1
|
Clark JB, Allen HC. Interfacial carbonyl groups of propylene carbonate facilitate the reversible binding of nitrogen dioxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:15733-15741. [PMID: 38767271 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01382d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The interaction of NO2 with organic interfaces is critical in the development of NO2 sensing and trapping technologies, and equally so to the atmospheric processing of marine and continental aerosol. Recent studies point to the importance of surface oxygen groups in these systems, however the role of specific functional groups on the microscopic level has yet to be fully established. In the present study, we aim to provide fundamental information on the interaction and potential binding of NO2 at atmospherically relevant organic interfaces that may also help inform innovation in NO2 sensing and trapping development. We then present an investigation into the structural changes induced by NO2 at the surface of propylene carbonate (PC), an environmentally relevant carbonate ester. Surface-sensitive vibrational spectra of the PC liquid surface are acquired before, during, and after exposure to NO2 using infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). Analysis of vibrational changes at the liquid surface reveal that NO2 preferentially interacts with the carbonyl of PC at the interface, forming a distribution of binding symmetries. At low ppm levels, NO2 saturates the PC surface within 10 minutes and the perturbations to the surface are constant over time during the flow of NO2. Upon removal of NO2 flow, and under atmospheric pressures, these interactions are reversible, and the liquid surface structure of PC recovers completely within 30 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Clark
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| | - Heather C Allen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bramblett RL, Frossard AA. Constraining the Effect of Surfactants on the Hygroscopic Growth of Model Sea Spray Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8695-8710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Bramblett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30606, United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Zhang Y, Shi L, Kawamura K, Kunwar B, Takami A, Arakaki T, Lai S. Aerosol Proteinaceous Matter in Coastal Okinawa, Japan: Influence of Long-Range Transport and Photochemical Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5256-5265. [PMID: 35358385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics, sources, and atmospheric oxidation processes of marine aerosol proteinaceous matter (APM), including total proteins and free amino acids (FAAs), were investigated using a set of 1 year total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in the coastal area of Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific rim. The concentrations of APM at this site (total proteins: 0.16 ± 0.10 μg m-3 and total FAAs: 9.7 ± 5.6 ng m-3, annual average) are comparable to those of marine APM. The major FAA species of APM are also similar to previously reported marine APM with glycine as the dominant species (31%). Based on the different seasonal trends and weak correlations of total proteins and FAAs, we found that they were contributed by different sources, especially with the influence of long-range transport from the Asian continent of northern China and Mongolia and the oceanic area of the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, and East China Sea. The photochemical oxidation processes of high-molecular-weight proteins releasing FAAs (especially glycine) were also considered as an important factor influencing the characteristics of APM at this site. In addition, we propose a degradation process based on the correlation with ozone and ultraviolet radiation, emphasizing their roles in the degradation of proteins. Our findings help to deepen the understanding of atmospheric photochemical reaction processes of organic aerosols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luhan Shi
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Bhagawati Kunwar
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Akinori Takami
- Center for Regional Environmental Research, National Institute of Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Takemitsu Arakaki
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Marine Science, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Senchao Lai
