1
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McPartlan MS, Harper CC, Hanozin E, Williams ER. Ion emission from 1-10 MDa salt clusters: individual charge state resolution with charge detection mass spectrometry. Analyst 2024; 149:735-744. [PMID: 38189568 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01913f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Salt cluster ions produced by electrospray ionization are used for mass calibration and fundamental investigations into cluster stability and charge separation processes. However, previous studies have been limited to relatively small clusters owing to the heterogeneity associated with large, multiply-charged clusters that leads to unresolved signals in conventional m/z spectra. Here, charge detection mass spectrometry is used to measure both the mass and charge distributions of positively charged clusters of KCl, CaCl2, and LaCl3 with masses between ∼1 and 10 MDa by dynamically measuring the energy per charge, m/z, charge, and mass of simultaneously trapped individual ions throughout a 1 s trapping time. The extent of remaining hydration on the clusters, determined from the change in the frequency of ion motion with time as a result of residual water loss, follows the order KCl < CaCl2 < LaCl3, and is significantly lower than that of a pure water nanodrop, consistent with tighter water binding to the more highly charged cations in these clusters. The number of ion emission events from these clusters also follows this same trend, indicating that water at the cluster surface facilitates charge loss. A new frequency-based method to determine the magnitude of the charge loss resulting from individual ion emission events clearly resolves losses of +1 and +2 ions. Achieving this individual charge state resolution for ion emission events is an important advance in obtaining information about the late stages of bare gaseous ions formation. Future experiments on more hydrated clusters are expected to lead to a better understanding of ion formation in electrospray ionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S McPartlan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Conner C Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Emeline Hanozin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-1460, USA.
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2
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Yang F, Armentrout PB. Periodic trends in the hydration energies and critical sizes of alkaline earth and transition metal dication water complexes. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023:e21830. [PMID: 36644985 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This review encompasses guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry studies of hydrated metal dication complexes. Metals include the Group 2 alkaline earths (Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba), late first-row transition metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn), along with Cd. In all cases, threshold collision-induced dissociation experiments are used to quantitatively determine the sequential hydration energies for M2+ (H2 O)x complexes ranging in size from one to 11 water molecules. Periodic trends in these bond dissociation energies are examined and discussed. Values are compared to other experimental results when available. In addition to dissociation by simple water ligand loss, complexes at a select size (which differs from metal to metal) are also observed to undergo charge separation to yield a hydrated metal hydroxide cation and a hydrated proton. This leads to the concept of a critical size, xcrit , and the periodic trends in this value are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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3
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Structures and Spectroscopic Properties of Hydrated Zinc(II) Ion Clusters [Zn2+(H2O)n (n = 1−8)] by Ab Initio Study. J CLUST SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-022-02277-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Ligation Motifs in Zinc-Bound Sulfonamide Drugs Assayed by IR Ion Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103144. [PMID: 35630621 PMCID: PMC9146759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The sulfonamide–zinc ion interaction, performing a key role in various biological contexts, is the focus of the present study, with the aim of elucidating ligation motifs in zinc complexes of sulfa drugs, namely sulfadiazine (SDZ) and sulfathiazole (STZ), in a perturbation-free environment. To this end, an approach is exploited based on mass spectrometry coupled with infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy backed by quantum chemical calculations. IR spectra of Zn(H2O+SDZ−H)+ and Zn(H2O+STZ−H)+ ions are consistent with a three-coordinate zinc complex, where ZnOH+ binds to the uncharged sulfonamide via N(heterocycle) and O(sulfonyl) donor atoms. Alternative prototropic isomers Zn(OH2)(SDZ−H)+ and Zn(OH2)(STZ−H)+ lie 63 and 26 kJ mol−1 higher in free energy, respectively, relative to the ground state Zn(OH)(SDZ)+ and Zn(OH)(STZ)+ species and do not contribute to any significant extent in the sampled population.
