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Hu Z, Wang D, Zhou Q, Jie J, Su H. Complexed Photosensitizer of Hypericin with G-Quadruplex: Structure-Dependent Behavior. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:576-584. [PMID: 38189153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increased interest of visible-light-absorbing compound Hypericin (Hyp) in photodiagnosis, photocatalysis, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) applications, a major obstacle still exists; i.e., the photoactivity is diminished due to the facile aggregation of Hyp in aqueous environment that induces excited-state quenching. Herein, we explore the excited-state property of Hyp bound to the DNA G-quadruplex by combining multiple steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. We find that the aggregation-induced quenching effect can be successfully prevented by appropriate G-quadruplex binders that disperse Hyp into monomer. The binding of Hyp/G-quadruplex is selective, however, exhibiting a preferential binding toward parallel G-quadruplexes (c-kit2, C14B1, STAT3, S50, and PS2.M), over antiparallel or hybrid G-quadruplex (Tel22, TBA). The excited-state property of Hyp is highly related to the binding behavior, showing a consistent trend that the better the Hyp/G-quadruplex binding, the longer the triplet 3Hyp* lifetime and the higher the efficiency to produce 1O2. For Hyp/c-kit2, the major binding mode is 5'-end stacking, which offers protection from collisional quenching reactions and ensures a stable photocycle of 3Hyp*-O2 energy transfer forming 1O2, leading to the highest 1O2 quantum yield (0.67) with superior photostability. These findings open possibilities of developing Hyp/G-quadruplex complex as a biocompatible photosensitizer for PDT applications, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jialong Jie
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Su
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
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2
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Hovan A, Pevna V, Huntosova V, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Singlet oxygen lifetime changes in dying glioblastoma cells. Photochem Photobiol 2024; 100:159-171. [PMID: 37357990 DOI: 10.1111/php.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Time-resolved phosphorescence detection was employed to determine the lifetime of singlet oxygen in live cells. Using hypericin as a photosensitizer, singlet oxygen was generated in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The phosphorescence of singlet oxygen was detected in aqueous cell suspensions following pulsed laser excitation. Our goal was to eliminate or reduce the problems associated with lifetime measurements in water-based cell suspensions. The apparatus enabled simultaneous singlet oxygen phosphorescence and transient absorption measurements, reducing uncertainty in lifetime estimation. The changes in singlet oxygen lifetime were observed during early and late apoptosis induced by photodynamic action. Our findings show that the effective lifetime of singlet oxygen in the intracellular space of the studied glioblastoma cells is 0.4 μs and increases to 1.5 μs as apoptosis progresses. Another group of hypericin, presumably located in the membrane blebs and the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells, generates singlet oxygen with a lifetime of 1.9 μs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktoria Pevna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Cassovia New Industry Cluster, Košice, Slovak Republic
- SAFTRA Photonics Ltd., Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Košice, Slovak Republic
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3
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De Simone BC, Mazzone G, Toscano M, Russo N. On the origin of photodynamic activity of hypericin and its iodine-containing derivatives. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:2037-2042. [PMID: 36129210 PMCID: PMC9826312 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The main photophysical properties, useful for establishing whether hypericin in anionic form and some of its derivatives containing heavy atoms such as iodine, can be proposed for their use in photodynamic therapy, were determined using density functional based computations. The results showed that in the anionic form and in the iodinated derivatives, the absorption wavelength undergoes a bathochromic shift, the singlet-triplet energy gap assumes values that allow to excite the oxygen molecule from its ground to the excited singlet state, and that the spin-orbit couplings between singlet and triplet states significantly increase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Marirosa Toscano
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
| | - Nino Russo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologiesUniversity of CalabriaRendeItaly