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sala MM, Peters F, Sebastián M, Cardelús C, Calvo E, Marrasé C, Massana R, Pelejero C, Sala-Coromina J, Vaqué D, Gasol JM. COVID-19 lockdown moderately increased oligotrophy at a marine coastal site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 812:151443. [PMID: 34742983 PMCID: PMC8570446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has led to global population lockdowns that have had indirect effects on terrestrial and marine fauna, yet little is known on their effects on marine planktonic communities. We analysed the effect of the spring 2020 lockdown in a marine coastal area in Blanes Bay, NW Mediterranean. We compared a set of 23 oceanographic, microbial and biogeochemical variables sampled right after the strict lockdown in Spain, with data from the previous 15 years after correcting for long-term trends. Our analysis shows a series of changes in the microbial communities which may have been induced by the combination of the decreased nitrogen atmospheric load, the lower wastewater flux and the reduced fishing activity in the area, among other factors. In particular, we detected a slight decrease beyond the long-term trend in chlorophyll a, in the abundance of several microbial groups (phototrophic nanoflagellates and total prokaryotes) and in prokaryotic activity (heterotrophic prokaryotic production and β-glucosidase activity) which, as a whole, resulted in a moderate increase of oligotrophy in Blanes Bay after the lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Montserrat Sala
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Francesc Peters
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Sebastián
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Clara Cardelús
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Celia Marrasé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramon Massana
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Carles Pelejero
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Sala-Coromina
- Institut Català de Recerca per a la Governança del Mar, ICATMAR (Catalan Directorate-General of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs and Marine Science Institute, ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M Gasol
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hong Y, Liu Y, Chen X, Fan Q, Chen C, Chen X, Wang M. The role of anthropogenic chlorine emission in surface ozone formation during different seasons over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:137697. [PMID: 32392687 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic chlorine emission is an important source of Cl radicals, which plays an important role in the oxidative chemistry of the troposphere. However, its seasonal impacts on surface ozone levels in China have yet been comprehensively explored. In this study, we conducted numerical simulations for January, April, July and October 2015 by using the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with updated heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen oxides with particulate chlorine and updated Anthropogenic Chlorine Emission Inventory for China (ACEIC). Two experiments with and without ACEIC in the model were established, and their results were compared with each other. The model can faithfully reproduce the magnitudes and variations of meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations. Cl radicals were generated by the photolysis of ClNO2, ClNO and Cl2, HCl oxidation by OH radicals, and the heterogeneous reactions of NO3 with particulate Cl-. ClNO2 and ClNO were mainly produced from the heterogeneous reactions of N2O5 and NO2 with particulate Cl-, respectively. The spatial and seasonal variations ofz these chlorinated species and their responses to the implementation of ACEIC were revealed in this study. Our results suggested that besides N2O5, the heterogeneous reactions of NO2 and NO3 with particulate Cl- could be important sources of Cl radicals. Anthropogenic chlorine emission increased the Cl radical concentration through enhancing the photolysis of ClNO, Cl2, and ClNO2. The implementation of ACEIC in the model increased the degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) not only by Cl radicals but also by OH radicals. Although the seasonal variation of AECIE was insignificant, the larger formation of Cl radicals caused by higher levels of NOx in January was counteracted by the larger loss of them due to more VOCs degradations, resulting in a lower increase in Cl radicals due to the implementation of ACEIC compared with other months. The anthropogenic chlorine emissions increased the monthly mean maximum daily 8-hour average (MDA8) O3 mixing ratio by up to 4.9 ppbv, and increased the 1-hour O3 mixing ratio by up to 34.3 ppbv. The impact of ACEIC was the most significant in January and the least in July due to the high emissions of NOx and VOCs and adverse meteorological conditions in winter. It indicated that although the ozone concentration was low, the anthropogenic chlorine emission significantly contributed to the atmospheric oxidation capacity and increase ozone concentrations in winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Hong
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorology Center, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yiming Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Qi Fan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University/Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Chen Chen
- Foshan Meteorological Bureau, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xunlai Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