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5
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Jordan JS, Williams ER. Dissociation of large gaseous serine clusters produces abundant protonated serine octamer. Analyst 2021; 146:2617-2625. [PMID: 33688888 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00273b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protonated serine octamer is especially abundant in spray ionization mass spectra of serine solutions under a wide range of conditions. Although serine octamer exists in low abundance in solution, abundant clusters, including octamer, can be formed by aggregation inside evaporating electrospray droplets. A minimum cluster size of 8 and 21 serine molecules was observed for doubly protonated and triply protonated clusters, respectively, formed by electrospray ionization of a 10 mM serine solution. Dissociation of these clusters results in charge separation to produce predominantly protonated serine dimer and some trimer and the complimentary charged ion. Dissociation of clusters significantly larger than the minimum cluster size occurs by sequential loss of serine molecules. Dissociation of all large clusters investigated leads to protonated octamer as the second most abundant cluster (protonated dimer is most abundant) at optimized collision energies. All larger clusters dissociate through a combination of charge separation and neutral serine loss to form small doubly protonated clusters, and the vast majority of protonated octamer is produced by dissociation of the doubly protonated decamer by charge separation. Protonated octamer abundance is optimized at a uniform energy per degrees of freedom for all clusters indicating that simultaneous dissociation of all large clusters will lead to abundant protonated octamer at an optimum ion temperature. These results provide evidence for another route to formation of abundant protonated octamer in spray ionization or other methods that promote formation and subsequent dissociation of large clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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6
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. UV/Vis Spectroscopy of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Metal-Ligand Photochemistry. Chemistry 2020; 26:8286-8295. [PMID: 32155292 PMCID: PMC7384192 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure and photochemistry of copper formate clusters, CuI2(HCO2)3− and CuIIn(HCO2)2n+1−, n≤8, are investigated in the gas phase by using UV/Vis spectroscopy in combination with quantum chemical calculations. A clear difference in the spectra of clusters with CuI and CuII copper ions is observed. For the CuI species, transitions between copper d and s/p orbitals are recorded. For stoichiometric CuII formate clusters, the spectra are dominated by copper d–d transitions and charge‐transfer excitations from formate to the vacant copper d orbital. Calculations reveal the existence of several energetically low‐lying isomers, and the energetic position of the electronic transitions depends strongly on the specific isomer. The oxidation state of the copper centers governs the photochemistry. In CuII(HCO2)3−, fast internal conversion into the electronic ground state is observed, leading to statistical dissociation; for charge‐transfer excitations, specific excited‐state reaction channels are observed in addition, such as formyloxyl radical loss. In CuI2(HCO2)3−, the system relaxes to a local minimum on an excited‐state potential‐energy surface and might undergo fluorescence or reach a conical intersection to the ground state; in both cases, this provides substantial energy for statistical decomposition. Alternatively, a CuII(HCO2)3Cu0− biradical structure is formed in the excited state, which gives rise to the photochemical loss of a neutral copper atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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7
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Pascher TF, Ončák M, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Decomposition of Copper Formate Clusters: Insight into Elementary Steps of Calcination and Carbon Dioxide Activation. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1453-1459. [PMID: 31871848 PMCID: PMC6916659 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The decomposition of copper formate clusters is investigated in the gas phase by infrared multiple photon dissociation of Cu(II) n (HCO2)2n+1 -, n≤8. In combination with quantum chemical calculations and reactivity measurements using oxygen, elementary steps of the decomposition of copper formate are characterized, which play a key role during calcination as well as for the function of copper hydride based catalysts. The decomposition of larger clusters (n >2) takes place exclusively by the sequential loss of neutral copper formate units Cu(II)(HCO2)2 or Cu(II)2(HCO2)4, leading to clusters with n=1 or n=2. Only for these small clusters, redox reactions are observed as discussed in detail previously, including the formation of formic acid or loss of hydrogen atoms, leading to a variety of Cu(I) complexes. The stoichiometric monovalent copper formate clusters Cu(I) m (HCO2) m+1 -, (m=1,2) decompose exclusively by decarboxylation, leading towards copper hydrides in oxidation state +I. Copper oxide centers are obtained via reactions of molecular oxygen with copper hydride centers, species containing carbon dioxide radical anions as ligands or a Cu(0) center. However, stoichiometric copper(I) and copper(II) formate Cu(I)(HCO2)2 - and Cu(II)(HCO2)3 -, respectively, is unreactive towards oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias F. Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Martin K. Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte PhysikUniversität InnsbruckTechnikerstraße 256020InnsbruckAustria
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8
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Sander O, Armentrout PB. Hydration Energies of Iron Hydroxide Cation: A Guided Ion Beam and Theoretical Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:1675-1688. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Sander
- Fachbereich Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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9
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Binding energies of hydrated cobalt(ii) by collision-induced dissociation and theoretical studies: evidence for a new critical size. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:802-818. [PMID: 29210383 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05828d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The experimental sequential bond energies for loss of water from Co2+(H2O)x complexes, x = 5-11, are determined by threshold collision-induced dissociation (TCID) using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer with a thermal electrospray ionization source. Kinetic energy dependent TCID cross sections are analyzed to yield 0 K thresholds for sequential loss of neutral water molecules. The thresholds are converted from 0 to 298 K values to give hydration enthalpies and free energies. Theoretical geometry optimizations and single point energy calculations at several levels of theory are performed for the reactant and product ion complexes. Theoretical bond energies for ground structures are used for direct comparison with experimental values to obtain structural information on these complexes. In addition, the dissociative charge separation process, Co2+(H2O)x → CoOH+(H2O)m + H+(H2O)x-m-1, is observed at x = 4, 6, and 7 in competition with primary water loss products. Energies for the charge separation rate-limiting transition states are calculated and compared to experimental threshold measurements. Results suggest that the critical size for which charge separation is energetically favored over water loss is xcrit = 6, in contrast to lower values in previous literature reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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10