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Liu Q, Wackenhut F, Hauler O, Scholz M, Zur Oven-Krockhaus S, Ritz R, Adam PM, Brecht M, Meixner AJ. Hypericin: Single Molecule Spectroscopy of an Active Natural Drug. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2497-2504. [PMID: 32126168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin is one of the most efficient photosensitizers used in photodynamic tumor therapy (PDT). The reported treatments of this drug reach from antidepressive, antineoplastic, antitumor and antiviral activity. We show that hypericin can be optically detected down to a single molecule at ambient conditions. Hypericin can even be observed inside of a cancer cell, which implies that this drug can be directly used for advanced microscopy techniques (PALM, spt-PALM, or FLIM). Its photostability is large enough to obtain single molecule fluorescence, surface enhanced Raman spectra (SERS), fluorescence lifetime, antibunching, and blinking dynamics. Sudden spectral changes can be associated with a reorientation of the molecule on the particle surface. These properties of hypericin are very sensitive to the local environment. Comparison of DFT calculations with SERS spectra show that both the neutral and deprotonated form of hypericin can be observed on the single molecule and ensemble level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux & nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Frank Wackenhut
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Otto Hauler
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Scholz
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Sven Zur Oven-Krockhaus
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rainer Ritz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Schwarzwald-Baar Clinic, Klinikstraße 11, 78052 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Pierre-Michel Adam
- Laboratoire Lumière, nanomatériaux & nanotechnologies - L2n and CNRS ERL 7004, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10000 Troyes, France
| | - Marc Brecht
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Reutlingen Research Institute, Process Analysis and Technology (PA&T), Reutlingen University, Alteburgstraße 150, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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5
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Suváková M, Majerník M, Jendželovský R, Hovan A, Bánó G, Fedoročko P, Antalík M. In vitro study of disodium cromoglicate as a novel effective hydrotrope solvent for hypericin utilisation in photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2020; 206:111855. [PMID: 32220773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin (HY) is a naphthodianthrone that naturally occurs in Hypericum perforatum L. It is a promising photosensitiser used in photodynamic therapy for and diagnosis of oncological diseases. However, its hydrophobic character is an obstacle that has prevented its efficient use. The commonly used solvent, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), is a controversial constituent of HY formulations and its use has been rejected by many researchers studying HY both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we propose the utilisation of hydrotropy to solubilise HY in an aqueous environment. Cromolyn (DSCG) is a non-toxic, well-tolerated, antiallergic drug that has been employed in clinical practice since 1970, and in aqueous solution it acts as a hydrotrope. At a molecular ratio of 1:12,000 HY to DSCG, the compound is able to solubilise HY in aqueous environment. In an HT-29 cell suspension, DSCG (1.8 mmol L-1) considerably enhances the interaction between HY (150 nmol L-1) and HT-29 cells, which leads to an HY fluorescence emission increase with a half-time approximately 2 min compared to 29 min for samples that lack DSCG. Studies using HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells showed that DSCG at a given concentration significantly improved accumulation of HY within cells compared to DMSO (p < 0.05) despite the relative resistance of the HT-29 cell line to HY-PDT. Though no significant difference between total reactive oxygen species production was observed for photoactivated HY dissolved in DMSO and DSCG, significant singlet oxygen generation by photoactivated HY dissolved in a DSCG-containing water solution at the studied molecular ratio was confirmed. We also clarified that DSCG does not act as a scavenger of ABTS and galvinoxyl free radicals. The results from an MTT assay showed that DSCG also significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of photoactivated HY compared to DMSO (p < 0.05). This study has demonstrated the ability of DSCG to act as a solvent of HY and enhance the effectiveness of HY-PDT compared to the commonly used organic solvent, DMSO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Suváková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Majerník
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Rastislav Jendželovský
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Andrej Hovan
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Gregor Bánó
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Fedoročko
- Department of Cellular biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice, Moyzesova 11, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bulharská 6, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
