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Noguchi N, Shiraishi Y, Kageyama M, Yokoi Y, Kurohama S, Okada N, Okamura H. Direct observation of pressure-induced amorphization of methane/ethane hydrates using Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22161-22170. [PMID: 37564022 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The pressure-induced amorphization (PIA) of ice and clathrate hydrates occurs at temperatures significantly below their melting and decomposition points. The PIA of type I clathrate hydrates containing methane and ethane as guest molecules was investigated using Raman and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. With isothermal compression at 100 K, methane hydrate (MH) underwent PIA at 2-3.5 GPa, whereas ethane hydrate (EH) underwent PIA at 4.0-5.5 GPa. The type I clathrate structure consists of small (512) and large (51262) cages. The Raman results revealed that the collapsed small and large cages in the amorphous forms of MH and EH were not distinguishable. The collapsed cages, including the methane and ethane molecules, were similar to the small and large cages, respectively. Their water networks were folded or expanded during the PIA process so that the cavity sizes of the collapsed cages were compatible with those of the guest molecules. Peaks in the IR spectra of crystalline MH assignable to the ro-vibrational transition of methane in large cages were observed in the C-H stretching wavenumber region below 40 K. The ro-vibrational IR band disappeared after amorphization, suggesting that the rotational motion of the methane molecule in the large cage was frozen by the collapse, as reported in previous dielectric spectroscopic and simulation studies. This study contributes to a better understanding of the changes in the local structure around guest molecules during PIA and the dynamics of the guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Noguchi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yui Shiraishi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Maho Kageyama
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Yuu Yokoi
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Saki Kurohama
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Natsuki Okada
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Hidekazu Okamura
- Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minami-josanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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2
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Guo Q, Wang HC, Liu XY, Yuan XQ, Dong XT, Li YN, Yin Y, Zhang P. Computational Analysis of Vibrational Spectra of Hydrogen Bonds in sII and sH Gas Hydrates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11634-11639. [PMID: 37008132 PMCID: PMC10061521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The amount of energy in natural gas hydrates is thought to be equivalent to twice that of all other fossil fuels combined. However, economic and safe energy recovery has remained a challenge till now. To develop a novel method of breaking the hydrogen bonds (HBs) surrounding the trapped gas molecules, we investigated the vibrational spectra of the HBs of gas hydrates with structure types II and H. Two models of 576-atom propane-methane sII hydrate and 294-atom neohexane-methane sH hydrate were built. A first-principles density functional theory (DFT) method was employed using the CASTEP package. The simulated spectra were in good agreement with the experimental data. Compared with the partial phonon density of states of guest molecules, we confirmed that the experimental infrared absorption peak in the terahertz region mainly arose from HB vibrations. By removing the components of guest molecules, we found that the theory of two kinds of hydrogen bond vibrational modes applies. The use of a terahertz laser to enable resonance absorption of HBs (at about 6 THz, to be tested) may therefore lead to the rapid melting of clathrate ice and release of guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Guo
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Hao-Cheng Wang
- Tsinghua
Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Yuan
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Dong
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yi-Ning Li
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yi Yin
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School
of Space Science and Physics, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
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3
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Press W, Nöldeke C. Rotational Tunneling in Molecular Crystals Revisited: Realization of Pocket States. Chem Phys 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2022.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cladek BR, Everett SM, McDonnell MT, Tucker MG, Keffer DJ, Rawn CJ. Local structure and distortions of mixed methane-carbon dioxide hydrates. Commun Chem 2021; 4:6. [PMID: 36697523 PMCID: PMC9814247 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00441-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A vast source of methane is found in gas hydrate deposits, which form naturally dispersed throughout ocean sediments and arctic permafrost. Methane may be obtained from hydrates by exchange with hydrocarbon byproduct carbon dioxide. It is imperative for the development of safe methane extraction and carbon dioxide sequestration to understand how methane and carbon dioxide co-occupy the same hydrate structure. Pair distribution functions (PDFs) provide atomic-scale structural insight into intermolecular interactions in methane and carbon dioxide hydrates. We present experimental neutron PDFs of methane, carbon dioxide and mixed methane-carbon dioxide hydrates at 10 K analyzed with complementing classical molecular dynamics simulations and Reverse Monte Carlo fitting. Mixed hydrate, which forms during the exchange process, is more locally disordered than methane or carbon dioxide hydrates. The behavior of mixed gas species cannot be interpolated from properties of pure compounds, and PDF measurements provide important understanding of how the guest composition impacts overall order in the hydrate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette R. Cladek
