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Sahoo P, Pathak NK, Scott Bohle D, Dodd EL, Tripathy U. Hematin anhydride (β-hematin): An analogue to malaria pigment hemozoin possesses nonlinearity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 310:123902. [PMID: 38281463 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.123902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Hematin anhydride (β-hematin), the synthetic analogue of the malaria pigment, "hemozoin", is a heme dimer produced by reciprocal covalent bonds among carboxylic acid groups on the protoporphyrin-IX ring and the iron atom present in the two adjacent heme molecules. Hemozoin is a disposal product formed from the digestion of hemoglobin present in the red blood cells infected with hematophagous malaria parasites. Besides, as the parasites invade red blood cells, hemozoin crystals are eventually released into the bloodstream, where they accumulate over time in tissues. Severe malaria infection leads to significant dysfunction in vital organs such as the liver, spleen, and brain in part due to the autoimmune response to the excessive accumulation of hemozoin in these tissues. Also, the amount of these crystals in the vasculature correlates with disease progression. Thus, hemozoin is a unique indicator of infection used as a malaria biomarker and hence, used as a target for the development of antimalarial drugs. Hence, exploring various properties of hemozoin is extremely useful in the direction of diagnosis and cure. The present study focuses on finding one of the unknown properties of β-hematin in physiological conditions by using the Z-scan technique, which is simple, sensitive, and economical. It is observed that hemozoin possesses one of the unique material properties, i.e., nonlinearity with a detection limit of ∼ 15 µM. The self-defocusing action causes β-hematin to exhibit negative refractive nonlinearity. The observed data is analyzed with a thermal lensing model. We strongly believe that our simple and reliable approach to probing the nonlinearity of β-hematin will provide fresh opportunities for malaria diagnostics & cure in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadarshi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar Pathak
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance Montréal, H2X 2J6 Québec, Canada
| | - Umakanta Tripathy
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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Suárez L, Kosar AJ, Dodd EL, Tazoo D, Lambert AC, Bohle DS. Soluble meso and deuteroporphyrin analogs of the malaria pigment hematin anhydride. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 252:112470. [PMID: 38218137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Two soluble heme analogs of the insoluble malaria pigment hematin anhydride (HA, or β-hematin), [Fe(III)(protoporphyrin)]2, with either mesoporphyrin (MHA) or deuteroporphyrin (DHA) are characterized by elemental analysis, SEM, IR spectroscopy, electronic spectroscopy, paramagnetic 1H NMR spectroscopy and solution magnetic susceptibility. While prior single crystal and X-ray powder diffraction results indicate all three have a common propionate linked dimer motif, there is considerable solid state variation in the conformation. This is associated with enhanced solubility of MHA and DHA. As with HA, DHA undergoes thermally promoted reversible hydration/dehydration in the solid state. Solution 1H NMR studies of DHA suggest a high spin dimeric structure with the porphyrin methyls distributed between two isomers which are also present in the solid state. These soluble iron(III)porphyrin dimers allow for the first direct solution studies by NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopies of these key species. Taken together the results illustrate the importance and utility of varying the substituents on the periphery of the porphyrin for studying heme aggregation and malaria pigment formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Suárez
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Aaron J Kosar
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Erin L Dodd
- Département de Chimie de l'UQAM, 2101, rue Jeanne-Mance, Montréal H2X 2J6, Canada
| | - Dagobert Tazoo
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H3A 0B8, Canada.