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Datta S, Hovan A, Jutková A, Kruglik SG, Jancura D, Miskovsky P, Bánó G. Phosphorescence Kinetics of Singlet Oxygen Produced by Photosensitization in Spherical Nanoparticles. Part II. The Case of Hypericin-Loaded Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:5154-5160. [PMID: 29709185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen produced by photosensitized hypericin (Hyp) molecules inside low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles was studied experimentally and by means of numerical and analytical modeling. The phosphorescence signal was measured after short laser pulse irradiation of aqueous Hyp/LDL solutions. The Hyp triplet state lifetime determined by a laser flash-photolysis measurement was 5.3 × 10-6 s. The numerical and the analytical model described in part I of the present work (DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00658) were used to analyze the observed phosphorescence kinetics of singlet oxygen. It was shown that singlet oxygen diffuses out of LDL particles on a time scale shorter than 0.1 μs. The total (integrated) concentration of singlet oxygen inside LDL is more than an order of magnitude smaller than the total singlet oxygen concentration in the solvent. The time course of singlet oxygen concentrations inside and outside the particles was calculated using simplified representations of the LDL internal structure. The experimental phosphorescence data were fitted by a linear combination of these concentrations using the emission factor E (the ratio of the radiative singlet oxygen depopulation rate constants inside and outside LDL) as a fitting parameter. The emission factor was determined to be E = 6.7 ± 2.5. Control measurements were carried out by adding sodium azide, a strong singlet oxygen quencher, to the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sergei G Kruglik
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ. Paris 6, CNRS UMR 8237 , 4 place Jussieu , 75005 Paris , France
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7
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Keša P, Jancura D, Kudláčová J, Valušová E, Antalík M. Excitation of triplet states of hypericin in water mediated by hydrotropic cromolyn sodium salt. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 193:185-191. [PMID: 29241053 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypericin (Hyp) is a hydrophobic pigment found in plants of the genus Hypericum which exhibits low levels of solubility in water. This work shows that the solubility of Hyp can be significantly increased through the addition of cromolyn disodium salt (DSCG). Performed studies using UV-VIS absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies demonstrate that Hyp remains in a predominantly biologically photodynamic active monomeric form in the presence of DSCG at concentrations ranging from 4.6×10-3 to 1.2×10-1mol·L-1. The low association constant between Hyp and DSCG (Ka=71.7±2M-1), and the polarity value of 0.3 determined for Hyp in a DSCG-water solution, lead to a suggestion that the monomerization of Hyp in aqueous solution can be explained as a result of the hydrotropic effect of DSCG. This hydrotropic effect is most likely a result of interactions between two relative rigid aromatic rings of DSCG and a delocalized charge on the surface of the Hyp molecule. The triplet-triplet (T-T) electronic transition observed in is Hyp in the presence of DSCG suggests a possible production of reactive oxygen species once Hyp is irradiated with visible light in a DSCG aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Keša
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia.
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Jesenná 5, 041 54 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Júlia Kudláčová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Eva Valušová
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Antalík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University, Šrobárova 2, 041 80 Košice, Slovakia; Department of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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8
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Gyenge EB, Lüscher D, Forny P, Antoniol M, Geisberger G, Walt H, Patzke G, Maake C. Photodynamic mechanisms induced by a combination of hypericin and a chlorin based-photosensitizer in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 89:150-62. [PMID: 22882495 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate photodynamic therapy (PDT) effects mediated by hypericin and a liposomal meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin (mTHPC) derivative, with focus on their 1:1 mixture, on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines. Absorption, excitation and photobleaching were monitored using fluorescence spectrometry, showing the same spectral patterns for the mixture as measured for single photosensitizers. In the mixture mTHPC showed a prolonged photo-stability. Singlet oxygen yield for light-activated mTHPC was Φ(Δ) = 0.66, for hypericin Φ(Δ) = 0.25 and for the mixture Φ(Δ) = ~0.4. A linear increase of singlet oxygen yield for mTHPC and the mixture was found, whereas hypericin achieved saturation after 35 min. Reactive oxygen species fluorescence was only visible after hypericin and mixture-induced PDT. Cell viability was also more affected with these two treatment options under the selected conditions. Examination of death pathways showed that hypericin-mediated cell death was apoptotic, with mTHPC necrotic and the 1:1 mixture showed features of both. Changes in gene expression after PDT indicated strong up-regulation of selected heat-shock proteins. The application of photosensitizer mixtures with the features of reduced dark toxicity and combined apoptotic and necrotic cell death may be beneficial in clinical PDT. This will be the focus of our future investigations.
