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Blazevicius D, Grigalevicius S. A Review of Benzophenone-Based Derivatives for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:356. [PMID: 38392729 PMCID: PMC10892487 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have garnered considerable attention in academic and industrial circles due to their potential applications in flat-panel displays and solid-state lighting technologies, leveraging the advantages offered by organic electroactive derivatives over their inorganic counterparts. The thin and flexible design of OLEDs enables the development of innovative lighting solutions, facilitating the creation of customizable and contoured lighting panels. Among the diverse electroactive components employed in the molecular design of OLED materials, the benzophenone core has attracted much attention as a fragment for the synthesis of organic semiconductors. On the other hand, benzophenone also functions as a classical phosphor with high intersystem crossing efficiency. This characteristic makes it a compelling candidate for effective reverse intersystem crossing, with potential in leading to the development of thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters. These emitting materials witnessed a pronounced interest in recent years due to their incorporation in metal-free electroactive frameworks and the capability to convert triplet excitons into emissive singlet excitons through reverse intersystem crossing (RISC), consequently achieving exceptionally high external quantum efficiencies (EQEs). This review article comprehensively overviews the synthetic pathways, thermal characteristics, electrochemical behaviour, and photophysical properties of derivatives based on benzophenone. Furthermore, we explore their applications in OLED devices, both as host materials and emitters, shedding light on the promising opportunities that benzophenone-based compounds present in advancing OLED technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovydas Blazevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Saulius Grigalevicius
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilenu Plentas 19, LT50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
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2
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Alazaly AM, Clarkson GJ, Ward MD, Abdel-Shafi AA. Mechanism of Oxygen Quenching of the Excited States of Heteroleptic Chromium(III) Phenanthroline Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16101-16113. [PMID: 37721399 PMCID: PMC10548418 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of some heteroleptic Cr(III) complexes of the form [Cr(Phen)2L](OTf)3, where Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline and L is either 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) or its derivatives, such as 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-DMOB), 4,4'-ditert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dtbpy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5,5'-DMB), 4,4'-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dmcbpy) or 1,10-phenanthroline derivatives, such as 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline (5-Me-Phen) and 4,7-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (4,7-DMP). Heteroleptic complexes were prepared in two stages via the intermediate [Cr(Phen)2(CF3SO3)2](CF3SO3) and five examples have been crystallographically characterized. Steady-state absorption and luminescence emission characteristics of these complexes were measured in 1 M HCl solutions. The luminescence quantum yield of these complexes was found to be the lowest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-dmcbpy)](OTf)3 and the highest for [Cr(Phen)2(4,4'-DMB)](OTf)3 with values of 0.31 × 10-2 and 1.48 × 10-2, respectively. The calculated excited state energy, E0-0, was found to vary within the narrow range of 163.1-165.0 kJ mol-1 across the series. Transient absorption spectra in degassed, air-equilibrated, and oxygen-saturated 1 M HCl aqueous solutions were also measured at different time decays and demonstrated no significant differences, indicating the absence of any ion-separated species in the excited state. Excited-state decay traces at the wavelength of maximum absorption were used to calculate oxygen quenching rate constants, kq, which were found to be in the range 3.26-5.27 × 107 M-1 s-1. Singlet oxygen luminescence photosensitized by these complexes was observed in D2O, and its luminescence intensity at 1270 nm was used for the determination of singlet oxygen quantum yields for these complexes, which were in the range of 0.20-0.44, while the fraction of the excited 2E state quenched by oxygen was in the range of 0.22-0.68, and the efficiency of singlet oxygen production was in the range of 0.44-0.90. The mechanism by which the excited 2E state is quenched by oxygen is explained by a spin statistical model that predicts the balance between charge transfer and noncharge transfer deactivation pathways, which was represented by the parameter pCT that was found to vary from 0.35 to 0.68 for this series of Cr(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed
M. M. Alazaly
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Guy J. Clarkson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Ayman A. Abdel-Shafi
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams
University, Abbassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
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3