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Jaafar A, Albarazanchi A, Kadhim MJ, Darvin ME, Váczi T, Tuchin VV, Veres M. Impact of e-cigarette liquid on porcine lung tissue-Ex vivo confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy study. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2023:e202300336. [PMID: 37851480 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202300336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Ex vivo porcine lung immersed in e-liquid was investigated in-depth using confocal Raman micro-spectroscopy to assess the e-liquid influence on the lung. It was found that lung-related Raman band intensities at 1002, 1548, 1618 and 1655 cm-1 increased after first and second treatments except the surface, which was attributed to the well-known optical clearing (OC) effect due to alveoli filling with e-liquid resulting in light scattering reduction. The autofluorescence enhancement was explained by oxidative stress induced in lung during exposure to e-liquid. Moreover, e-liquid induced collagen dehydration was revealed by the I937 /I926 Raman band intensity ratio change. The effect was enhanced after the second treatment of the same lung tissue that indicates the possibility of multi-step OC treatment. We hypothesize that the nicotine-flavour-free e-liquids containing glycerol and propylene glycol could potentially be used in clinical protocols as OC agent for enhanced in-depth Raman-guided bronchoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Jaafar
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
- Institute of Physics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Abbas Albarazanchi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | | | - Tamás Váczi
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Institute of Physics and Science Medical Center, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control, FRC "Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Saratov, Russia
| | - Miklós Veres
- Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, Hungary
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Sinica A, Brožáková K, Brůha T, Votruba J. Raman spectroscopic discrimination of normal and cancerous lung tissues. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 219:257-266. [PMID: 31048255 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is non-destructive method that allows monitoring of biological tissues with minimal intervention. FT-Raman (λex 1064 nm) and NIR-Vis-Raman (λex 785 nm) spectroscopic measurements were used in ex vivo analysis of normal, non-cancerous abnormal and cancerous lung tissues. Spectroscopic discrimination of the lung tissue samples was made by the use of the ratio of characteristic bands and multivariate statistical methods (PCA, LDA). The combination of Raman spectroscopy and multivariate statistics may have a diagnostic potential for recognizing of cancer lesions in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Sinica
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Kateřina Brožáková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Brůha
- 1st Pulmonary Clinic, Charles University Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Votruba
- 1st Pulmonary Clinic, Charles University Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Barsan MM, Bellemare MJ, Butler IS, Gilson DFR, Bohle DS. Micro-Raman high-pressure investigation on the malaria pigment hematin anhydride (β-hematin). J Inorg Biochem 2018; 189:180-184. [PMID: 30296621 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of pressure on the Raman and fluorescence spectra of hematin anhydride (β-hematin) is reported. In a diamond-anvil cell, DAC, with applied pressures up to 41 kbar, the Raman spectrum undergoes a series of intensity enhancements and increases in energy for many of the Raman-active bands up to a pressure of ~27 kbar. At higher pressures, there is either a leveling out or a decrease in the energies of these vibrational modes. The fluorescence bands also undergo a series of pressure- sensitive changes where, up to 10 kbar, there is a marked quenching of the intensity of the emissive bands, which is accompanied by a net increase in energy of the vibrational bands. The results are interpreted in terms of a high-pressure phase change, to account for the Raman shifts, and a separate defect or surface site of the emissive state, which is more efficiently quenched at higher pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela M Barsan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal H3A OB8, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bellemare
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal H3A OB8, Canada
| | - Ian S Butler
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal H3A OB8, Canada
| | - Denis F R Gilson
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal H3A OB8, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke West, Montreal H3A OB8, Canada.
