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Schwinger DP, Peschel MT, Rigotti T, Kabaciński P, Knoll T, Thyrhaug E, Cerullo G, Hauer J, de Vivie-Riedle R, Bach T. Photoinduced B-Cl Bond Fission in Aldehyde-BCl 3 Complexes as a Mechanistic Scenario for C-H Bond Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:18927-18937. [PMID: 36205547 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In concert with carbonyl compounds, Lewis acids have been identified as a versatile class of photocatalysts. Thus far, research has focused on activation of the substrate, either by changing its photophysical properties or by modifying its photochemistry. In this work, we expand the established mode of action by demonstrating that UV photoexcitation of a Lewis acid-base complex can lead to homolytic cleavage of a covalent bond in the Lewis acid. In a study on the complex of benzaldehyde and the Lewis acid BCl3, we found evidence for homolytic B-Cl bond cleavage leading to formation of a borylated ketyl radical and a free chlorine atom only hundreds of femtoseconds after excitation. Both time-dependent density functional theory and transient absorption experiments identify a benzaldehyde-BCl2 cation as the dominant species formed on the nanosecond time scale. The experimentally validated B-Cl bond homolysis was synthetically exploited for a BCl3-mediated hydroalkylation reaction of aromatic aldehydes (19 examples, 42-76% yield). It was found that hydrocarbons undergo addition to the C═O double bond via a radical pathway. The photogenerated chlorine radical abstracts a hydrogen atom from the alkane, and the resulting carbon-centered radical either recombines with the borylated ketyl radical or adds to the ground-state aldehyde-BCl3 complex, releasing a chlorine atom. The existence of a radical chain was corroborated by quantum yield measurements and by theory. The photolytic mechanism described here is based on electron transfer between a bound chlorine and an aromatic π-system on the substrate. Thereby, it avoids the use of redox-active transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Schwinger
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin T Peschel
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Thomas Rigotti
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Piotr Kabaciński
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Thomas Knoll
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Erling Thyrhaug
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR and Dipartimento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Jürgen Hauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Regina de Vivie-Riedle
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC) School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, D-85747 Garching, Germany
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2
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Theodoropoulou MA, Nikitas NF, Kokotos CG. Aldehydes as powerful initiators for photochemical transformations. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:833-857. [PMID: 32395186 PMCID: PMC7188926 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photochemistry, the use of light to promote organic transformations, has been known for more than a century but only recently has revolutionized the way modern chemists are thinking. Except from transition metal-based complexes, small organic molecules have been introduced as catalysts or initiators. In this review, we summarize the potential that (aromatic or aliphatic) aldehydes have as photoinitiators. The photophysical properties and photoreactivity of benzaldehyde are initially provided, followed by applications of aldehydes as initiators for polymerization reactions. Finally, the applications to date regarding aldehydes as photoinitiators in organic synthesis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Theodoropoulou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Nikolaos F Nikitas
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15784, Greece
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3
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Park SM, Yoon SH, Kwon CH, Kim HL. Photodissociation Dynamics of Benzaldehyde- d5 at 205 nm:The H Atom Production Channel. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:773-779. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Man Park
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyuck Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Chan Ho Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Hong Lae Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of
Natural Sciences and Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
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4
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Fletcher K, Bunz UHF, Dreuw A. Fluorescence Quenching of Benzaldehyde in Water by Hydrogen Atom Abstraction. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2650-3. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201501059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katharyn Fletcher
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen; Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Uwe H. F. Bunz
- Organisch-Chemsches Institut; Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen; Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg; Im Neuenheimer Feld 368 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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5
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Godunov IA, Bataev VA, Abramenkov AV, Pupyshev VI. The barriers to internal rotation of benzaldehyde and benzoyl fluoride: "reconciliation" between theory and experiment. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10159-65. [PMID: 25310384 DOI: 10.1021/jp509602s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This work is devoted to investigation of the known problem of the discrepancy between the experimental and theoretical values for the barrier to internal rotation of the molecules comprised of a benzene ring and a π-conjugated substituent, such as benzaldehyde and benzoyl fluoride. The possible reasons of such discrepancy are considered. As a result the conclusion was drawn that the origin of the problem is incorrectness of the assignments of the torsional levels higher than first, both for benzaldehyde and benzoyl fluoride. In addition the significant kinematic interaction between torsional vibration and out-of-plane CHO deformation was found for benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Godunov
