste recycling to develop low dielectric constant, thermally stable materials suitable for the electronics. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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7
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Zhang P, Kan L, Zhang X, Li R, Qiu C, Ma N, Wei H. Supramolecularly toughened and elastic epoxy resins by grafting 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidone moieties on the side chain. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Joy J, Winkler K, Joseph K, Anas S, Thomas S. Epoxy/methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (MABS) copolymer blends: reaction-induced viscoelastic phase separation, morphology development and mechanical properties. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05653f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epoxy/MABS blends undergo viscoelastic phase separation during curing due to the dynamic asymmetry of the phases and a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the system is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomon Joy
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
| | | | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
- Thiruvananthapuram
- India
| | - S. Anas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences
- Mahatma Gandhi University
- Kottayam
- India
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
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9
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Yang M, Liang Y, Zhang X, Yan Z. Preparation of epoxy/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer/short carbon fiber composites with a self-made conical mixer. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) was introduced to modify the epoxy resin (EP) by the solution mixing method. The results showed that the modulus was decreased with the addition of ABS. Short carbon fibers (SCF) were chosen as the reinforcement agent to prepare high-performance EP/ABS/SCF composites. Meanwhile, a self-made conical mixer was applied to improve the dispersion behavior of the SCF in EP. The properties of both EP/ABS matrix and EP/ABS/SCF composites were investigated and discussed. The results showed that the tensile strength and impact strength of EP/ABS matrix are remarkably improved in the presence of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), which reached the maximum value at 4 wt% ABS. The introduction of ABS and SCF eventually can maintain the excellent original properties of EP and greatly improve the tensile modulus of EP/ABS/SCF composites with the specialized self-made conical mixer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Yong Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031 , China
| | - Xuexuan Zhang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
| | - Zheng Yan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering , Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065 , China
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10
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Reghunadhan A, Datta J, Kalarikkal N, Thomas S. Development of nanoscale morphology and role of viscoelastic phase separation on the properties of epoxy/recycled polyurethane blends. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Selective Plasma Etching of Polymeric Substrates for Advanced Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2016; 6:nano6060108. [PMID: 28335238 PMCID: PMC5302619 DOI: 10.3390/nano6060108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In today’s nanoworld, there is a strong need to manipulate and process materials on an atom-by-atom scale with new tools such as reactive plasma, which in some states enables high selectivity of interaction between plasma species and materials. These interactions first involve preferential interactions with precise bonds in materials and later cause etching. This typically occurs based on material stability, which leads to preferential etching of one material over other. This process is especially interesting for polymeric substrates with increasing complexity and a “zoo” of bonds, which are used in numerous applications. In this comprehensive summary, we encompass the complete selective etching of polymers and polymer matrix micro-/nanocomposites with plasma and unravel the mechanisms behind the scenes, which ultimately leads to the enhancement of surface properties and device performance.
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12
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Shen G, Hu Z, Liu Z, Wen R, Tang X, Yu Y. Fabrication of a superhydrophilic epoxy resin surface via polymerization-induced viscoelastic phase separation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A superhydrophilic epoxy resin surface was fabricated through polymerization-induced viscoelastic phase separation, which could be eliminated by chain disentanglement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Zhongnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Ruiheng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Xiaolin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Yingfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Polymers and Polymer Composite Materials
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
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13
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Konnola R, Nair CPR, Joseph K. High strength toughened epoxy nanocomposite based on poly(ether sulfone)-grafted multi-walled carbon nanotube. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raneesh Konnola
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695547 India
| | - C. P. Reghunadhan Nair
- Polymers and Special Chemicals Group; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre; Thiruvananthapuram 695 022 India
| | - Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 695547 India
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14