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Akl HN, Salah D, Abdel-Samad HS, Abdel Aziz AA, Abdel-Shafi AA. Fractional dependence of the free energy of activation on the driving force of charge transfer in the quenching of the excited states of substituted phenanthroline homoleptic ruthenium(ii) complexes in aqueous medium. RSC Adv 2023; 13:13314-13323. [PMID: 37143702 PMCID: PMC10152132 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01280h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The photophysical characteristics of some homoleptic ruthenium(ii) phenanthroline derivatives are investigated in aqueous medium. The lifetimes of the excited 3MLCT state of the studied complexes were found to be very sensitive to the type of the substituents on the phenanthroline ligand and were found to increase from about 0.96 μs in case of the parent [Ru(Phen)3]2+ complex to 2.97 μs in case of [Ru(DPPhen)3]2+. The transient absorption spectra of the current set of complexes were studied also in aqueous medium. Quenching of the excited 3MLCT states of the studied complexes by molecular oxygen were studied and quenching rate constants were found to be in the range 1.02-4.83 × 109 M-1 s-1. Values of singlet oxygen quantum yields were found to be in the range 0.01 to 0.25, and the corresponding efficiencies of singlet oxygen thereby produced, f T Δ, were in the range 0.03-0.52. The mechanism by which the excited 3MLCT state is quenched by oxygen is discussed in light of the spin statistical factor rate constants and the competition between charge transfer and non-charge transfer quenching pathways. The partial charge transfer parameters, p CT, were obtained and found to be about 0.88 for all complexes except for complexes with f T Δ values lower than 0.25. The correlation of the activation free energies ΔG ≠ of the exciplexes formation with the driving force for charge transfer, ΔG CET, gives a charge transfer character of the exciplexes of about 35.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam N Akl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Dina Salah
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Hesham S Abdel-Samad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Ayman A Abdel Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
| | - Ayman A Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University 11566 Abbassia Cairo Egypt
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4
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A Green Blue LED-Driven Two-Liquid-Phase One-Pot Procedure for the Synthesis of Estrogen-Related Quinol Prodrugs. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248961. [PMID: 36558094 PMCID: PMC9782465 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinol derivatives of estrogens are effective pro-drugs in steroid replacement therapy. Here, we report that these compounds can be synthesized in one-pot conditions and high yield by blue LED-driven photo-oxygenation of parent estrogens. The oxidation was performed in buffer and eco-certified 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as the two-liquid-phase reaction solvent, and in the presence of meso-tetraphenyl porphyrin as the photosensitizer. Two steroidal prodrugs 10β, 17β-dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) and 10β-Hydroxyestra-1,4-diene-3,17-dione (HEDD) were obtained with high yield and selectivity.
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5
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El-Naggar K, Abdel-Samad HS, Ramadan RM, El-Khouly ME, Abdel-Shafi AA. Participation of fractional charge transfer on the efficiency of singlet oxygen production: Heteroleptic Ruthenium (II) bipyridine derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Pronkin PG, Tatikolov AS. Meso-aryl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes as spectral-fluorescent probes for DNA. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 269:120744. [PMID: 34929626 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The noncovalent interaction of meso-aryl-substituted thiacarbocyanine dyes I and II with dsDNA and ssDNA in aqueous solutions has been studied by spectral-fluorescent methods. Complexation with DNA is accompanied by both aggregation of the dyes and the formation of monomeric strongly fluorescent complexes. Experiments on molecular docking of dyes I and II with dsDNA confirm the previous assumption about the possibility of the formation of complexes of different types: intercalation between base pairs and in the grooves of the double helix of the biopolymer. The possibility of intercalation of the dyes in the complex is confirmed by experiments on thermal dissociation of dsDNA in the presence of dyes I and II, as well as experiments on the interaction of the dyes with ssDNA. An increase in the melting temperatures Tm of dsDNA is obtained in the presence of I and II, similar to that observed for the classical intercalator ethidium bromide. The limits of detection and quantification of DNA, which are important for the use of the dyes as probes for DNA, have been determined. The primary photochemical processes of the dyes in complexes with ssDNA were studied by flash photolysis technique. Complexation with ssDNA hinders photoisomerization and creates favorable conditions for the dye triplet state formation. The decay kinetics of the triplet state of the dyes were monoexponential. The rate constant of quenching of the triplet state by air oxygen was estimated for dye I complexed with ssDNA and was found to be less than the diffusion-controlled limit. This is probably a consequence of the shielding effect of the complex on the triplet quenching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel G Pronkin
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow 119334 Russia.
| | - Alexander S Tatikolov
- N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kosygin St. 4, Moscow 119334 Russia.