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University , 119991, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Ou Q, Fatehi S, Alguire E, Shao Y, Subotnik JE. Derivative couplings between TDDFT excited states obtained by direct differentiation in the Tamm-Dancoff approximation. J Chem Phys 2014; 141:024114. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4887256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shervin Fatehi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ethan Alguire
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Yihan Shao
- Q-Chem, Inc., 6601 Owens Drive, Suite 105, Pleasanton, California 94588, USA
| | - Joseph E. Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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7
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Yang X, Bittner ER. Intramolecular Charge- and Energy-Transfer Rates with Reduced Modes: Comparison to Marcus Theory for Donor–Bridge–Acceptor Systems. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:5196-203. [DOI: 10.1021/jp503041y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xunmo Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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8
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Dopfer O, Patzer A, Chakraborty S, Alata I, Omidyan R, Broquier M, Dedonder C, Jouvet C. Electronic and vibrational spectra of protonated benzaldehyde-water clusters, [BZ-(H2O)n≤5]H+: Evidence for ground-state proton transfer to solvent for n ≥ 3. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:124314. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4869341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Klán P, Šolomek T, Bochet CG, Blanc A, Givens R, Rubina M, Popik V, Kostikov A, Wirz J. Photoremovable protecting groups in chemistry and biology: reaction mechanisms and efficacy. Chem Rev 2013; 113:119-91. [PMID: 23256727 PMCID: PMC3557858 DOI: 10.1021/cr300177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1248] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Klán
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Kuş N, Sharma A, Reva I, Lapinski L, Fausto R. Using heavy atom rare gas matrix to control the reactivity of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde: A comparison with benzaldehyde. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3701734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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FANG WEIHAI, PHILLIPS DAVIDLEE. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BUTYROPHENONE AND ITS α-SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVE: A THEORETICAL EXAMINATION OF A NEW PHOTOCHEMICAL ROUTE TO CYCLOPROPANE GROUP FORMATION. JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL & COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219633603000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential energy surfaces of dissociations and isomerizations for butyrophenone and its α-substituted derivative in low-lying electronic states have been studied with use of the CASSCF and DFT methods. A three-surface (S1, T1 and T2) intersection was found in the present work and this plays an important role in the S1 → T1 process for butyrophenone and related aromatic carbonyl compounds. Examination of these results provides some new insights into the mechanistic photochemistry of aromatic ketones. The most probable mechanism leading to formation of a cyclopropane moiety was obtained on the basis of the calculated potential energy surfaces and their intersections. The selection of a suitable α-substituent was found to be a key step for cyclopropanation to occur by photoexcitation of butyrophenone derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- WEI-HAI FANG
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - DAVID LEE PHILLIPS
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China
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12
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Photodissociation Dynamics of Benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) at 266, 248, and 193 nm. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2961-76. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Send R, Kühn M, Furche F. Assessing Excited State Methods by Adiabatic Excitation Energies. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2376-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200272b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Send
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kühn
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Filipp Furche
- Department of Chemistry, University of California—Irvine, 1102 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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14
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Patzer A, Zimmermann M, Alata I, Jouvet C, Dopfer O. Electronic Spectra of Protonated Benzaldehyde Clusters with Ar and N2: Effect of ππ* Excitation on the Intermolecular Potential. J Phys Chem A 2010; 114:12600-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109949y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Patzer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany, and Centre Laser de l’Université Paris Sud (EA. 4127) and Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay CNRS (FRE 3363), Universite Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Max Zimmermann
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany, and Centre Laser de l’Université Paris Sud (EA. 4127) and Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay CNRS (FRE 3363), Universite Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Ivan Alata
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany, and Centre Laser de l’Université Paris Sud (EA. 4127) and Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay CNRS (FRE 3363), Universite Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Jouvet
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany, and Centre Laser de l’Université Paris Sud (EA. 4127) and Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay CNRS (FRE 3363), Universite Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Otto Dopfer
- Institut für Optik und Atomare Physik, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstrasse 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany, and Centre Laser de l’Université Paris Sud (EA. 4127) and Institut des Sciences Moleculaires d’Orsay CNRS (FRE 3363), Universite Paris-Sud 11, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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15