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Habtewold T, Duchateau L, Christophides GK. Flow cytometry analysis of the microbiota associated with the midguts of vector mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:167. [PMID: 27004717 PMCID: PMC4802834 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The scientific interest to understand the function and structure of the microbiota associated with the midgut of mosquito disease vectors is increasing. The advancement of such a knowledge has encountered challenges and limitations associated with conventional culture-based and PCR techniques. METHODS Flow cytometry (FCM) combined with various cell marking dyes have been successfully applied in the field of ecological microbiology to circumvent the above shortcomings. Here, we describe FCM technique coupled with live/dead differential staining dyes SYBR Green I (SGI) and Propidium Iodide (PI) to quantify and study other essential characteristics of the mosquito gut microbiota. RESULTS A clear discrimination between cells and debris, as well as between live and dead cells was achieved when the midgut homogenate was subjected to staining with 5 × 103 dilution of the SGI and 30 μM concentration of the PI. Reproducibly, FCM event collections produced discrete populations including non-fluorescent cells, SYBR positive cells, PI fluorescing cells and cells that fluoresce both in SYBR and PI, all these cell populations representing, respectively, background noise, live bacterial, dead cells and inactive cells with partial permeability to PI. The FCM produced a strong linear relationship between cell counts and their corresponding dilution factors (R (2) = 0.987), and the technique has a better precision compared to qRT-PCR. The FCM count of the microbiota reached a peak load at 18 h post-feeding and started declining at 24 h. The present FCM technique also successfully applied to quantify bacterial cells in fixed midgut samples that were homogenized in 4 % PFA. CONCLUSION The FCM technique described here offers enormous potential and possibilities of integration with advanced molecular biochemical techniques for the study of the microbiota community in disease vector mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibebu Habtewold
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK ,Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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7
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Extended structure of indium(III) protoporphyrin IX acetate mimics dimer structure of hematin anhydride. Polyhedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ali ME, Oppeneer PM. Unraveling the Electronic Structure, Spin States, Optical and Vibrational Spectra of Malaria Pigment. Chemistry 2015; 21:8544-53. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Sigala
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; ,
| | - Daniel E. Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110; ,
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Wang Z, Liu M, Liang X, Siriwat S, Li X, Chen X, Parker DM, Miao J, Cui L. A flow cytometry-based quantitative drug sensitivity assay for all Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte stages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93825. [PMID: 24736563 PMCID: PMC3988044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria elimination/eradication campaigns emphasize interruption of parasite transmission as a priority strategy. Screening for new drugs and vaccines against gametocytes is therefore urgently needed. However, current methods for sexual stage drug assays, usually performed by counting or via fluorescent markers are either laborious or restricted to a certain stage. Here we describe the use of a transgenic parasite line for assaying drug sensitivity in all gametocyte stages. Methods A transgenic parasite line expressing green fluorescence protein (GFP) under the control of the gametocyte-specific gene α-tubulin II promoter was generated. This parasite line expresses GFP in all gametocyte stages. Using this transgenic line, we developed a flow cytometry-based assay to determine drug sensitivity of all gametocyte stages, and tested the gametocytocidal activities of four antimalarial drugs. Findings This assay proved to be suitable for determining drug sensitivity of all sexual stages and can be automated. A Z’ factor of 0.79±0.02 indicated that this assay could be further optimized for high-throughput screening. The daily sensitivity of gametocytes to three antimalarial drugs (chloroquine, dihydroartemisinin and pyronaridine) showed a drastic decrease from stage III on, whereas it remained relatively steady for primaquine. Conclusions A drug assay was developed to use a single transgenic parasite line for determining drug susceptibility of all gametocyte stages. This assay may be further automated into a high-throughput platform for screening compound libraries against P. falciparum gametocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenglei Wang
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Liang
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Salil Siriwat
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaolian Li
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiaoguang Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jun Miao
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JM); (LC)
| | - Liwang Cui
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JM); (LC)
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Abstract
Recent initiatives to develop more effective and affordable drugs, controlling mosquitoes and development of a preventative vaccine have been launched with the goal of completely eradicating malaria. To this end, Novartis (Surrey, UK) and GlaxoSmithKline (Middlesex, UK) screened their chemical libraries of approximately two million small molecules for antimalarial properties, which resulted in a set of over 20,000 'highly druggable' initial hits. Efforts in academia are centered on specific pathway targets. One such high-throughput screening effort has been focused on hemozoin formation, a unique heme detoxification pathway found in the malaria parasite. This review discusses the current approaches and limitations of high-throughput screening discovery of hemozoin inhibitors. In the future, new methods must be developed to validate the mechanism of action of these hit compounds within the parasite.