| | - Mingjie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Severe Weather in South China, Shenzhen 518040, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Sinha S, Desai PR, Jing H, Das S. Ion at Air-Water Interface Enhances Capillary Wave Fluctuations: Energetics of Ion Adsorption. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:12853-12861. [PMID: 30221515 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent simulations provide the energetics of ion adsorption at the air-water (a/w) interface: The presence of the ion at the interface suppresses the fluctuations of the capillary waves (CWs) reducing the entropy and displaces the weakly interacting water molecules to the bulk causing a reduction in the enthalpy. Here, we provide atomistic simulation-based evidence that the inferences of the existing studies stem from considering a small simulation volume that pins the CWs. For an appropriate size of the simulation system, an ion at the a/w interface enhances the CW fluctuations. Furthermore, we discover that the characteristics of the waves governing these enhanced CW fluctuations ensure a significant decrease in the pressure-volume work causing the enthalpy decrease, while the same wave characteristics of the CWs become responsible for an entropy decrease. Overall, the paper revisits the free energy picture of this fundamental problem of ion adsorption at the a/w interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Shayandev Sinha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Parth Rakesh Desai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Haoyuan Jing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | - Siddhartha Das
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bondy AL, Kirpes RM, Merzel RL, Pratt KA, Banaszak Holl MM, Ault AP. Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Subdiffraction Limit Vibrational Spectroscopy and Morphological Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8594-8598. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Bondy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel M. Kirpes
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Rachel L. Merzel
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kerri A. Pratt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Mark M. Banaszak Holl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tan F, Jing B, Tong S, Ge M. The effects of coexisting Na 2SO 4 on heterogeneous uptake of NO 2 on CaCO 3 particles at various RHs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:930-938. [PMID: 28215800 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particles can undergo nucleation, coagulation, chemical-aging, dissolution-precipitation or other atmospheric processes, resulting in complex multicomponent aerosols. The coexisting species have potentially important consequences in the heterogeneous reactions of multicomponent aerosol particles with polluted gases, which are still poorly understood. The effect of coexisting Na2SO4 on heterogeneous uptake of NO2 on CaCO3 particles is investigated in a broad RH range. The combination of DRIFTS, Raman, SEM and IC provides qualitative and quantitative information about the formation of nitrate and other surface species. Ca(NO3)2 and NaNO3 are generated on mixed CaCO3-Na2SO4 particles under dry condition. Both the amount of NO3- formed and the NO3- formation rates for the mixtures can be predicted based on the linear addition of those for pure CaCO3 and Na2SO4 particles under dry condition. The further reaction of Ca(NO3)2 with Na2SO4 could lead to the formation of crystal NaNO3 and CaSO4·0.5H2O at 30% RH. Coagulation between Ca2+ and SO42- in surface adsorbed water is observed after part conversion of CaCO3 to Ca(NO3)2, resulting in the formation of CaSO4·2H2O at 80% RH. The amount of NO3- formed on the mixtures is dramatically enhanced relative to the predictions at 30% and 80% RH. The findings presented here highlight the role of coexisting species in the heterogeneous reactions of trace gases with multicomponent aerosols due to the complexity of atmospheric particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Bo Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shengrui Tong
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment (CEUAE), Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ye C, Zhou X, Pu D, Stutz J, Festa J, Spolaor M, Tsai C, Cantrell C, Mauldin RL, Campos T, Weinheimer A, Hornbrook RS, Apel EC, Guenther A, Kaser L, Yuan B, Karl T, Haggerty J, Hall S, Ullmann K, Smith JN, Ortega J, Knote C. Rapid cycling of reactive nitrogen in the marine boundary layer. Nature 2016; 532:489-91. [PMID: 27064904 DOI: 10.1038/nature17195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides are essential for the formation of secondary atmospheric aerosols and of atmospheric oxidants such as ozone and the hydroxyl radical, which controls the self-cleansing capacity of the atmosphere. Nitric acid, a major oxidation product of nitrogen oxides, has traditionally been considered to be a permanent sink of nitrogen oxides. However, model studies predict higher ratios of nitric acid to nitrogen oxides in the troposphere than are observed. A 'renoxification' process that recycles nitric acid into nitrogen oxides has been proposed to reconcile observations with model studies, but the mechanisms responsible for this process remain uncertain. Here we present data from an aircraft measurement campaign over the North Atlantic Ocean and find evidence for rapid recycling of nitric acid to nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides in the clean marine boundary layer via particulate nitrate photolysis. Laboratory experiments further demonstrate the photolysis