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Binding energies of hydrated cobalt hydroxide ion complexes: A guided ion beam and theoretical investigation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:064305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4991557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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11
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Coates RA, Armentrout PB. Thermochemical Investigations of Hydrated Nickel Dication Complexes by Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theory. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3629-3646. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Coates
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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12
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DiTucci MJ, Williams ER. Nanometer patterning of water by tetraanionic ferrocyanide stabilized in aqueous nanodrops. Chem Sci 2016; 8:1391-1399. [PMID: 28451280 PMCID: PMC5361863 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc03722d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of the small, highly charged tetraanion ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64–, stabilized in aqueous nanodrops and its influence to the surrounding hydrogen-bonding network of water is reported.
Formation of the small, highly charged tetraanion ferrocyanide, Fe(CN)64–, stabilized in aqueous nanodrops is reported. Ion–water interactions inside these nanodrops are probed using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation, infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy, and molecular modeling in order to determine how water molecules stabilize this highly charged anion and the extent to which the tetraanion patterns the hydrogen-bonding network of water at long distance. Fe(CN)64–(H2O)38 is the smallest cluster formed directly by nanoelectrospray ionization. Ejection of an electron from this ion to form Fe(CN)63–(H2O)38 occurs with low-energy activation, but loss of a water molecule is favored at higher energy indicating that water molecule loss is entropically favored over loss of an electron. The second solvation shell is almost complete at this cluster size indicating that nearly two solvent shells are required to stabilize this highly charged anion. The extent of solvation necessary to stabilize these clusters with respect to electron loss is substantially lower through ion pairing with either H+ or K+ (n = 17 and 18, respectively). IRPD spectra of Fe(CN)64–(H2O)n show the emergence of a free O–H water molecule stretch between n = 142 and 162 indicating that this ion patterns the structure of water molecules within these nanodrops to a distance of at least ∼1.05 nm from the ion. These results provide new insights into how water stabilizes highly charged ions and demonstrate that highly charged anions can have a significant effect on the hydrogen-bonding network of water molecules well beyond the second and even third solvation shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J DiTucci
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , B42 Hildebrand Hall , Berkeley , CA 94270 , USA .
| | - Evan R Williams
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , B42 Hildebrand Hall , Berkeley , CA 94270 , USA .
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13
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Theoretical insight into the coordination number of hydrated $$\mathrm{Zn}^{2+}$$ Zn 2 + from gas phase to solution. Theor Chem Acc 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-016-1887-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Wheeler OW, Carl DR, Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Hydration Enthalpies of Ba2+(H2O)x, x = 1–8: A Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Computational Investigation. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3800-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400
East, Room 2020, Salt Lake
City, Utah 84112, United States
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15
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DiTucci MJ, Heiles S, Williams ER. Role of Water in Stabilizing Ferricyanide Trianion and Ion-Induced Effects to the Hydrogen-Bonding Water Network at Long Distance. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1650-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5119545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. DiTucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Sven Heiles
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
| | - Evan R. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, United States
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16
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Armentrout PB, Sweeney AF. Hydrated copper ion chemistry: guided ion beam and computational investigation of Cu2+(H2O)n (n = 7-10) complexes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:497-516. [PMID: 26307731 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cross sections for the threshold collision-induced dissociation of Cu(2+)(H(2)O)(n), where n = 8 - 10, are measured using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The primary dissociation pathway is found to be loss of a single water molecule followed by the sequential loss of additional water molecules until n = 8, at which point charge separation to form CuOH(+)(H(2)O)(4) (+) H(+)(H(2)O)(3) is observed to occur at a slightly lower energy than loss of a water molecule. Competition from charge separation prohibits the formation of appreciable amounts of the n = 7 or smaller complexes as reactants in the source. These findings indicate that Cu(2+) has a critical size of 8. Analysis of the data using statistical modeling techniques that account for energy distributions and lifetime effects yields primary and sequential bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for loss of one and two water molecules from n = 8 - 10 complexes as well as the barrier for charge separation from n = 8. More speculative analysis extends the thermochemistry obtained down to n = 5 and 6. Theoretical BDEs are determined from quantum chemical calculations using structures optimized at the B3LYP/6 311(+)G(d,p) level along with the lowest-energy isomers suggested by single point energies at the MP2(full), M06, B3LYP, and B3P86 levels of theory using a 6- 311(+)G(2d,2p) basis set. BDEs at 0K are converted to 298 K thermodynamic values using a rigid rotor/harmonic oscillator approximation. Experimental and theoretical entropies of activation suggest that a third solvent shell forms at n = 9, in accord with previous findings. The present work represents the first experimentally determined hydration enthalpies for the Cu(2+)(H(2)O)n system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
| | - Andrew F Sweeney
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States.