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Constantin CP, Damaceanu MD, Varganici C, Wolinska-Grabczyk A, Bruma M. Dielectric and gas transport properties of highly fluorinated polyimides blends. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008315584181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties of highly fluorinated polyimide blends were studied in order to highlight the advantages of employing a high content of fluorine atoms to tailor the properties of polyimide materials. Thus, dynamo-mechanical analysis was used to evidence the physical phenomena taking place during heating. The trend of storage modulus, loss modulus and loss factor tangent with temperature during and after the α relaxation was explored. The dielectric spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the dielectric behaviour at different temperatures and frequencies and to evaluate the values of dielectric constant, dielectric loss and electrical resistance. The dielectric spectroscopy data were corroborated with the dynamo-mechanical analysis to highlight the sub-glass transitions encountered in these blend films. Dielectric loss diagrams showed sub-glass transitions in the form of γ and β relaxations mainly due to the segmental mobility of the polymer chain components. The gas separation performance of some of the investigated blends was assesed, and their ability to achieve simultaneously higher gas permeability and higher selectivity was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Bruma
- “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania
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15
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Chandran CS, Muller R, Bouquey M, Serra C, Thomas S. Effect of blend ratio and elongation flow on the morphology and properties of epoxy resin-poly(trimethylene terephthalate) blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Sarath Chandran
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Rene Muller
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - M. Bouquey
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - C. Serra
- Group for the Intensification and Integration of Polymer Processes (G2IP), Institute of Chemistry and Processes for Energy, Environment and Health (ICPEES-UMR 7515 CNRSLaboratoire) European Engineering School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials Science (ECPM) University of Strasbourg (UdS) 25 Rue Becquerel; F67000 Strasbourg France
| | - S. Thomas
- International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IIUCNN), Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University; Kottayam Kerala 686 560 India
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16
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Damaceanu MD, Constantin CP, Bruma M, Belomoina NM. Highly fluorinated polyimide blends – Insights into physico-chemical characterization. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Zhou HS, Song XX, Xu SA. Mechanical and thermal properties of novel rubber-toughened epoxy blend prepared byin situpre-crosslinking. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Shi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xiao-Xue Song
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shi-Ai Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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18
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Hu Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Li T, Liu Z, Yu Y. Dual effects of mesoscopic fillers on the polyethersulfone modified cyanate ester: enhanced viscoelastic effect and mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06808d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enlarging the filler content and decreasing the filler size contribute to enhancing both viscoelastic effect and mechanical property of polyethersulfone modified cyanate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Huiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuoyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers
- Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai, China
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19
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Zhang J, Li T, Hu Z, Wang H, Yu Y. Effect of size and content of mesoscopic fillers on the polymerization induced viscoelastic phase separation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44536d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Liu Y. Polymerization-induced phase separation and resulting thermomechanical properties of thermosetting/reactive nonlinear polymer blends: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Gu H, Tadakamalla S, Huang Y, Colorado HA, Luo Z, Haldolaarachchige N, Young DP, Wei S, Guo Z. Polyaniline stabilized magnetite nanoparticle reinforced epoxy nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:5613-24. [PMID: 22985210 DOI: 10.1021/am301529t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic epoxy polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) reinforced with magnetite (Fe(3)O(4)) nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared at different particle loading levels. The particle surface functionality tuned by conductive polyaniline (PANI) is achieved via a surface initiated polymerization (SIP) approach. The effects of nanoparticle loading, surface functionality, and temperature on both the viscosity and storage/loss modulus of liquid epoxy resin suspensions and the physicochemical properties of the cured solid PNCs are systematically investigated. The glass transition temperature (T(g)) of the cured epoxy filled with the functionalized NPs has shifted to the higher temperature in the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) compared with that of the cured pure epoxy. Enhanced mechanical properties of the cured epoxy PNCs filled with the functionalized NPs are observed in the tensile test compared with that of the cured pure epoxy and cured epoxy PNCs filled with as-received NPs. The uniform NP distribution in the cured epoxy PNCs filled with functionalized NPs is observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). These magnetic epoxy PNCs show the good magnetic properties and can be attached by a permanent magnet. Enhanced interfacial interaction between NPs and epoxy is revealed in the fracture surface analysis. The PNCs formation mechanism is also interpreted from the comprehensive analysis based on the TGA, DSC, and FTIR in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Gu
- Integrated Composites Lab (ICL), Dan F. Smith Department of Chemical Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, Texas 77710, USA
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22
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Jyotishkumar P, Abraham E, George SM, Elias E, Pionteck J, Moldenaers P, Thomas S. Preparation and properties of MWCNTs/poly(acrylonitrile- styrene-butadiene)/epoxy hybrid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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23
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George SM, Puglia D, Kenny JM, Jyotishkumar P, Thomas S. Cure kinetics and thermal stability of micro and nanostructured thermosetting blends of epoxy resin and epoxidized styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene triblock copolymer systems. POLYM ENG SCI 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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24