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López-Chicón P, Paz-Cristobal MP, Rezusta A, Aspiroz C, Royo-Cañas M, Andres-Ciriano E, Gilaberte Y, Agut M, Nonell S. On the mechanism of Candida spp. photoinactivation by hypericin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1099-107. [PMID: 22566080 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The photoprocesses involved in hypericin photoinactivation of three different Candida species (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and C. krusei) have been examined. Production of singlet oxygen from the triplet state and of superoxide from both the triplet state and the semiquinone radical anion are demonstrated. Hydrogen peroxide is formed downstream of these early events. The outcome of the photodynamic treatments is dictated by the intracellular distribution of hypericin, which is different in the three species and affects the ability of hypericin to produce the different reactive oxygen species and trigger cell-death pathways. The results are in line with the previously-observed different susceptibilities of the three Candida species to hypericin photodynamic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia López-Chicón
- IQS School of Engineering, Universitat Ramon Llull, Via Augusta, 390, 08017 Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Jankowska KI, Pagba CV, Piotrowiak P. Zinc-substituted cytochrome P450cam: characterization of protein conformers F420 and F450 by photoinduced electron transfer. Biochemistry 2012; 51:1431-8. [PMID: 22250969 DOI: 10.1021/bi201344h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metal substitution of heme proteins is widely applied in the study of biologically relevant electron transfer (ET) reactions. It has been shown that many modified proteins remain in their native conformation and can provide useful insights into the molecular mechanism of electron transfer between the native protein and its substrates. We investigated ET reactions between zinc-substituted cytochrome P450(cam) and small organic compounds such as quinones and ferrocene, which are capable of accessing the protein's hydrophobic channel and binding close to the active site, like its native substrate, camphor. Following the substitution method developed by Gunsalus and co-workers [Wagner, G. C., et al. (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256, 6262-6265], we have identified two dominant forms of the zinc-substituted protein, F450 and F420, that exhibit different photophysical and photochemical properties. The ET behavior of F420 suggests that hydrophobic redox-active ligands are able to penetrate the hydrophobic channel and place themselves in the direct vicinity of the Zn-porphyrin. In contrast, the slower ET quenching rates observed in the case of F450 indicate that the association is weak and occurs outside of the protein channel. Therefore, we conclude that F420 corresponds to the open structure of the native cytochrome P450(cam) while F450 has a closed or partially closed channel that is characteristic of the camphor-containing cytochrome P450(cam). The existence of two distinct conformers of Zn-bound P450(cam) is consistent with the findings of Goodin and co-workers [Lee, Y.-T., et al. (2010) Biochemistry 49, 3412-3419] and has significant consequences for future electron transfer studies on this popular metalloenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna I Jankowska
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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Scalia S, Mezzena M. Photostabilization effect of quercetin on the UV filter combination, butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane-octyl methoxycinnamate. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 86:273-8. [PMID: 19947972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2009.00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the natural antioxidant quercetin on the photostability of the most widely used combination of UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (290-320 nm) filters, respectively butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) and octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC). In order to reproduce the conditions prevalent in commercial sunscreen products, the stabilizing efficacy of quercetin was evaluated in model creams containing BMDBM (3%, wt/wt) together with OMC (4%, wt/wt) and exposed to a solar simulator at an irradiance corresponding to natural sunlight. Quercetin was found to enhance