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17
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Chen X, Stace AJ. Gas Phase Measurements of the Stabilization and Solvation of Metal Dications in Clusters of Ammonia and Methanol. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:5015-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jp4014064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Chen
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham
NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Anthony J. Stace
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham
NG7 2RD, U.K
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18
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Armentrout PB, Rodgers MT. Thermochemistry of non-covalent ion-molecule interactions. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2013; 2:S0005. [PMID: 24349924 PMCID: PMC3810359 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.s0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermochemistry of non-covalent ion-molecule complexes has been examined by measuring quantitative bond dissociation energies using threshold collision-induced dissociation in guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometers (GIBMS). The methods used are briefly reviewed and several examples of the types of information and insight that can be obtained from such thermodynamic information are discussed. The hydration of metal cations, both singly and doubly charged, is reviewed and the trends elucidated, mainly on the basis of electrostatic contributions. The binding of alkali metal cations to amino acids has been examined for a range of systems, with both the overall polarizability of the amino acid and the local dipole moment of heteroatomic side-chains shown to be important contributors. The gas-phase interactions of the 12-crown-4 (12C4) polyether with alkali metal cations, classic molecular recognition systems in solution, have been newly compared to previous GIBMS work. These results validate the previous hypothesis that excited conformers were present for Rb(+)(12C4) and Cs(+)(12C4) and offer clues as to how and why they are formed.
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19
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Armentrout PB. The power of accurate energetics (or thermochemistry: what is it good for?). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:173-185. [PMID: 23296908 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The utility of measuring the energetics of ion-molecule reactions is discussed. After distinguishing between the terms of thermodynamics (macroscopic, equilibrium quantities) and energetics (microscopic and kinetically relevant quantities), the potential energy surfaces for ion-molecule reactions are reviewed and their implications discussed. Equations describing the kinetic energy dependence of ion-molecule reactions are introduced and the effects of entropy on reaction rates and branching ratios are discussed. Several case histories allow an exploration of the utility of accurate thermochemical information and probe how accurate such energetic information must be to be predictive. These case studies include decomposition of hydrated metal dications, the reaction of FeO(+) with H(2), and fragmentation of a small protonated peptide (GG). These illustrate a range of interesting systems for which accurate energetic information has been influential in understanding the observed reactivity. Comparisons with theory demonstrate that experimental information is still required for truly predictive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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20
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Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision‐Induced Dissociation of Hydrated Magnesium: Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Binding Energies for Mg
2+
(H
2
O)
x
Complexes (
x
=2–10). Chemphyschem 2012; 14:681-97. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
- Current address: Heritage Research Group, 7901 W. Morris St., Indianapolis, IN 46231 (USA)
| | - Peter B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (USA)
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21
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Hofstetter TE, Armentrout PB. Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation and Theoretical Studies of Hydrated Fe(II): Binding Energies and Coulombic Barrier Heights. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:1110-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3044829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Hofstetter
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,
United States
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Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Experimental Investigation of the Complete Inner Shell Hydration Energies of Ca2+: Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation of Ca2+(H2O)x Complexes (x = 2–8). J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:3802-15. [DOI: 10.1021/jp301446v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damon R. Carl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah
84112, United States
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah
84112, United States
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23