- grid.411461.70000 0001 2315 1184Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2100 USA
| | - S. Michelle Everett
- grid.135519.a0000 0004 0446 2659Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475 USA
| | - Marshall T. McDonnell
- grid.135519.a0000 0004 0446 2659Computer Science and Mathematics Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475 USA
| | - Matthew G. Tucker
- grid.135519.a0000 0004 0446 2659Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6475 USA
| | - David J. Keffer
- grid.411461.70000 0001 2315 1184Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2100 USA
| | - Claudia J. Rawn
- grid.411461.70000 0001 2315 1184Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2100 USA
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Xu M, Felker PM, Bačić Z. Light molecules inside the nanocavities of fullerenes and clathrate hydrates: inelastic neutron scattering spectra and the unexpected selection rule from rigorous quantum simulations. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2020.1794097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minzhong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter M. Felker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zlatko Bačić
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Hassanpouryouzband A, Joonaki E, Vasheghani Farahani M, Takeya S, Ruppel C, Yang J, English NJ, Schicks JM, Edlmann K, Mehrabian H, Aman ZM, Tohidi B. Gas hydrates in sustainable chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:5225-5309. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
This review includes the current state of the art understanding and advances in technical developments about various fields of gas hydrates, which are combined with expert perspectives and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar Hassanpouryouzband
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Edris Joonaki
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Mehrdad Vasheghani Farahani
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Satoshi Takeya
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba 305-8565
- Japan
| | | | - Jinhai Yang
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
| | - Niall J. English
- School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering
- University College Dublin
- Dublin 4
- Ireland
| | | | - Katriona Edlmann
- School of Geosciences
- University of Edinburgh
- Grant Institute
- Edinburgh
- UK
| | - Hadi Mehrabian
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Zachary M. Aman
- Fluid Science & Resources
- School of Engineering
- University of Western Australia
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Bahman Tohidi
- Hydrates, Flow Assurance & Phase Equilibria Research Group
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering
- School of Energy
- Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society
- Heriot-Watt University
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Ranieri U, Koza MM, Kuhs WF, Klotz S, Falenty A, Gillet P, Bove LE. Fast methane diffusion at the interface of two clathrate structures. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1076. [PMID: 29057864 PMCID: PMC5715113 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01167-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane hydrates naturally form on Earth and in the interiors of some icy bodies of the Universe, and are also expected to play a paramount role in future energy and environmental technologies. Here we report experimental observation of an extremely fast methane diffusion at the interface of the two most common clathrate hydrate structures, namely clathrate structures I and II. Methane translational diffusion—measured by quasielastic neutron scattering at 0.8 GPa—is faster than that expected in pure supercritical methane at comparable pressure and temperature. This phenomenon could be an effect of strong confinement or of methane aggregation in the form of micro-nanobubbles at the interface of the two structures. Our results could have implications for understanding the replacement kinetics during sI–sII conversion in gas exchange experiments and for establishing the methane mobility in methane hydrates embedded in the cryosphere of large icy bodies in the Universe. Methane dynamics at the interface of ice clathrate structures is expected to play a role in phenomena ranging from gas exchange to methane mobility in planetary cryospheres. Here, the authors observe extremely fast methane diffusion at the interface of the two most common clathrate hydrate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umbertoluca Ranieri
- EPSL, ICMP, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 3, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042, Grenoble cedex 9, France.
| | - Michael Marek Koza
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042, Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Werner F Kuhs
- GZG Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Klotz
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7590, Sorbonne Universités, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Andrzej Falenty
- GZG Abt. Kristallographie, Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstrasse 1, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Philippe Gillet
- EPSL, ICMP, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 3, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Livia E Bove
- EPSL, ICMP, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 3, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06, CNRS Unité Mixte de Recherche 7590, Sorbonne Universités, F-75252, Paris, France.