of particulate nitrate collected on filters at a rate more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of gaseous nitric acid, with nitrous acid as the main product. Box model calculations based on the Master Chemical Mechanism suggest that particulate nitrate photolysis mainly sustains the observed levels of nitrous acid and nitrogen oxides at midday under typical marine boundary layer conditions. Given that oceans account for more than 70 per cent of Earth's surface, we propose that particulate nitrate photolysis could be a substantial tropospheric nitrogen oxide source. Recycling of nitrogen oxides in remote oceanic regions with minimal direct nitrogen oxide emissions could increase the formation of tropospheric oxidants and secondary atmospheric aerosols on a global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ye
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Xianliang Zhou
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Dennis Pu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
| | - Jochen Stutz
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - James Festa
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Max Spolaor
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Catalina Tsai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), California, USA
| | - Christopher Cantrell
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Roy L Mauldin
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Campos
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Eric C Apel
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex Guenther
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Lisa Kaser
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- NOAA, Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas Karl
- Institute for Meteorology and Geophysics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julie Haggerty
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Samuel Hall
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Kirk Ullmann
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - James N Smith
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - John Ortega
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christoph Knote
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang C, Zhang X, Kang L, Wang N, Wang M, Sun X, Wang W. Adsorption and transformation mechanism of NO2 on NaCl(100) surface: A density functional theory study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 524-525:195-200. [PMID: 25909266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the heterogeneous reactions between NO2 and sea salt particles in the atmosphere of coastal areas, the absorption of an NO2 molecule on the NaCl(100) surface, the dimerization of NO2 molecules and the hydrolysis of N2O4 isomers at the (100) surface of NaCl are investigated by density functional theory. Calculated results show that the most favorable adsorption geometry of isolated NO2 molecule is found to reside at the bridge site (II-1) with the adsorption energy of -14.85 kcal/mol. At the surface of NaCl(100), three closed-shell dimers can be identified as sym-O2N-NO2, cis-ONO-NO2 and trans-ONO-NO2. The reactions of H2O with sym-O2N-NO2 on the (100) surface of NaCl are difficult to occur because of the high barrier (33.79 kcal/mol), whereas, the reactions of H2O with cis-ONONO2 and trans-ONONO2 play the key role in the hydrolysis process. The product, HONO, is one of the main atmospheric sources of OH radicals which drive the chemistry of the troposphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China; Department of Resources and Environment, Binzhou University, Binzhou 256600, PR China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Kang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Ning Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Mandi Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China.
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liu Y, Han C, Ma J, Bao X, He H. Influence of relative humidity on heterogeneous kinetics of NO2 on kaolin and hematite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:19424-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02223a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain reliable kinetic parameters, it is required to measure the reaction kinetics of important heterogeneous reactions at ambient relative humidity (RH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Chong Han
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaolei Bao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zeng G, Kelley J, Kish JD, Liu Y. Temperature-dependent deliquescent and efflorescent properties of methanesulfonate sodium studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:583-91. [PMID: 24387240 DOI: 10.1021/jp405896y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modeling of aerosols and cloud formation processes in the marine boundary layer (MBL) require extensive data on hygroscopic properties of relevant methanesulfonate particles, which are currently scarce. In this work, methanesulfonate sodium (CH3SO3Na, MSA-Na), the most abundant methanesulfonate salt, was selected, and its deliquescent and efflorescent properties at temperatures relevant to the lower troposphere were studied using an ATR-FTIR flow system. To validate