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Ding L, Fang WH. Exploring Photoinduced Decarboxylation Mechanism of o-Acetylphenylacetic Acid from the Combined CASSCF and DFT Studies. J Org Chem 2010; 75:1630-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo902593s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Liu BK, Wang BX, Wang YQ, Wang L. Wavelength-dependent Photodissociation Dynamics of Benzaldehyde. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/22/06/587-591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Hawke L, Kalosakas G, Simserides C. Empirical LCAO parameters forπmolecular orbitals in planar organic molecules. Mol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970903049089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Hoijemberg PA, Zerbs J, Reichardt C, Schwarzer D, Chesta CA, Schroeder J, Aramendía PF. Photophysics and photochemistry of an asymmetrically substituted diazene: a suitable cage effect probe. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:5531-9. [PMID: 19378934 DOI: 10.1021/jp809315u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of (1-biphenyl-4-yl-1-methyl-ethyl)-tert-butyl diazene were thoroughly studied by laser flash photolysis from the picosecond to the microsecond time domain. The compound has favorable features as a radical photoinitiator and as a probe for cage effect studies in liquids, supercritical fluids, and compressed gases. The biphenyl moiety acts as an antenna efficiently transferring electronic energy to the dissociative (1)n,pi* state centered on the azo moiety. By picosecond experiments irradiating at the biphenyl- and at the azo-centered transitions, we were able to demonstrate this fact as well as determine a lifetime of 0.7 ps for the buildup of 1-biphenyl-4-yl-1-methyl-ethyl radicals (BME*). The sum of in-cage reaction rate constants of BME* radicals by combination and disproportionation is 5 x 10(10) s(-1). The free radical quantum yield in solution is 0.21 (phi(BME*)) in n-hexane at room temperature, whereas the dissociation quantum yield approaches 50%. The symmetric ketone, 2,4-bis-biphenyl-4-yl-2,4-dimethyl-pentan-2-one, was used as a reference compound for the production and reaction of BME* radicals. Transient IR measurements show CO stretching bands of the excited (3)pi,pi* and (1)n,pi* states but no dissociation up to 0.5 ns. A fluorescence lifetime of 1 ns for this ketone is consistent with this observation. By transient actinometry and kinetic decays in the microsecond time range, we measured epsilon(BME*) = (2.3 +/- 0.2) x 10(4) M(-1) cm(-1) at 325 nm and a second-order rate constant of 5.8 x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) for the consumption of BME* radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Hoijemberg
- INQUIMAE and Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analitica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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An HY, Ma C, Nganga JL, Zhu Y, Dore TM, Phillips DL. Resonance Raman Characterization of Different Forms of Ground-State 8-Bromo-7-hydroxyquinoline Caged Acetate in Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:2831-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp809586h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ying An
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
| | - Chensheng Ma
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
| | - Jameil L. Nganga
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
| | - Timothy M. Dore
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
| | - David Lee Phillips
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong S.A.R., P. R. China, and Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, U.S.A
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20
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Alata I, Omidyan R, Dedonder-Lardeux C, Broquier M, Jouvet C. Electronically excited states of protonated aromatic molecules: benzaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:11479-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b913422k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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21
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Fang WH. Ab initio determination of dark structures in radiationless transitions for aromatic carbonyl compounds. Acc Chem Res 2008; 41:452-7. [PMID: 18251513 DOI: 10.1021/ar700205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic photodissociation of a polyatomic molecule has long been regarded as an intellectually challenging area of chemical physics, the results of which are relevant to atmospheric chemistry, biological systems, and many application fields. Carbonyl compounds play a unique role in the development of our understanding of the spectroscopy, photochemistry, and photophysics of polyatomic molecules and their photodissociation has been the subject of numerous studies over many decades. Upon irradiation, a molecule can undergo internal conversion (IC) and intersystem crossing (ISC) processes, besides photochemical and other photophysical processes. Transient intermediates formed in the IC and ISC radiationless processes, which are termed "dark", are not amenable to detection by conventional light absorption or emission. However, these dark intermediates play critical roles in IC and ISC processes and thus are essential to understanding mechanistic photochemistry of a polyatomic molecule. We have applied the multiconfiguration complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) method to determine the dark transient structures involved in radiationless processes for acetophenone and the related aromatic carbonyl compounds. The electronic and geometric structures predicted for the dark states are in a good agreement with those determined by ultrafast electron diffraction experiments. Intersection structure of different electronic states provides a very efficient "funnel" for the IC or ISC process. However, experimental determination of the intersection structure involved in radiationless transitions of a polyatomic molecule is impossible at present. We have discovered a minimum energy crossing point among the three potential energy surfaces (S1, T1, and T2) that appears to be common to a wide variety of aromatic carbonyl compounds with a constant structure. This new type of crossing point holds the key to understanding much about radiationless processes after photoexcitation of aromatic carbonyl compounds. The importance of ab initio determination of transient structures in the photodissociation dynamics has been demonstrated for the case of the aromatic carbonyl compounds. In addition, the detailed knowledge of mechanistic photochemistry for aromatic carbonyl compounds forms the basis for further investigating photodissociation dynamics of a polyatomic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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22