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8
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Saha D, Grappe HA, Chakraborty A, Orkoulas G. Postextraction Separation, On-Board Storage, and Catalytic Conversion of Methane in Natural Gas: A Review. Chem Rev 2016; 116:11436-11499. [PMID: 27557280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In today's perspective, natural gas has gained considerable attention, due to its low emission, indigenous availability, and improvement in the extraction technology. Upon extraction, it undergoes several purification protocols including dehydration, sweetening, and inert rejection. Although purification is a commercially established technology, several drawbacks of the current process provide an essential impetus for developing newer separation protocols, most importantly, adsorption and membrane separation. This Review summarizes the needs of natural gas separation, gives an overview of the current technology, and provides a detailed discussion of the progress in research on separation and purification of natural gas including the benefits and drawbacks of each of the processes. The transportation sector is another growing sector of natural gas utilization, and it requires an efficient and safe on-board storage system. Compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied natural gas (LNG) are the most common forms in which natural gas can be stored. Adsorbed natural gas (ANG) is an alternate storage system of natural gas, which is advantageous as compared to CNG and LNG in terms of safety and also in terms of temperature and pressure requirements. This Review provides a detailed discussion on ANG along with computation predictions. The catalytic conversion of methane to different useful chemicals including syngas, methanol, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, heavier hydrocarbons, aromatics, and hydrogen is also reviewed. Finally, direct utilization of methane onto fuel cells is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipendu Saha
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widener University , 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, United States
| | - Hippolyte A Grappe
- RMX Technologies , 835 Innovation Drive, Suite 200, Knoxville, Tennessee 37932, United States
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Entegris Inc. , 10 Forge Park, Franklin, Massachusetts 02038, United States
| | - Gerassimos Orkoulas
- Chemical Engineering Department, Widener University , 1 University Place, Chester, Pennsylvania 19013, United States
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9
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Hiratsuka M, Ohmura R, Sum AK, Yasuoka K. Vibrational spectra of deuterated methane and water molecules in structure I clathrate hydrate from ab initioMD simulation. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2014.929125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Casco ME, Silvestre-Albero J, Ramírez-Cuesta AJ, Rey F, Jordá JL, Bansode A, Urakawa A, Peral I, Martínez-Escandell M, Kaneko K, Rodríguez-Reinoso F. Methane hydrate formation in confined nanospace can surpass nature. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6432. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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11
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Perspectives on molecular simulation of clathrate hydrates: Progress, prospects and challenges. Chem Eng Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Hama T, Watanabe N. Surface Processes on Interstellar Amorphous Solid Water: Adsorption, Diffusion, Tunneling Reactions, and Nuclear-Spin Conversion. Chem Rev 2013; 113:8783-839. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature
Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
| | - Naoki Watanabe
- Institute of Low Temperature
Science, Hokkaido University, N19W8 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0819, Japan
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13
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Zhang J, Kuo JL, Iitaka T. First principles molecular dynamics study of filled ice hydrogen hydrate. J Chem Phys 2012; 137:084505. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4746776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Celli M, Colognesi D, Ulivi L, Zoppi M, Ramirez-Cuesta AJ. Phonon density of states in different clathrate hydrates measured by inelastic neutron scattering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/340/1/012051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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15
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English NJ, Gorman PD, MacElroy JMD. Mechanisms for thermal conduction in hydrogen hydrate. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:044501. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3677189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Otley KD, Saccomano BW, McKee SA, Nizialek GA, Hamilton DS, Sherrow LK, Jones CY, Rosenstein IJ. Synthesis of three selectively deuterated propylene oxides. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Siuda P, Sadlej J. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Parameters for Methane Molecule Trapped in Clathrate Hydrates. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:612-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp110587x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Siuda
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Sadlej
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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18
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Gorman PD, English NJ, MacElroy JMD. Dynamical and energetic properties of hydrogen and hydrogen–tetrahydrofuran clathrate hydrates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:19780-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21882d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Dartois E. Clathrates hydrates FTIR spectroscopy: infrared signatures and their astrophysical significance. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2010.508471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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21