the approach, we investigated hygroscopic properties of NaCl particles, and our measured deliquescent relative humidity (DRH) and efflorescent relative humidity (ERH) of the NaCl particles obtained from the changes in integrated absorbance of water peaks in infrared spectra agreed with literature data well. We then reported DRH and ERH of MSA-Na particles as a function of temperature for the first time using both the changes in integrated absorbance of water peaks and the changes in peak position and shape of CH3SO3(-) symmetric and asymmetric vibrational modes. Our experiments showed that MSA-Na particles present quite different temperature-dependent hygroscopic behaviors from NaCl. Both the DRH and ERH of MSA-Na particles increase with decreasing temperatures. Due to the significant differences in temperature-dependent DRH and ERH, NaCl particles, if processed in MBL by methanesulfonic acid, are expected to deliquesce slightly earlier during a hydration process but effloresce at a much earlier stage during a dehydration process, especially at lower temperatures. This could considerably influence phase, size, and water content of sea salt aerosols and consequently their reactivity, lifetime, and impacts on atmospheric chemistry and climate systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver , Denver, Colorado 80217, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV. A study of the uptake of NO3 on film coatings of natural sea salt. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793113020073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Ye C, Li H, Zhu T, Shang J, Zhang Z, Zhao D. Heterogeneous reaction of NO2 with sea salt particles. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
15
|
Woodill LA, Hinrichs RZ. Heterogeneous reactions of surface-adsorbed catechol with nitrogen dioxide: substrate effects for tropospheric aerosol surrogates. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:10766-74. [PMID: 20623042 DOI: 10.1039/c002079f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface-adsorbed organics can alter the chemistry of tropospheric aerosols thereby impacting photochemical cycles and altering aerosol properties. The nature of the surface can also influence the chemistry of the surface-adsorbed organic. We employed diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) to monitor the adsorption of gaseous catechol on several tropospheric aerosol surrogates and to investigate the subsequent reactivity of adsorbed catechol with nitrogen dioxide. The dark heterogeneous reaction of NO(2) with NaCl-adsorbed catechol produced 4-nitrocatechol, 1,2-benzoquinone, and the ring-cleaved product muconic acid, with product yields of 88%, 8%, and 4% at relative humidity (RH) < 2%, respectively. The reaction was first-order with respect to both catechol and NO(2). The reactive uptake coefficient for NO(2) + NaCl-adsorbed catechol increased from 3 x 10(-6) at <2% RH to 7 x 10(-6) at 30% RH. These reactions were more than two orders of magnitude more reactive than NaCl without adsorbed catechol. The 4-nitrocatechol product yield was enhanced on NaF, while NaBr-adsorbed catechol produced considerably more 1,2-benzoquinone and muconic acid. This substrate effect is discussed in terms of each substrate's ability to polarize the phenol group and hinder hydrogen atom abstraction from intermediate o-semiquinone radicals. These dark heterogeneous reactions may alter the UV-visible absorbing properties of tropospheric aerosols and may also contribute as a dark source of NO(2)(-)/HONO. These results contrast prior observations which found pure catechol thin films unreactive with NO(2), highlighting the need to specifically consider substrate and matrix effects in laboratory systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie A Woodill
- Department of Chemistry, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yabushita A, Enami S, Sakamoto Y, Kawasaki M, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Anion-catalyzed dissolution of NO2 on aqueous microdroplets. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:4844-8. [PMID: 19331373 DOI: 10.1021/jp900685f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fifty-seven years after NO(x) (NO + NO(2)) were identified as essential components of photochemical smog, atmospheric chemical models fail to correctly predict *OH/HO(2)* concentrations under NO(x)-rich conditions. This deficiency is due, in part, to the uncertain rates and mechanism for the reactive dissolution of NO(2)(g) (2NO(2) + H(2)O = NO(3)(-) + H(+) + HONO) in fog and aerosol droplets. Thus, state-of-the-art models parametrize the uptake of NO(2) by atmospheric aerosol from data obtained on "deactivated tunnel wall residue". Here, we report experiments in which NO(3)(-) production on the surface of microdroplets exposed to NO(2)(g) for approximately 1 ms is monitored by online thermospray mass spectrometry. NO(2) does not dissolve in deionized water (NO(3)(-) signals below the detection limit) but readily produces NO(3)(-) on aqueous NaX (X = Cl, Br, I) microdroplets with NO(2) uptake coefficients gamma that vary nonmonotonically with electrolyte concentration and peak at gamma(max) approximately 10(-4) for [NaX] approximately 1 mM, which is >10(3) larger than that in neat water. Since I(-) is partially oxidized to I(2)(*-) in this process, anions seem to capture NO(2)(g) into X-NO(2)(*-) radical anions for further reaction at the air/water interface. By showing that gamma is strongly enhanced by electrolytes, these results resolve outstanding discrepancies between previous measurements in neat water versus NaCl-seeded clouds. They also provide a general mechanism for the heterogeneous conversion of NO(2)(g) to (NO(3)(-) + HONO) on the surface of aqueous media.