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Ambele MA, Sewell BT, Cummings FR, Smith PJ, Egan TJ. Synthetic Hemozoin (β-Hematin) Crystals Nucleate at the Surface of Neutral Lipid Droplets that Control Their Sizes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2013; 13:10.1021/cg4009416. [PMID: 24244110 PMCID: PMC3826461 DOI: 10.1021/cg4009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions of monopalmitoylglycerol (MPG) and of a neutral lipid blend (NLB), consisting of MPG, monostearoylglycerol, dipalmitoylglycerol, dioleoylglycerol and dilineoylglycerol (4:2:1:1:1), the composition associated with hemozoin from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, have been used to mediate the formation of β-hematin microcrystals. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction and electron spectroscopic imaging/electron energy loss spectroscopy (ESI/EELS) have been used to characterize both the lipid emulsion and β-hematin crystals. The latter have been compared with β-hematin formed at a pentanol/aqueous interface and with hemozoin both within P. falciparum parasites and extracted from the parasites. When lipid and ferriprotoporphyrin IX solutions in 1:9 v/v acetone/methanol were thoroughly pre-mixed either using an extruder or ultrasound, β-hematin crystals were found formed in intimate association with the lipid droplets. These crystals resembled hemozoin crystals, with prominent {100} faces. Lattice fringes in TEM indicated that these faces made contact with the lipid surface. The average length of these crystals was 0.62 times the average diameter of NLB droplets and their size distributions were statistically equivalent after 10 min incubation, suggesting that the lipid droplets also controlled the sizes of the crystals. This most closely resembles hemozoin formation in the helminth worm Schistosoma mansoni, while in P. falciparum, crystal formation appears to be associated with the much more gently curved digestive vacuole membrane which apparently leads to formation of much larger hemozoin crystals, similar to those formed at the flat pentanol-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A. Ambele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - B. Trevor Sewell
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Franscious R. Cummings
- Electron Microscope Unit, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Optimization of malaria detection based on third harmonic generation imaging of hemozoin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5431-40. [PMID: 23649925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6985-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The pigment hemozoin is a natural by-product of the metabolism of hemoglobin by the parasites which cause malaria. Previously, hemozoin was demonstrated to have a very high nonlinear optical response enabling third harmonic generation (THG) imaging. In this study, we present a complete characterization of the nonlinear THG response of natural hemozoin in malaria-infected red blood cells, as well as in pure isostructural synthesized hematin anhydride, in order to determine optimal imaging parameters for detection. Our study demonstrates the wavelength range for optimal pulsed femtosecond laser excitation of THG from hemozoin crystals. In addition, we show the hemozoin crystal detection as a function of crystal size, incident laser power, and the emission response of the hemozoin crystals to different incident laser polarization states. Our systematic measurements of the nonlinear optical response from hemozoin establish detection limits, which are essential for the optimal design of malaria detection technologies that exploit the THG response of hemozoin.
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Gildenhuys J, le Roex T, Egan TJ, de Villiers KA. The single crystal X-ray structure of β-hematin DMSO solvate grown in the presence of chloroquine, a β-hematin growth-rate inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1037-47. [PMID: 23253048 DOI: 10.1021/ja308741e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single crystals of solvated β-hematin were grown from a DMSO solution containing the antimalarial drug chloroquine, a known inhibitor of β-hematin formation. In addition, a kinetics study employing biomimetic lipid-water emulsion conditions was undertaken to further investigate the effect of chloroquine and quinidine on the formation of β-hematin. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the external morphology of the β-hematin DMSO solvate crystals is almost indistinguishable from that of malaria pigment (hemozoin), and single crystal X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of μ-propionato coordination dimers of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX. The free propionic acid functional groups of adjacent dimers hydrogen bond to included DMSO molecules, rather than forming carboxylic acid dimers. The observed exponential kinetics were modeled using the Avrami equation, with an Avrami constant equal to 1. The decreased rate of β-hematin formation observed at low concentrations of both drugs could be accounted for by assuming a mechanism of drug adsorption to sites on the fastest growing face of β-hematin. This behavior was modeled using the Langmuir isotherm. Higher concentrations of drug resulted in decreased final yields of β-hematin, and an irreversible drug-induced precipitation of iron(III) protoporphyrin IX was postulated to account for this. The model permits determination of the equilibrium adsorption constant (K(ads)). The values for chloroquine (log K(ads) = 5.55 ± 0.03) and quinidine (log K(ads) = 4.92 ± 0.01) suggest that the approach may be useful as a relative probe of the mechanism of action of novel antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johandie Gildenhuys