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Castillo-Borja F, Vázquez-Román R, Bravo-Sánchez U. Dynamic properties of methane, water and methane hydrates using computational simulations. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/08927020903196930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Matanović I, Xu M, Moskowitz JW, Eckert J, Bačić Z. Methane molecule confined in the small and large cages of structure I clathrate hydrate: Quantum six-dimensional calculations of the coupled translation-rotation eigenstates. J Chem Phys 2009; 131:224308. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3268623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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English NJ, Tse JS. Mechanisms for thermal conduction in methane hydrate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2009; 103:015901. [PMID: 19659158 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.103.015901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline clathrate hydrates exhibit an unusual thermal transport with glasslike thermal conductivity close to the Debye temperature but a crystal-like temperature dependence at low temperature. Molecular dynamics calculations on structure I methane clathrate hydrate reproduced the qualitative trend in the thermal conductivity. Analysis of the heat flux and local energy correlation functions shows that both the crystal structure of the clathrate framework and guest-host interactions contribute to thermal transport processes. The lower thermal conductivity relative to ice Ih is due to differences in crystal structures. The glasslike temperature dependence is governed by the guests and the guest-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J English
- The SEC Strategic Research Cluster and the Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemical and Bioprocess Engineering, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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English NJ. Effect of electrostatics techniques on the estimation of thermal conductivity via equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation: application to methane hydrate. Mol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970802360348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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25
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Daschbach JL, Thallapally PK, McGrail BP, Dang LX. Dynamics and free energies of CH4 and CO2 in the molecular solid of the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene. Chem Phys Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rosenbaum EJ, English NJ, Johnson JK, Shaw DW, Warzinski RP. Thermal Conductivity of Methane Hydrate from Experiment and Molecular Simulation. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:13194-205. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074419o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eilis J. Rosenbaum
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, NETL Support Contractor, Parsons, P.O. Box 618, South Park, Pennsylvania 15129, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and Geneva College, Department of Engineering, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 15010
| | - Niall J. English
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, NETL Support Contractor, Parsons, P.O. Box 618, South Park, Pennsylvania 15129, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and Geneva College, Department of Engineering, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 15010
| | - J. Karl Johnson
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, NETL Support Contractor, Parsons, P.O. Box 618, South Park, Pennsylvania 15129, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and Geneva College, Department of Engineering, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 15010
| | - David W. Shaw
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, NETL Support Contractor, Parsons, P.O. Box 618, South Park, Pennsylvania 15129, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and Geneva College, Department of Engineering, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 15010
| | - Robert P. Warzinski
- National Energy Technology Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, NETL Support Contractor, Parsons, P.O. Box 618, South Park, Pennsylvania 15129, Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, and Geneva College, Department of Engineering, 3200 College Avenue, Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania 15010
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Sasaki S, Kito Y, Kume T, Shimizu H. High-pressure Raman study on the guest vibration in the host cage of methane hydrate structure I. Chem Phys Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jiang H, Jordan KD, Taylor CE. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Methane Hydrate Using Polarizable Force Fields. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6486-92. [PMID: 17511493 DOI: 10.1021/jp068505k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of methane hydrate have been carried out using the polarizable AMOEBA and COS/G2 force fields. Properties calculated include the temperature dependence of the lattice constant, the OC and OO radial distribution functions, and the vibrational spectra. Both the AMOEBA and COS/G2 force fields are found to successfully account for the available experimental data, with overall somewhat better agreement with experiment being found for the AMOEBA model. Comparison is made with previous results obtained using TIP4P and SPC/E effective two-body force fields and the polarizable TIP4P-FQ force field, which allows for in-plane polarization only. Significant differences are found between the properties calculated using the TIP4P-FQ model and those obtained using the other models, indicating an inadequacy of restricting explicit polarization to in-plane only.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular and Material Simulations, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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30
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Prager M, Press W. Methane clathrate: CH4 quantum rotor state dependent rattling potential. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:214703. [PMID: 17166036 DOI: 10.1063/1.2400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In methane hydrate the dominant peak in the density of states above 3 meV represents a rattling mode of the guest molecule CH(4) in the large ice cages. This mode shifts from 6.7 meV at T=4.5 K to T=30 K to 7.14 meV with conversion of CH(4) guest molecules into the tunneling ground state. The less symmetric angular density distribution PsiPsi(*) in the excited rotational state compared to the ground state allows the methane to fit better in the orientation dependent cage potential surface. This leads to a larger average distance to the cage-forming molecules with a weaker potential and a reduced rattling energy. A two state single particle model with characteristic rattling energies of 5.20 meV for pure T-methane and 7.3 meV for pure A-methane weighted by the population factors can fit the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Prager
- Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungzzentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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31
