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Pawlak T, Potrzebowski MJ. Fine refinement of solid-state molecular structures of Leu- and Met-enkephalins by NMR crystallography. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:3298-309. [PMID: 24605867 DOI: 10.1021/jp500379e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology that allows the fine refinement of the crystal and molecular structure for compounds for which the data deposited in the crystallographic bases are of poor quality. Such species belong to the group of samples with molecular disorder. In the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Center (CCDC), there are approximately 22,000 deposited structures with an R-factor over 10. The powerful methodology we present employs crystal data for Leu-enkephalin (two crystallographic forms) with R-factor values of 14.0 and 8.9 and for Met-enkephalin (one form) with an R-factor of 10.5. NMR crystallography was employed in testing the X-ray data and the quality of the structure refinement. The GIPAW (gauge invariant projector augmented wave) method was used to optimize the coordinates of the enkephalins and to compute NMR parameters. As we reveal, this complementary approach makes it possible to generate a reasonable set of new coordinates that better correlate to real samples. This methodology is general and can be employed in the study of each compound possessing magnetically active nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences , Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Capitani D, Di Tullio V, Proietti N. Nuclear magnetic resonance to characterize and monitor Cultural Heritage. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 64:29-69. [PMID: 22578316 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capitani
- Magnetic Resonance Laboratory Annalaura Segre, Institute of Chemical Methodologies, CNR Research Area of Rome, Via Salaria km. 29.300, 00015 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Trzeciak-Karlikowska K, Bujacz A, Ciesielski W, Bujacz GD, Potrzebowski MJ. The Influence of the Stereochemistry of Alanine Residue on the Solid State Conformation and Crystal Packing of Opioid Peptides Containing d-Ala or l-Ala in Message Domain – XRD and NMR Study. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9910-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp205570y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Ciesielski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz D. Bujacz
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Lodz, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Schmidt HLF, Sperling LJ, Gao YG, Wylie BJ, Boettcher JM, Wilson SR, Rienstra CM. Crystal polymorphism of protein GB1 examined by solid-state NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:14362-9. [PMID: 18052145 PMCID: PMC2774121 DOI: 10.1021/jp075531p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The study of micro- or nanocrystalline proteins by magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR (SSNMR) gives atomic-resolution insight into structure in cases when single crystals cannot be obtained for diffraction studies. Subtle differences in the local chemical environment around the protein, including the characteristics of the cosolvent and the buffer, determine whether a protein will form single crystals. The impact of these small changes in formulation is also evident in the SSNMR spectra; however, the changes lead only to correspondingly subtle changes in the spectra. Here, we demonstrate that several formulations of GB1 microcrystals yield very high quality SSNMR spectra, although only a subset of conditions enable growth of single crystals. We have characterized these polymorphs by X-ray powder diffraction and assigned the SSNMR spectra. Assignments of the 13C and 15N SSNMR chemical shifts confirm that the backbone structure is conserved, indicative of a common protein fold, but side chain chemical shifts are changed on the surface of the protein, in a manner dependent upon crystal packing and electrostatic interactions with salt in the mother liquor. Our results demonstrate the ability of SSNMR to reveal minor structural differences among crystal polymorphs. This ability has potential practical utility for studying the formulation chemistry of industrial and therapeutic proteins, as well as for deriving fundamental insights into the phenomenon of single-crystal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Frericks Schmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61821, USA
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Abstract
T-Taxol is a proposal for the bioactive conformation of paclitaxel (PTX) derived from fitting ligand conformations to the electron crystallographic (EC) density. Although confirmed by a number of studies, some structural ambiguities based on the interpretation of two solid-state REDOR (13)C-(19)F distances in a fluorinated PTX derivative remain. An evaluation of the static and dynamic properties of the PTX-tubulin complex shows that small 6-12 degrees variations in calculated torsions and a justifiable increase of the REDOR distance error to > or = +/-0.7 A readily resolves key discrepancies around T-Taxol's service as the bioactive conformation. In addition, conformational analysis reveals a range of (13)C-(19)F separations compatible with the REDOR measurements suggesting that the present PTX REDOR distances may not provide a precise model for bioactive, tubulin-bound bridged taxanes. In addition, we show that New York-Taxol (PTX-NY), a recently proposed alternative to T-Taxol, is incompatible with both the EC density and the activity of a highly active series of bridged taxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana A Alcaraz
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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6
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Photovoltaic Properties of Nano-particulate and Nanorod Array ZnO Electrodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Enhancement of Photovoltaic Properties of Ti-modified Nanocrystalline ZnO Electrode for Dye-sensitized Solar Cell. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2005. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2005.26.12.1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Historical collagen-based parchments have been studied by solid-state NMR. In addition, new parchment (produced according to traditional methods) and gelatin from bovine skin were also studied. Wideline 1H and MAS 13C measurements were carried out directly on intact parchments. A simple approach is proposed for evaluation of the extent of parchment degradation based on the linewidth changes in the 13C CPMAS spectra relative to new parchment and gelatin. Structural (bound) water content was estimated from wideline 1H NMR lineshape and relaxation time measurements. It was found that the relative water content in parchments correlates linearly with 13C MAS linewidths. Its decrease on parchment degradation indicates that structural water molecules are of primary importance in stabilizing higher order collagen structures. Backbone and side chain dynamics of collagen in parchments were compared to those of gelatin based on the 13C dipolar-dephased experiments. Carbonyl 13C chemical shift anisotropies were measured to deduce the geometry of the collagen backbone motion. Unlike previous studies, we found that the collagen backbone motion is similar to that found in other proteins and occurs primarily via small-angle librations about internal bond directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abil E Aliev
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ United Kingdom.