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sigurbjörnsson ÓF, Firanescu G, Signorell R. Intrinsic Particle Properties from Vibrational Spectra of Aerosols. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2009; 60:127-46. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.040808.090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopy of aerosols is developing into an active and important field. It allows us to characterize aerosols in a nonintrusive way, in real time, and on site. Understanding the spectroscopic features of these highly complex systems requires the development of novel experimental as well as theoretical methods. This review focuses on infrared extinction spectra. The main goal is to summarize how information about intrinsic particle properties (such as size, shape, and architecture) can be gathered from observed spectroscopic patterns. We discuss the limitations of standard continuum approaches, which have been used for decades to analyze infrared spectra, and we demonstrate the importance of molecular models for the analysis of spectroscopic data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - George Firanescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, Laskin A. Hygroscopic Properties of CH3SO3Na, CH3SO3NH4, (CH3SO3)2Mg, and (CH3SO3)2Ca Particles Studied by micro-FTIR Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113:1531-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8079149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zelenov VV, Aparina EV, Ivashin SV, Gershenson YM. Steady-state uptake of NO3 on NaBr/NaCl, NaI/NaCl, MgCl2 · 6H2O/NaCl, MgBr2 · 6H2O/NaCl binary salt coatings. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2008. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793108030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Zhao LJ, Wang F, Zhang K, Zeng QX, Zhang YH. Deliquescence and Efflorescence Processes of Aerosol Particles Studied byin situFTIR and Raman Spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2008. [DOI: 10.1088/1674-0068/21/01/1-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
21
|
Li XH, Wang F, Lu PD, Dong JL, Wang LY, Zhang YH. Confocal Raman Observation of the Efflorescence/Deliquescence Processes of Individual NaNO3 Particles on Quartz. J Phys Chem B 2006; 110:24993-8. [PMID: 17149921 DOI: 10.1021/jp064221o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Confocal Raman spectroscopy was used to study the structural changes of bulk NaNO3 solutions with molar water-to-solute ratios (WSRs) of 54.0-12.3 and NaNO3 droplets (10-100 microm) with WSRs of 9.5-1.0 on a quartz substrate. Upon reduction of the WSR, a blue shift of the symmetric stretching band (nu(1)(NO3-)) from approximately 1048 to approximately 1058 cm(-1) was observed in the confocal Raman spectra with high signal-to-noise ratios. Accordingly, the full width at half-height of the nu(1)(NO3-) band increased from approximately 8.4 cm-1 for the dilute solution (WSR = 54.0) to approximately 15.6 cm-1 for the extremely supersaturated droplet (WSR = 1.0), suggesting the formation of contact ion pairs with different structures. For the O-H stretching band, the ratio of weak hydrogen-bonding components to strong ones, i.e., I(3488)/I(3256), increased from approximately 1.2 at WSR = 54.0 to approximately 7.3 at WSR = 1.0, indicating that the strong hydrogen bonds were heavily destroyed between water molecules especially in the supersaturated droplets. In the humidifying process, two hygroscopic behaviors were observed depending on the morphology of solid NaNO3 particles. No surface water was detected for a solid NaNO3 particle with rhombohedral shape at relative humidities (RHs) below 86%. When the RH increased from 86% to 93%, it suddenly absorbed water and turned into a solution droplet. For a maple-leaf-shaped NaNO3 particle with a rough surface, however, a trace of residual water originally remained on the rough surface even at very low RH according to its Raman spectrum. Its initial water uptake from the ambient occurred at approximately 70% RH. The small amount of initially adsorbed water induced surface rearrangement of the maple-leaf-shaped particle. A further increase of RH made the particle gradually turn into a regular solid core swathed in a solution layer. Eventually, it completely deliquesced in the RH region of 86-93%, similar to the case of the NaNO3 particle with rhombohedral shape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Li
- The Institute for Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China 100081