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Multiligand zinc(II) hydroxide complexes: Zn(OH)2X2Y and Zn(OH)2X1,2Y2; X=H2O, CH3OH and Y=NH3, C5H5N. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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O'Brien JT, Williams ER. Coordination numbers of hydrated divalent transition metal ions investigated with IRPD spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14612-9. [PMID: 22098330 DOI: 10.1021/jp210878s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydration of the divalent transition metal ions, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn, with 5-8 water molecules attached was investigated using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy and photodissociation kinetics. At 215 K, spectral intensities in both the bonded-OH and free-OH stretch regions indicate that the average coordination number (CN) of Mn(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+), and Ni(2+) is ~6, and these CN values are greater than those of Cu(2+) and Zn(2+). Ni has the highest CN, with no evidence for any population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvation shell for the hexa-hydrate at temperatures up to 331 K. Mn(2+), Fe(2+), and Co(2+) have similar CN at low temperature, but spectra of Mn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) indicate a second population of structures with a water molecule in a second solvent shell, i.e., a CN < 6, that increases in abundance at higher temperature (305 K). The propensity for these ions to undergo charge separation reactions at small cluster size roughly correlates with the ordering of the hydrolysis constants of these ions in aqueous solution and is consistent with the ordering of average CN values established from the infrared spectra of these ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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25
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26
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Schröder D. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry of complexes of nickel and acetonitrile. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1135/cccc2011020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Mono- and dications of microsolvated nickel complexes of acetonitrile are probed by means of ion-mobility mass spectrometry. Specifically, the complexes [(CH3CN)nNi]+, [(CH3CN)nNi]2+, [(CH3CN)nNiOH]+, and [(CH3CN)nNiCl]+ (n = 0–6) are compared to each other and their reactions with background water are probed. In general, the arrival times of the ions in the ion-mobility experiment linearly increase with the mass-to-charge ratio, but for the smaller, more reactive complexes, the arrival times are notably larger than expected from their mass. This effect is attributed to the markedly larger reactivity of these particular ions, as reflected in both charge-separation processes as well as adduct formation upon interaction with background water.
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Cooper TE, Armentrout PB. Sequential bond energies and barrier heights for the water loss and charge separation dissociation pathways of Cd2+(H2O)n, n = 3–11. J Chem Phys 2011; 134:114308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3553813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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28
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Pape J, McQuinn K, Hof F, McIndoe JS. Blurring the line between solution and the gas phase: collision-induced dissociation of hypersolvated lanthanide trications provides insights into solution acidity. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Cooper TE, O'Brien JT, Williams ER, Armentrout PB. Zn2+ has a primary hydration sphere of five: IR action spectroscopy and theoretical studies of hydrated Zn2+ complexes in the gas phase. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12646-55. [PMID: 21077603 DOI: 10.1021/jp1078345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Complexes of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(n), where n = 6-12, are examined using infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation (BIRD), and theory. Geometry optimizations and frequency calculations are performed at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level along with single point energy calculations for relative energetics at the B3LYP, B3P86, and MP2(full) levels with a 6-311+G(2d,2p) basis set. The IRPD spectrum of Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8) is most consistent with the calculated spectrum of the five-coordinate MP2(full) ground-state (GS) species. Results from larger complexes also point toward a coordination number of five, although contributions from six-coordinate species cannot be ruled out. For n = 6 and 7, comparisons of the individual IRPD spectra with calculated spectra are less conclusive. However, in combination with the BIRD and laser photodissociation kinetics as well as a comparison to hydrated Cu(2+) and Ca(2+), the presence of five-coordinate species with some contribution from six-coordinate species seems likely. Additionally, the BIRD rate constants show that Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(6) and Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(7) complexes are less stable than Zn(2+)(H(2)O)(8). This trend is consistent with previous work that demonstrates the enthalpic favorability of the charge separation process forming singly charged hydrated metal hydroxide and protonated water complexes versus loss of a water molecule for complexes of n ≤ 7. Overall, these results are most consistent with the lowest-energy structures calculated at the MP2(full) level of theory and disagree with those calculated at B3LYP and B3P86 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 Sourth 1400 East, Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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30
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Cooper TE, Armentrout P. Threshold collision-induced dissociation of hydrated cadmium (II): Experimental and theoretical investigation of the binding energies for Cd2+(H2O)n complexes (n=4–11). Chem Phys Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Cooper TE, Carl DR, Armentrout PB. Hydration Energies of Zinc(II): Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation Experiments and Theoretical Studies. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:13727-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp906235y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa E. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - D. R. Carl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S. 1400 E. Rm 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
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