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Hoshikawa A, Igawa N, Yamauchi H, Ishii Y. Observation of hydrogen in deuterated methane hydrate by maximum entropy method with neutron powder diffraction. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:34505. [PMID: 16863360 DOI: 10.1063/1.2215606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of deuterated methane hydrate (structure I, space group: Pm(-)3n) was investigated by neutron powder diffraction at temperatures of 7.7-185 K. The scattering amplitude density distribution was examined by a combination of Rietveld method and maximum entropy method (MEM). The distribution of the D atoms in both D(2)O and CD(4) molecules was clarified from three-dimensional graphic images of the scattering amplitude density. The MEM results showed that there were low-density sites for the D atom of D(2)O in a particular location within the D(2)O cage at low temperatures. The MEM provided more reasonable results because of the decrease in the R factor that is attainable by this method. Accordingly, the low-density sites for the D atom of D(2)O probably exist within the D(2)O cage. This suggests that a spatial disorder of the D atom of D(2)O occurs at these sites and that hydrogen bonds between D(2)O molecules become partially weakened. With regard to the CD(4) molecules, there were high-density sites for the D atom of CD(4), and the density distribution of the C and D atoms was observed separately in the scattering amplitude density image. Consequently, the C-D bonds of CD(4) were not observed clearly because the CD(4) molecules had an orientational disorder. The D atoms of CD(4) were displaced from the line between the C and O atoms, and were located near the face center of the polygon in the cage. Accordingly, the D atoms of CD(4) were not bonded to specific O atoms. This result is consistent with the hydrophobicity of the CD(4) molecule. We also report the difference between the small and the large cages in the density distribution map and the temperature dependence of the scattering amplitude density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Hoshikawa
- Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
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32
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English NJ, Johnson JK, Taylor CE. Molecular-dynamics simulations of methane hydrate dissociation. J Chem Phys 2005; 123:244503. [PMID: 16396545 DOI: 10.1063/1.2138697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations have been carried out at 276.65 K and 68 bar for the dissolution of spherical methane hydrate crystallites surrounded by a liquid phase. The liquid was composed of pure water or a water-methane mixture ranging in methane composition from 50% to 100% of the corresponding theoretical maximum for the hydrate and ranged in size from about 1600 to 2200 water molecules. Four different crystallites ranging in size from 115 to 230 water molecules were used in the two-phase systems; the nanocrystals were either empty or had a methane occupation from 80% to 100% of the theoretical maximum. The crystal-liquid systems were prepared in two distinct ways, involving constrained melting of a bulk hydrate system or implantation of the crystallite into a separate liquid phase. The breakup rates were very similar for the four different crystal sizes investigated. The method of system preparation was not found to affect the eventual dissociation rates, despite a lag time of approximately 70 ps associated with relaxation of the liquid interfacial layer in the constrained melting approach. The dissolution rates were not affected substantially by methane occupation of the hydrate phase in the 80%-100% range. In contrast, empty hydrate clusters were found to break up significantly more quickly. Our simulations indicate that the diffusion of methane molecules to the surrounding liquid layer from the crystal surface appears to be the rate-controlling step in hydrate breakup. Increasing the size of the liquid phase was found to reduce the initial delay in breakup. We have compared breakup rates computed using different long-range electrostatic methods. Use of the Ewald, minimum image, and spherical cut-off techniques led to more rapid dissociation relative to the Lekner method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J English
- U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory, P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15236, USA.
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Tse JS, Klug DD, Zhao JY, Sturhahn W, Alp EE, Baumert J, Gutt C, Johnson MR, Press W. Anharmonic motions of Kr in the clathrate hydrate. NATURE MATERIALS 2005; 4:917-21. [PMID: 16267573 DOI: 10.1038/nmat1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/30/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The anomalous glass-like thermal conductivity of crystalline clathrates has been suggested to be the result of the scattering of thermal phonons of the framework by 'rattling' motions of the guests in the clathrate cages. Using the site-specific (83)Kr nuclear resonant inelastic scattering spectroscopy in combination with conventional incoherent inelastic neutron scattering and molecular-dynamics simulations, we provide unambiguous evidence and characterization of the effects on these guest-host interactions in a structure-II Kr clathrate hydrate. The resonant scattering of phonons led to unprecedented large anharmonic motions of the guest atoms. The anharmonic interaction underlies the anomalous thermal transport in this system. Clathrates are prototypical models for a class of crystalline framework materials with glass-like thermal conductivity. The explanation of the unusual molecular dynamics has a wide implication for the understanding of the thermal properties of disordered solids and structural glasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Tse
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Baumert J, Gutt C, Johnson MR, Tse JS, Klug DD, Press W. The structure of methane hydrate under geological conditions a combined Rietveld and maximum entropy analysis. J Chem Phys 2004; 120:10163-71. [PMID: 15268039 DOI: 10.1063/1.1729854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a study of the structure of a fully deuterated methane hydrate under the geological conditions found in the world's oceans. In situ high-resolution neutron diffraction experiments have been performed at temperatures of 220, 275, and 280 K and a pressure of 100 bar, corresponding to the conditions at 1000 m water depth. The data were analyzed with a combination of Rietveld refinement and maximum entropy methods. From the Rietveld refinement, precise atomic parameters of the host lattice could be determined, indicating increasing distortions of the structure of the cages at elevated temperatures and pressures. Debye-Waller factors of the encaged CD(4) molecules have been found to exceed the values of the Debye-Waller factors of the D(2)O molecules considerably. In the large cage of structure type I the thermal center-of-mass displacements of the guests are 5-10 times larger than those of the water molecules. From the maximum entropy analysis maps of the scattering length density have been obtained, showing details of the vibrational amplitudes of the atoms in methane hydrate. The Debye-Waller factors of all molecules have been found to deviate considerably from a simple spherical geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Baumert
- Institut Laue-Langevin, B.P. 156, F-38042 Grenoble, France.