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9
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Saito H. Conformational and Dynamics Aspects of Polysaccharide Gels by High-Resolution Solid-State NMR. POLYSACCHARIDES 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420030822.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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10
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Yamaguchi S, Shimono K, Sudo Y, Tuzi S, Naito A, Kamo N, Saitô H. Conformation and dynamics of the [3-(13)C]Ala, [1-(13)C]Val-labeled truncated pharaonis transducer, pHtrII(1-159), as revealed by site-directed (13)C solid-state NMR: changes due to association with phoborhodopsin (sensory rhodopsin II). Biophys J 2004; 86:3131-40. [PMID: 15111426 PMCID: PMC1304178 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(04)74361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recorded (13)C NMR spectra of the [3-(13)C]Ala, [1-(13)C]Val-labeled pharaonis transducer pHtrII(1-159) in the presence and absence of phoborhodopsin (ppR or sensory rhodopsin II) in egg phosphatidylcholine or dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers by means of site-directed (amino acid specific) solid-state NMR. Two kinds of (13)C NMR signals of [3-(13)C]Ala-pHtrII complexed with ppR were clearly seen with dipolar decoupled magic angle spinning (DD-MAS) NMR. One of these resonances was at the peak position of the low-field alpha-helical peaks (alpha(II)-helix) and is identified with cytoplasmic alpha-helices protruding from the bilayers; the other was the high-field alpha-helical peak (alpha(I)-helix) and is identified with the transmembrane alpha-helices. The first peaks, however, were almost completely suppressed by cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP-MAS) regardless of the presence or absence of ppR or by DD-MAS NMR in the absence of ppR. This is caused by an increased fluctuation frequency of the cytoplasmic alpha-helix from 10(5) Hz in the uncomplexed states to >10(6) Hz in the complexed states, leading to the appearance of peaks that were suppressed because of the interference of the fluctuation frequency with the frequency of proton decoupling (10(5) Hz), as viewed from the (13)C NMR spectra of [3-(13)C]Ala-labeled pHtrII. Consistent with this view, the (13)C DD-MAS NMR signals of the cytoplasmic alpha-helices of the complexed [3-(13)C]Ala-pHtrII in the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayer were partially suppressed at 0 degrees C due to a decreased fluctuation frequency at the low temperature. In contrast, examination of the (13)C CP-MAS spectra of [1-(13)C]Val-labeled complexed pHtrII showed that the (13)C NMR signals of the transmembrane alpha-helix were substantially suppressed. These spectral changes are again interpreted in terms of the increased fluctuation frequency of the transmembrane alpha-helices from 10(3) Hz of the uncomplexed states to 10(4) Hz of the complexed states. These findings substantiate the view that the transducers alone are in an aggregated or clustered state but the ppR-pHtrII complex is not aggregated. We show that (13)C NMR is a very useful tool for achieving a better understanding of membrane proteins which will serve to clarify the molecular mechanism of signal transduction in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Yamaguchi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo, Japan
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Słabicki MM, Potrzebowski MJ, Bujacz G, Olejniczak S, Olczak J. X-ray and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Studies of Signalizing the Tripeptide Sequence (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe) of Dermorphin and Deltorphins I and II. Comparative Analysis in the Liquid and Solid Phases. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0372690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mikołaj M. Słabicki
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, and “TriMen” Ltd. Company, ul. Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, and “TriMen” Ltd. Company, ul. Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bujacz
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, and “TriMen” Ltd. Company, ul. Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Sebastian Olejniczak
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, and “TriMen” Ltd. Company, ul. Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jacek Olczak
- Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland, Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland, and “TriMen” Ltd. Company, ul. Piłsudskiego 141, 92-318 Łódź, Poland
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Saitô H, Yamamoto K, Tuzi S, Yamaguchi S. Backbone dynamics of membrane proteins in lipid bilayers: the effect of two-dimensional array formation as revealed by site-directed solid-state 13C NMR studies on [3-13C]Ala- and [1-13C]Val-labeled bacteriorhodopsin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2003; 1616:127-36. [PMID: 14561470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2003.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have recorded site-directed solid-state 13C NMR spectra of [3-13C]Ala- and [1-13C]Val-labeled bacteriorhodopsin (bR) as a typical membrane protein in lipid bilayers, to examine the effect of formation of two-dimensional (2D) lattice or array of the proteins toward backbone dynamics, to search the optimum condition to be able to record full 13C NMR signals from whole area of proteins. Well-resolved 13C NMR signals were recorded for monomeric [3-13C]Ala-bR in egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) bilayer at ambient temperature, although several 13C NMR signals from the loops and transmembrane alpha-helices were still suppressed. This is because monomeric bR reconstituted into egg PC, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) or dipalmytoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) bilayers undergoes conformational fluctuations with frequency in the order of 10(4)-10(5) Hz at ambient temperature, which is interfered with frequency of magic angle spinning or proton decoupling. It turned out, however, that the 13C NMR signals of purple membrane (PM) were almost fully recovered in gel phase lipids of DMPC or DPPC bilayers at around 0 degrees C. This finding is interpreted in terms of aggregation of bR in DMPC or DPPC bilayers to 2D hexagonal array in the presence of endogenous lipids at low temperature, resulting in favorable backbone dynamics for 13C NMR observation. It is therefore concluded that [3-13C]Ala-bR reconstituted in egg PC, DMPC or DPPC bilayers at ambient temperature, or [3-13C]Ala- and [1-13C]Val-bR at low temperature gave rise to well-resolved 13C NMR signals, although they are not always completely the same as those of 2D hexagonal lattice from PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazime Saitô