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Density functional theory investigation of the photodissociation channels of acetophenone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2006.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Park ST, Feenstra JS, Zewail AH. Ultrafast electron diffraction: Excited state structures and chemistries of aromatic carbonyls. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:174707. [PMID: 16689590 DOI: 10.1063/1.2194017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The photophysics and photochemistry of molecules with complex electronic structures, such as aromatic carbonyls, involve dark structures of radiationless processes. With ultrafast electron diffraction (UED) of isolated molecular beams it is possible to determine these transient structures, and in this contribution we examine the nature of structural dynamics in two systems, benzaldehyde and acetophenone. Both molecules are seen to undergo a bifurcation upon excitation (S(2)). Following femtosecond conversion to S(1), the bifurcation leads to the formation of molecular dissociation products, benzene and carbon monoxide for benzaldehyde, and benzoyl and methyl radicals for acetophenone, as well as intersystem crossing to the triplet state in both cases. The structure of the triplet state was determined to be "quinoidlike" of pipi(*) character with the excitation being localized in the phenyl ring. For the chemical channels, the product structures were also determined. The difference in photochemistry between the two species is discussed with respect to the change in large amplitude motion caused by the added methyl group in acetophenone. This discussion is also expanded to compare these results with the prototypical aliphatic carbonyl compounds, acetaldehyde and acetone. From these studies of structural dynamics, experimental and theoretical, we provide a landscape picture for, and the structures involved in, the radiationless pathways which determine the fate of molecules following excitation. For completeness, the UED methodology and the theoretical framework for structure determination are described in this full account of an earlier communication [J. S. Feenstra et al., J. Chem. Phys. 123, 221104 (2005)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Tae Park
- Laboratory for Molecular Science, and Physical Biology Center for Ultrafast Science and Technology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Antol I, Eckert-Maksić M, Klessinger M. Ab initio study of excited state protonation of monosubstituted benzenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2003.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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An accurate prediction of adiabatic excitation energies to the low-lying electronic states for acetophenone and the related carbonyl compounds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(03)00380-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Lee SH, Tang KC, Chen IC, Schmitt M, Shaffer JP, Schultz T, Underwood JG, Zgierski MZ, Stolow A. Substituent Effects in Molecular Electronic Relaxation Dynamics via Time-Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy: ππ* States in Benzenes. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp021096h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Huang Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Kuo-Chun Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - I-Chia Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - M. Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - J. P. Shaffer
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - T. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Jonathan G. Underwood
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - M. Z. Zgierski
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Albert Stolow
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC 30043, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC 10764, and Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1A 0R6
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Molina V, Merchán M. Theoretical Analysis of the Electronic Spectra of Benzaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004041t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Molina
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuela Merchán
- Departamento de Química Física, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner 50, Burjassot, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
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Kawai A, Kohno R, Oki N, Obi K. Exciplex formation reaction in benzaldehyde-1,4-dimethoxybenzene clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(99)01436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Tzeng W, Narayanan K. Vibronic features of p-ethylaniline, p-ethylaniline-NHD, and p-ethylaniline-ND2 by resonant two-photon ionization mass spectrometry. J Mol Struct 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00677-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Tzeng W, Narayanan K, Hsieh C, Tung C. Structures and vibrations of p-dimethoxybenzene conformers in the S0 and S1 states studied by ab initio calculations and resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. J Mol Struct 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(98)00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Smith DJ, Ledingham KWD, Kilic HS, McCanny T, Peng WX, Singhal RP, Langley AJ, Taday PF, Kosmidis C. Ionization and Dissociation of Benzaldehyde Using Short Intense Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9802127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Kosmidis
- Department of Physics, University of Ionannina, Greece
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Silva CR, Reilly JP. Laser Ionization Measurements of the Photodissociation Kinetics of Jet-Cooled Benzaldehyde. J Phys Chem A 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9707551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina R. Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - James P. Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
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