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao LJ, Zhang YH, Wei ZF, Cheng H, Li XH. Magnesium Sulfate Aerosols Studied by FTIR Spectroscopy: Hygroscopic Properties, Supersaturated Structures, and Implications for Seawater Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:951-8. [PMID: 16419995 DOI: 10.1021/jp055291i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols and dilute MgSO4 solutions were studied by FTIR spectroscopic techniques (i.e., aerosol flow tube (AFT) and attenuated total reflection (ATR)). The hygroscopic properties of MgSO4 aerosols were investigated with results in good agreement with previous measurements by a scanning electrodynamic balance (SEDB). Well-defined spectral evolutions with changing relative humidity (RH) for the v3 band of SO4(2-) and the water O-H stretching envelope could be directly related to the observed hygroscopic properties of MgSO4 aerosols. When the RH decreased from approximately 55 to approximately 40%, the v1 band of SO4(2-) in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols was observed to transform from a sharp peak at approximately 983 cm(-1) into a wide band at approximately 1005 cm(-1). The sharp peak at approximately 983 cm(-1) was mainly assigned to such associated complexes of Mg2+ and SO4(2-) as double solvent-separated ion pairs (2SIPs), solvent-shared ion pairs (SIPs), and simple contact ion pairs (CIPs) in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols, while the wide band at approximately 1005 cm(-1) was due to polymeric CIPs chains, probably the main component of gels formed in MgSO4 aerosols at low RHs. Relating to this v1 band transformation, the peak position of the v(3) band was first shown to be a sensitive indicator of CIPs formation, spanning across approximately 40 cm(-1) on the formation of polymeric CIPs chains, which could also be supported by aerosol composition analysis in the form of water-to-solute molar ratios (WSR). In the water O-H stretching envelope, the absorbance intensities at 3371 and 3251 cm(-1) were selected to represent contributions from weak and strong hydrogen bonds, respectively. The absorbance intensity ratio changing with RH of 3371 to 3251 cm(-1) could be related to the previous observations with the v1 and v3 bands of SO4(2-). As a result, the formation of CIPs with various structures in large amounts was supposed to significantly weaken hydrogen bonds in supersaturated MgSO4 aerosols, while 2SIPs and SIPs were not expected to have similar effects even when occurring in abundance. In comparison with MgSO4 aerosols, the peak positions of the v3 band of SO4(2-) in artificial seawater aerosols implied that the MgSO4 component should be contained as gels or concentrated solutions in the fissures of microcrystals of sea salts for freshly formed seawater aerosols at low RHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Zhao
- Institute for Chemical Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Choi MY, Chan CK, Zhang YH. Application of Fluorescence Spectroscopy To Study the State of Water in Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0355049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Yee Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chak K. Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- Michel J Rossi
- Laboratoire de Pollution Atmosphérique et Sol (LPAS), Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Environnement (ISTE), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chu LT, Diao G, Chu L. Kinetics of HOBr Uptake on NaBr and NaCl Surfaces at Varying Relative Humidity. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013594g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang T. Chu
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| | - Guowang Diao
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| | - Liang Chu
- Wadsworth Center, NYS Department of Health and State University of New York, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knipping EM. Modeling Cl2formation from aqueous NaCl particles: Evidence for interfacial reactions and importance of Cl2decomposition in alkaline solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
28
|
Gebel ME, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Uptake and Reaction of ClONO2 on NaCl and Synthetic Sea Salt. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0046290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Gebel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Davis KA, Ewing GE. Methane isotopomers adsorbed on KBr(100): An exploration of adsorbate orientation and rotation. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1323226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
30
|
Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Hemminger JC. Physical Chemistry of Airborne Sea Salt Particles and Their Components. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002968n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Hemminger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Underwood GM, Li P, Usher CR, Grassian VH. Determining Accurate Kinetic Parameters of Potentially Important Heterogeneous Atmospheric Reactions on Solid Particle Surfaces with a Knudsen Cell Reactor. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9930292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. M. Underwood
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - P. Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - C. R. Usher
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - V. H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| |
Collapse
|