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36
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Ripmeester JA, Ratcliffe CI, Cameron IG. NMR Studies of Guest Dynamics in Clathrate Hydrates: Spherical Tops SF6, SeF6 and CH4 in Structure II Hydrate. J Phys Chem B 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp036679l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Ripmeester
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Chris I. Ratcliffe
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
| | - Ian G. Cameron
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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37
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English NJ, Macelroy JMD. Structural and dynamical properties of methane clathrate hydrates. J Comput Chem 2003; 24:1569-81. [PMID: 12926001 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.10303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed in both the NVT and NPT ensembles to study the structural and dynamical properties of fully occupied methane clathrate hydrates at 50, 125, and 200 K. Five atomistic potential models were used for water, ranging from fully flexible to rigid polarizable and nonpolarizable. A flexible and a rigid model were utilized for methane. The phonon densities of states were evaluated and the localized rattling modes for the methane molecules were found to couple to the acoustic phonons of the host lattice. The calculated methane density of states was found to be in reasonable agreement with available experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niall J English
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Tse JS. Vibrations of Methane in Structure I Clathrate Hydrate—an ab initio Density Functional Molecular Dynamics Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1472-7862(03)00053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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40
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Gutt C, Baumert J, Press W, Tse JS, Janssen S. The vibrational properties of xenon hydrate: An inelastic incoherent neutron scattering study. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1446426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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41
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Würger A. Resonant coupling of free quantum rotors in inclusion compounds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:063002. [PMID: 11863803 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.063002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NH3 groups in certain Hofmann clathrates form almost free one-dimensional quantum rotors with energy levels E(n) = n(2)B and angular momentum n (planck constant), where n = 0, +/-1, +/-2,.... Recent neutron scattering experiments revealed a surprising temperature dependence for the linewidths of the n = 0 <--> 1, 0 <--> 2, and 1 <--> 2 transitions. We propose a novel line broadening mechanism based on rotor-rotor coupling and obtain a simple analytic expression for the widths that depends on the rotor level occupation and on the 3-proton spin degeneracies of initial and final states. Our model provides, without adjustable parameters, a good fit both to the temperature dependence of the observed widths and to their relative magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Würger
- Université Bordeaux 1, CPMOH, 351 cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
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42
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Andersson O, Murashov V, White MA. Thermal Conductivity and Heat Capacity of Dianin's Clathrates under Pressure. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0126964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ove Andersson
- Department of Experimental Physics, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Vladimir Murashov
- Department of Experimental Physics, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
| | - Mary Anne White
- Department of Experimental Physics, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden, and Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 4J3
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Hirai H, Uchihara Y, Fujihisa H, Sakashita M, Katoh E, Aoki K, Nagashima K, Yamamoto Y, Yagi T. High-pressure structures of methane hydrate observed up to 8 GPa at room temperature. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1403690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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44
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Gutt C, Press W, Hüller A, Tse JS, Casalta H. The isotope effect and orientational potentials of methane molecules in gas hydrates. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1344922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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45
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Gutt C, Asmussen B, Press W, Johnson MR, Handa YP, Tse JS. The structure of deuterated methane–hydrate. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1288789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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46
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Hirai H, Hasegawa M, Yagi T, Yamamoto Y, Nagashima K, Sakashita M, Aoki K, Kikegawa T. Methane hydrate, amoeba or a sponge made of water molecules. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Hirai H, Kondo T, Hasegawa M, Yagi T, Yamamoto Y, Komai T, Nagashima K, Sakashita M, Fujihisa H, Aoki K. Methane Hydrate Behavior under High Pressure. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9926490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisako Hirai
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Masashi Hasegawa
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Takehiko Yagi
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Yamamoto
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Takeshi Komai
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Kazushige Nagashima
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Mami Sakashita
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujihisa
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Aoki
- Institute of Geoscience, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, Institute of Solid State Physics, Tokyo University, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan, National Institute for Resources and Environment, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan, and National Institute of Material Chemistry, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
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