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Toledano M, Yamauti M, Osorio E, Monticelli F, Osorio R. Characterization of micro- and nanophase separation of dentin bonding agents by stereoscopy and atomic force microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:279-288. [PMID: 22300801 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim was to study the effect of solvents on the phase separation of four commercial dental adhesives. Four materials were tested: Clearfil™ SE Bond (CSE), Clearfil Protect Bond (CPB), Clearfil S3 Bond (CS3), and One-Up Bond F Plus (OUB). Distilled water or ethanol was used as a solvent (30 vol%) for microphase separation studies, by stereoscopy. For nanophase images, the mixtures were formulated with two different solvent concentrations (2.5 versus 5 vol%) and observed by atomic force microscopy. Images were analyzed by using MacBiophotonics ImageJ to measure the area of bright domains. Macrophase separations, identified as a loss of clarity, were only observed after mixing the adhesives with water. Nanophase separations were detected with all adhesive combinations. The area of bright domains ranged from 132 to 1,145 nm² for CSE, from 15 to 285 nm² for CPB, from 149 to 380 nm² for CS3, and from 26 to 157 nm² for OUB. In water-resins mixtures, CPB was the most homogeneous and OUB showed the most heterogeneous phase formation. In ethanol-resin mixtures, CSE attained the most homogeneous structure and OUB showed the most heterogeneous phase. Addition of 5 vol% ethanol to resins decreased the nanophase separation when compared with the control materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Toledano
- Materiales Dentales, Facultad de Odontología, Colegio Máximo, Campus de Cartuja sn, Universidad de Granada, Granada 18071, Spain.
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25
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Liu Y, Zhong X, Zhan G, Yu Y, Jin J. Effect of Mesoscopic Fillers on the Polymerization Induced Viscoelastic Phase Separation at Near- and Off-Critical Compositions. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:3671-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xinhui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guozhu Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yingfeng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jianyong Jin
- Polymer Innovations Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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26
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Parameswaran Pillai J, Pionteck J, Häßler R, Sinturel C, Mathew VS, Thomas S. Effect of Cure Conditions on the Generated Morphology and Viscoelastic Properties of a Poly(acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene) Modified Epoxy–Amine System. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2011017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Häßler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Straße 6, 01069
Dresden, Germany
| | - Christophe Sinturel
- Centre de
Recherche sur la Matière
Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, 45071 Orléans Cedex 2,
France
| | - Viju Susan Mathew
- Department of Chemistry, St. Thomas College, Kozhencherry, Kerala-689641, India
| | - Sabu Thomas
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Applied Sciences, 40450 Shah Alam
Selongor, Malaysia
- Center of Excellence for Polymer Materials and Technologies, Tehnoloski park
24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Mathew VS, Jyotishkumar P, George S, Gopalakrishnan P, Delbreilh L, Saiter JM, Saikia PJ, Thomas S. High performance HTLNR/epoxy blend-Phase morphology and thermo-mechanical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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28
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Song J, Chen G, Ding Y, Shi J, Liu Y, Li Q. Preparation and characterization of epoxy resin modified with alkoxysilane- functionalized poly(urethane-imide) by the sol-gel process. POLYM INT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.3120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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29
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P J, Pionteck J, Hässler R, George SM, Cvelbar U, Thomas S. Studies on Stress Relaxation and Thermomechanical Properties of Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) Modified Epoxy−Amine Systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie1016915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotishkumar P
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hässler
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Strasse 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sajeev Martin George
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
| | - Uroš Cvelbar
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala −686560, India
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30
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Jyotishkumar P, Özdilek C, Moldenaers P, Sinturel C, Janke A, Pionteck J, Thomas S. Dynamics of Phase Separation in Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)-Modified Epoxy/DDS System: Kinetics and Viscoelastic Effects. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:13271-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jp101661t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Jyotishkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Ceren Özdilek
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Paula Moldenaers
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Christophe Sinturel
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Andreas Janke
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Jürgen Pionteck
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India; Department of Chemical Engineering, Catholic University of Leuven, de Croylaan, 46, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium; Centre de Recherche sur la Matière Divisée, UMR 6619 CNRS Université d’Orléans, 1 B Rue de la Férollerie, FR 45071, Orléans Cedex 2, France; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden, Hohe Str 6, DE 01069, Dresden, Germany; and Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi
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31
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Gelation behavior of thermoplastic-modified epoxy systems during polymerization-induced phase separation. Colloid Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-010-2288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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