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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Tishmack PA, Bugay DE, Byrn SR. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy--pharmaceutical applications. J Pharm Sci 2003; 92:441-74. [PMID: 12587108 DOI: 10.1002/jps.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has become an integral technique in the field of pharmaceutical sciences. This review focuses on the use of solid-state NMR techniques for the characterization of pharmaceutical solids (drug substance and dosage form). These techniques include methods for (1) studying structure and conformation, (2) analyzing molecular motions (relaxation and exchange spectroscopy), (3) assigning resonances (spectral editing and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy), and (4) measuring internuclear distances.
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15
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Stepwise conformational transition of crystalline disodium adenosine 5′-triphosphate with relative humidity as studied by high resolution solid state 13C and 31P NMR. J Mol Struct 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2860(01)00721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Lee DK, Wei Y, Ramamoorthy A. A Two-Dimensional Magic-Angle Decoupling and Magic-Angle Turning Solid-State NMR Method: An Application to Study Chemical Shift Tensors from Peptides That Are Nonselectively Labeled with 15N Isotope. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002902s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kuk Lee
- Biophysics Research Division, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - Yufeng Wei
- Biophysics Research Division, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
| | - A. Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics Research Division, Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055
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17
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Wei Y, Lee DK, Ramamoorthy A. One-dimensional dipolar-shift spectroscopy under magic angle spinning to determine the chemical-shift anisotropy tensors. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fu R, Cross TA. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of protein and polypeptide structure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOPHYSICS AND BIOMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1999; 28:235-68. [PMID: 10410802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.biophys.28.1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is rapidly emerging as a successful and important technique for protein and peptide structural elucidation from samples in anisotropic environments. Because of the diversity of nuclei and nuclear spin interactions that can be observed, and because of the broad range of sample conditions that can be studied by solid-state NMR, the potential for gaining structural constraints is great. Structural constraints in the form of orientational, distance, and torsional constraints can be obtained on proteins in crystalline, liquid-crystalline, or amorphous preparations. Great progress in the past few years has been made in developing techniques for obtaining these constraints, and now it has also been clearly demonstrated that these constraints can be assembled into uniquely defined three-dimensional structures at high resolution. Although much progress toward the development of solid-state NMR as a routine structural tool has been documented, the future is even brighter with the continued development of the experiments, of NMR hardware, and of the molecular biological methods for the preparation of labeled samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fu
- Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32310, USA.
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19
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Kamihira M, Naito A, Tuzi S, Saitô H. Phenyl Ring Dynamics of Enkephalin Molecules and Behavior of Bound Solvents in the Crystalline States by 2H NMR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miya Kamihira
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology. Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology. Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Satoru Tuzi
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology. Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hazime Saitô
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology. Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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20
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Nishimura K, Naito A, Tuzi S, Saitô H, Hashimoto C, Aida M. Determination of the Three-Dimensional Structure of Crystalline Leu-Enkephalin Dihydrate Based on Six Sets of Accurately Determined Interatomic Distances from 13C-REDOR NMR and the Conformation-Dependent 13C Chemical Shifts. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp981683w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyuki Nishimura
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Akira Naito
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Satoru Tuzi
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Hazime Saitô
- Department of Life Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Harima Science Garden City, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Chikao Hashimoto
- Department of Chemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kokuryo-cho, Chofu-shi, Tokyo 182-0022, Japan
| | - Misako Aida
- Biophysics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tukiji 5-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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Polysaccharides and biological systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6881(98)80032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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