the photostability of the two UV filters in a concentration-dependent way. Addition of quercetin to the sunscreen formulation significantly reduced the photodegradation of BMDBM and OMC from 40.3 +/- 2.4 to 27.7 +/- 2.6% and from 51.3 +/- 2.1 to 42.2 +/- 2.0%, respectively. Moreover, comparative photodegradation studies demonstrated that quercetin was much more effective and at a lower concentration than commonly used stabilizer (octocrylene) and antioxidants (vitamin E, butylated hydroxyanisole). In vitro determination of the UVB and UVA protection parameters showed that the quercetin-based formulation fulfilled the official requirements on sunscreen products. Because of its photostabilizing and multiple antioxidant properties, quercetin represents a useful additive for the formulation of effective broad-spectrum sunscreens containing BMDBM and OMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Scalia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Gbur P, Dedic R, Chorvat Jr D, Miskovsky P, Hala J, Jancura D. Time-resolved Luminescence and Singlet Oxygen Formation After Illumination of the Hypericin-Low-density Lipoprotein Complex. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:816-23. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Gruen H, Görner H. Reduction of the polynuclear quinonoid dyes 16,17-dihydroxy- and dimethoxyviolanthrone with photogenerated radicals. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1164-71. [DOI: 10.1039/b907913k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lobban CS, Hallam SJ, Mukherjee P, Petrich JW. Photophysics and Multifunctionality of Hypericin-Like Pigments in Heterotrich Ciliates: A Phylogenetic Perspective. Photochem Photobiol 2007; 83:1074-94. [PMID: 17880503 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00191.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we review the literature and present some new data to examine the occurrence and photophysics of the diverse hypericin-like chromophores in heterotrichs, the photoresponses of the cells, the various roles of the pigments and the taxa that might be studied to advance our understanding of these pigments. Hypericin-like chromophores are known chemically and spectrally so far only from the stentorids and Fabrea, the latter now seen to be sister to stentorids in the phylogenetic tree. For three hypericin-like pigments, the structures are known but these probably do not account for all the colors seen in stentorids. At least eight physiological groups of Stentor exist depending on pigment color and presence/absence of zoochlorellae, and some species can be bleached, leading to many opportunities for comparison of pigment chemistry and cell behavior. Several different responses to light are exhibited among heterotrichs, sometimes by the same cell; in particular, cells with algal symbionts are photophilic in contrast to the well-studied sciaphilous (shade-loving) species. Hypericin-like pigments are involved in some well-known photophobic reactions but other pigments (rhodopsin and flavins) are also involved in photoresponses in heterotrichs and other protists. The best characterized role of hypericin-like pigments in heterotrichs is in photoresponses and they have at least twice evolved a role as photoreceptors. However, hypericin and hypericin-like pigments in diverse organisms more commonly serve as predator defense and the pigments are multifunctional in heterotrichs. A direct role for the pigments in UV protection is possible but evidence is equivocal. New observations are presented on a folliculinid from deep water, including physical characterization of its hypericin-like pigment and its phylogenetic position based on SSU rRNA sequences. The photophysics of hypericin and hypericin-like pigments is reviewed. Particular attention is given to how their excited-state properties are modified by the environment. Dramatic changes in excited-state behavior are observed as hypericin is moved from the homogeneous environment of organic solvents to the much more structured surroundings provided by the complexes it forms with proteins. Among these complexes, it is useful to consider the differences between environments where hypericin is not found naturally and those where it is, notably, for example, in heterotrichs. It is clear that interaction with a protein modifies the photophysics of hypericin and understanding the molecular basis of this interaction is one of the outstanding problems in elucidating the function of hypericin and hypericin-like chromophores.