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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15
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Ambele MA, Egan TJ. Neutral lipids associated with haemozoin mediate efficient and rapid β-haematin formation at physiological pH, temperature and ionic composition. Malar J 2012; 11:337. [PMID: 23043460 PMCID: PMC3479076 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria parasite disposes of host-derived ferrihaem (iron(III)protoporphyrin IX, Fe(III)PPIX) by conversion to crystalline haemozoin in close association with neutral lipids. Lipids mediate synthetic haemozoin (β-haematin) formation very efficiently. However, the effect on reaction rates of concentrations of lipid, Fe(III)PPIX and physiologically relevant ions and biomolecules are unknown. Methods Lipid emulsions containing Fe(III)PPIX were prepared in aqueous medium (pH 4.8, 37°C) to mediate β-haematin formation. The reaction was quenched at various times and free Fe(III)PPIX measured colorimetrically as a pyridine complex and the kinetics and yields analysed. Products were also characterized by FTIR, TEM and electron diffraction. Autofluorescence was also used to monitor β-haematin formation by confocal microscopy. Results At fixed Fe(III)PPIX concentration, β-haematin yields remained constant with decreasing lipid concentration until a cut-off ratio was reached whereupon efficiency decreased dramatically. For the haemozoin-associated neutral lipid blend (NLB) and monopalmitoylglycerol (MPG), this occurred below a lipid/Fe(III)PPIX (L/H) ratio of 0.54. Rate constants were found to increase with L/H ratio above the cut-off. At 16 μM MPG, Fe(III)PPIX concentration could be raised until the L/H ratio reached the same ratio before a sudden decline in yield was observed. MPG-mediated β-haematin formation was relatively insensitive to biologically relevant cations (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+), or anions (H2PO4−, HCO3−, ATP, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, glutathione). Confocal microscopy demonstrated β-haematin formation occurs in association with the lipid particles. Conclusions Kinetics of β-haematin formation have shown that haemozoin-associated neutral lipids alone are capable of mediating β-haematin formation at adequate rates under physiologically realistic conditions of ion concentrations to account for haemozoin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin A Ambele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Stephens PW. Structure of Malaria Pigment and Related Propanoate-Linked Metalloporphyrin Dimers. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1891-902. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kassa FA, Shio MT, Bellemare MJ, Faye B, Ndao M, Olivier M. New inflammation-related biomarkers during malaria infection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26495. [PMID: 22028888 PMCID: PMC3197653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases worldwide with more than 250 million cases and one million deaths each year. One of the well-characterized malarial-related molecules is hemozoin (HZ), which is a dark-brown crystal formed by the parasite and released into the host during the burst of infected red blood cells. HZ has a stimulatory effect on the host immune system such as its ability to induce pro-inflammatory mediators responsible for some of the malaria related clinical symptoms such as fever. However, the host serum proteins interacting with malarial HZ as well as how this interaction modifies its recognition by phagocytes remained elusive. In the actual study, using proteomic liquid chromatographic mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and immunochemical approaches, we compared the serum protein profiles of malaria patients and healthy individuals. Particularly, we utilized the malarial HZ itself to capture serum proteins capable to bind to HZ, enabling us to identify several proteins such as apolipoprotein E (ApoE), serum amyloid A (SAA), gelsolin, complement factor H and fibrinogen that were found to differ among healthy and malaria individual. Of particular interest is LPS binding protein (LBP), which is reported herein for the first time in the context of malaria. LBP is usually produced during innate inflammatory response to gram-negative bacterial infections. The exact role of these biomarkers and acute phase responses in malaria in general and HZ in particular remains to be investigated. The identification of these inflammation-related biomarkers in malaria paves the way to potentially utilize them as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikregabrail Aberra Kassa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Bellemare
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Babacar Faye
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Momar Ndao
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Montreal General Hospital, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, the Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Kosar AJ, Sharma L, Stephens PW, Suárez L, Tazoo D. Soluble Synthetic Analogues of Malaria Pigment: Structure of Mesohematin Anhydride and its Interaction with Chloroquine in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bohle DS, Dodd EL, Kosar AJ, Sharma L, Stephens PW, Suárez L, Tazoo D. Soluble Synthetic Analogues of Malaria Pigment: Structure of Mesohematin Anhydride and its Interaction with Chloroquine in Solution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:6151-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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