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Chowdhury PK, Ashby KD, Datta A, Petrich JW. Effect of pH on the Fluorescence and Absorption Spectra of Hypericin in Reverse Micelles¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)0720612eopotf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rahimipour S, Palivan C, Freeman D, Barbosa F, Fridkin M, Weiner L, Mazur Y, Gescheidt G. Hypericin Derivatives: Substituent Effects on Radical-anion Formation. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0740149hdseor2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Wen J, Chowdhury P, Wills NJ, Wannemuehler Y, Park J, Kesavan S, Carpenter S, Kraus GA, Petrich JW. Toward the Molecular Flashlight: Preparation, Properties, and Photophysics of a Hypericin-luciferin Tethered Molecule¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0760153ttmfpp2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Krongauz VV, Kim HY. Competitive Consecutive Electron Transfer in Determination of Ionization Potentials: Ketene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:13808-15. [PMID: 17181338 DOI: 10.1021/jp0641637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Kinetics of competitive consecutive electron transfer was used to determine ionization potentials of transient species. Kinetics of two-stage electron transfer reactions in aprotic solvent was studied using 355 nm laser flash photolysis. The concentrations of transients produced by the laser flash photolysis were monitored by their light absorption. Triplet-excited tetrachloro-p-benzo-quinone (p-chloranil) generated by a 355 nm laser flash oxidized diethyl ketene, diphenyl ketene, or phenyl ethyl ketene to form radical cations. The ketene radical cations, in turn, oxidized tertiary amine, forming ground state ketene and ammonium radical cation. The kinetics of the disappearance of ketene radical cations (and/or appearance of ammonium radical cations) due to consecutive, competitive electron transfer to ketene and p-chloranil radical cations was monitored. By monitoring kinetics in the presence of tertiary amines with different oxidation potentials, it was established that in acetonitrile the oxidation potential of diethyl ketene was 5.4 eV; for phenyl ethyl ketene, it was approximately 4.8 eV; and for diphenyl ketene, it was 4.6 eV. The results were in agreement with the oxidation potentials of ketenes computed using published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim V Krongauz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 845 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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Halder M, Chowdhury PK, Das R, Mukherjee P, Atkins WM, Petrich JW. Interaction of Glutathione S-Transferase with Hypericin: A Photophysical Study. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:19484-9. [PMID: 16853517 DOI: 10.1021/jp051645u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of hypericin have been studied in its complex with two different isoforms, A1-1 and P1-1, of the protein glutathione S-transferase (GST). One molecule of hypericin binds to each of the two GST subunits. Comparisons are made with our previous results for the hypericin/human serum albumin complex (Photochem. Photobiol. 1999, 69, 633-645). Hypericin binds with high affinity to the GSTs: 0.65 microM for the A1-1 isoform and 0.51 microM for the P1-1 isoform (Biochemistry 2004, 43, 12761-12769). The photophysics and activity of hypericin are strongly modulated by the binding protein. Intramolecular hydrogen-atom transfer is suppressed in both cases. Most importantly, while there is significant singlet oxygen generation from hypericin bound to GST A1-1, binding to GST P1-1 suppresses singlet oxygen generation to almost negligible levels. The data are rationalized in terms of a simple model in which the hypericin photophysics depends entirely upon the decay of the triplet state by two competing processes, quenching by oxygen to yield singlet oxygen and ionization, the latter of these two are proposed to be modulated by A1-1 and P1-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
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22
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Plaza P, Mahet M, Tchaikovskaya ON, Martin MM. Excitation energy effect on the early photophysics of hypericin in solution. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Reactivity of the photo excited forms of Hypericin, Hypocrellin A, Hypocrellin B and methylated Hypericin towards molecular oxygen. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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25
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Sutovsky Y, Likhtenshtein G, Bittner S. Synthesis and photochemical behavior of donor–acceptor systems obtained from chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone attached to trans-aminostilbenes. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(03)00213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Rahimipour S, Palivan C, Barbosa F, Bilkis I, Koch Y, Weiner L, Fridkin M, Mazur Y, Gescheidt G. Chemical and photochemical electron transfer of new helianthrone derivatives: aspects of their photodynamic activity. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:1376-84. [PMID: 12553841 DOI: 10.1021/ja028189x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Helianthrones 2-4 are a new class of synthetic photosensitizers, which have a molecular skeleton related to that of hypericin. We established that irradiation of heliantrones with visible light leads to the formation of semiquinone radicals and reactive oxygen species. The structures of the paramagnetic anion species produced by electron transfer were calculated on the density functional level and investigated by cyclovoltammetry, UV/vis, and EPR/ENDOR spectroscopy. As with hypericin, the pi system of the helianthrones was found to be considerably deviated from planarity, and, upon electron transfer, deprotonation in the bay region occurs. The structure of the semiquinone radicals was found to be identical in THF, DMF, and aqueous buffered solutions regardless of the means by which reduction was achieved. Semiquinone radicals can be formed via self-electron transfer between the excited state and the ground state or via electron transfer from an electron donor to the excited state of helianthrone. Therefore, the presence of an electron donor significantly enhanced the photogeneration of semiquinone and superoxide radical. The kinetic studies showed that no significant photochemical destruction of helianthrones occurred upon irradiation. Generation of superoxide and singlet oxygen upon irradiation of helianthrones was established by spin trapping techniques. This shows that both type I and type II mechanisms are of importance for the photodynamic action of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Rahimipour
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Wen J, Chowdhury P, Wills NJ, Wannemuehler Y, Park J, Kesavan S, Carpenter S, Kraus GA, Petrich JW. Toward the molecular flashlight: preparation, properties, and photophysics of a hypericin-luciferin tethered molecule. Photochem Photobiol 2002; 76:153-7. [PMID: 12194210 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0153:ttmfpp>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a molecule containing hypericin and luciferin moieties joined by a tether is reported. The light-induced (in vitro) antiviral activity as well as the photophysical properties of this new compound are measured and compared with those of the parent compounds, hypericin and pseudohypericin. This tethered molecule exhibits excited-state behavior that is very similar to that of its parent compounds and antiviral activity that is identical, within experimental error, to that of its more closely related parent compound, pseudohypericin. The implications for a photodynamic therapy that is independent of external light sources are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-3111, USA
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Rahimipour S, Palivan C, Freeman D, Barbosa F, Fridkin M, Weiner L, Mazur Y, Gescheidt G. Hypericin derivatives: substituent effects on radical-anion formation. Photochem Photobiol 2001; 74:149-56. [PMID: 11547548 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)074<0149:hdseor>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The electron-transfer properties of the hypericin derivatives, dibromo-, hexaacetyl-, hexamethyl- and desmethylhypericin, were studied. Cyclovoltammetric measurements revealed that dibromo- and desmethylhypericin have almost the same redox potentials as the parent hypericin. Substitution of the hydroxyl groups by acetoxy leads to less negative E1/2 values, whereas methoxy substitution induces more negative values. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/electron nuclear double resonance/general TRIPLE spectroscopy and quantum mechanical calculations were used to establish the structure of the one-electron reduced stages of hypericin derivatives. Proton loss in the bay region, already demonstrated for hypericin, was also found for dibromo- and desmethylhypericin. The spin and charge of the radical ions are predominately confined to the central biphenoquinone moiety of the hypericin skeleton. Generation of the radical ions by in situ electrolysis indicates that the redox potentials of hypericin, dibromo- and desmethylhypericin, containing hydroxyls at the 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 13 positions, largely depend on the solvent. With phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4)/dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as the solvent the EPR spectra of the corresponding radical ions appear at markedly lower potentials than in pure DMSO and N,N'-dimethylformamide. However, this effect is not observable for hexaacetyl- and hexamethyl-hypericin-lacking hydroxyl groups. In all cases the EPR data and calculations revealed the presence of 7,14 tautomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rahimipour
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Chowdhury PK, Ashby KD, Datta A, Petrich JW. Effect of pH on the fluorescence and absorption spectra of hypericin in reverse micelles. Photochem Photobiol 2000; 72:612-8. [PMID: 11107845 DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2000)072<0612:eopotf>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The well-characterized, monodispersed nature of reverse micelles formed by sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate/heptane and their usefulness in approximating a membrane-like environment have been exploited to investigate the effect of pH and water pool size on the photophysical properties of hypericin (Hyp). Our measurements reveal two titratable groups of pKa approximately 1.5 and approximately 12.5. These are assigned to the HypH+/Hyp equilibrium (the deprotonation of a carbonyl group) and the Hyp-/Hyp2- equilibrium (the deprotonation of a peri hydroxyl group). The low-energy absorbance maxima of HypH+, of Hyp and Hyp- and of Hyp2- are 583, 594 and 613 nm, respectively. Neither at pH 13 nor at 1 M HCl is the system entirely in the Hyp2- or the HypH+ forms. Ours is the first study of Hyp in reverse micelles as well as the first time-resolved study of Hyp as a function of pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Sagara T, Kaba N, Nakashima N. Electrochemistry of Hypericin Incorporated into a Cationic Lipid Film on a Graphite Electrode in an Aqueous Medium. CHEM LETT 1999. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.1999.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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