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7
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Gemeda FT, Vorobyev V, Tarnovsky AN. Ultrafast Solution-Phase Photophysical and Photochemical Dynamics of Hexaiodobismuthate(III), the Heart of Bismuth Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1254-1267. [PMID: 35118867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ultrafast relaxation pathways in a hexaiodide bismuth(III) complex, BiI63-, excited at 530 nm in acetonitrile solution are studied by means of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy supported by steady-state absorption/emission measurements and DFT computations. Radiationless relaxation out of the Franck-Condon, largely metal-centered (MC) triply degenerate 3T1u state (46 ± 19 fs), is driven by vibronic coupling due to the Jahn-Teller effect in the excited state. The relaxation populates two lower-energy states: a ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excited state of 3π I(5pπ) → Bi(6p) nature and a luminescent "trap" 3A1u(3P0) MC state. Coherent population transfer from the initial 3T1u into the 3π LMCT state occurs in an oscillatory, stepwise manner at ∼190 and ∼550 fs with a population ratio of ∼4:1. The 3π LMCT state decays with a 2.9 ps lifetime, yielding two short-lived reaction intermediates of which the first one reforms the parent ground state with a 15 ps time constant, and the second one decays on a ∼5 ps timescale generating the triplet product species, which persists to the longest 2 ns delay times investigated. This product is identified as the η2 metal-ligated diiodide-bismuth adduct with the intramolecularly formed I-I bond, [(η2-I2)Bi(II)I4]3-, which is the species of interest for solar energy conversion and storage applications. The lifetime of the "trap" 3A1u state is estimated to be 13 ns from the photoluminescence quenching of BiI63-. The findings give insight into the excited-state relaxation dynamics and the photochemical reaction mechanisms in halide complexes of heavy ns2 metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firew T Gemeda
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Vasily Vorobyev
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Alexander N Tarnovsky
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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8
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Tethering smartness to the metal containing polymers - recent trends in the stimuli-responsive metal containing polymers. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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9
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Photoreactivity of Hair Melanin from Different Skin Phototypes-Contribution of Melanin Subunits to the Pigments Photoreactive Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094465. [PMID: 33923346 PMCID: PMC8123205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreactivity of melanin has become a major focus of research due to the postulated involvement of the pigment in UVA-induced melanoma. However, most of the hitherto studies were carried out using synthetic melanin models. Thus, photoreactivity of natural melanins is yet to be systematically analyzed. Here, we examined the photoreactive properties of natural melanins isolated from hair samples obtained from donors of different skin phototypes (I, II, III, and V). X-band and W-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was used to examine the paramagnetic properties of the pigments. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide degradation and hydroiodic acid hydrolysis were used to determine the chemical composition of the melanins. EPR oximetry and spin trapping were used to examine the oxygen photoconsumption and photo-induced formation of superoxide anion, and time-resolved near infrared phosphorescence was employed to determine the singlet oxygen photogeneration by the melanins. The efficiency of superoxide and singlet oxygen photogeneration was related to the chemical composition of the studied melanins. Melanins from blond and chestnut hair (phototypes II and III) exhibited highest photoreactivity of all examined pigments. Moreover, melanins of these phototypes showed highest quantum efficiency of singlet oxygen photogeneration at 332 nm and 365 nm supporting the postulate of the pigment contribution in UVA-induced melanoma.
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10
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Opata MR, Dreuw A. Embelin's Versatile Photochemistry Makes It a Potent Photosensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:3527-3537. [PMID: 33821648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Embelin, a natural product isolated from Embelia ribes, is a promising small-molecular drug for photodynamic anticancer therapy. Using modern quantum chemical methodology, embelin is shown to possess a versatile photochemistry comprising the capability of singlet oxygen generation, excited-state proton transfer, and oxidation. In particular, the detailed molecular mechanisms of singlet oxygen generation and proton transfer upon excitation are studied in great detail. While excited-state proton transfer can damage the protein itself, it also mediates intersystem crossing along its reaction pathway, thus facilitating singlet oxygen generation. When embelin is bound to proteins, all these processes can lead to protein damage and the desired phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rogo Opata
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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11
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Wolcan E. Photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen from rhenium(I) complexes: A review. Inorganica Chim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.119650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Zakharov AV, Lvov AG, Rostovtseva IA, Metelitsa AV, Chernyshev AV, Krayushkin MM, Yadykov AV, Shirinian VZ. Photocyclization of diarylethenes: the effect of imidazole on the oxidative photodegradation process. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1101-1109. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It was found that imidazole prevents the side process of diarylethenes photocyclization and the photodegradation of photochromic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Zakharov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - A. G. Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - I. A. Rostovtseva
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov on Don 344090
- Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Metelitsa
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov on Don 344090
- Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Chernyshev
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry
- Southern Federal University
- Rostov on Don 344090
- Russian Federation
| | - M. M. Krayushkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - A. V. Yadykov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
| | - V. Z. Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- 119991 Moscow
- Russian Federation
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13
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Zadlo A, Szewczyk G, Sarna M, Camenisch TG, Sidabras JW, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Sagan F, Mitoraj M, Sarna T. Photobleaching of pheomelanin increases its phototoxic potential: Physicochemical studies of synthetic pheomelanin subjected to aerobic photolysis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2018; 32:359-372. [PMID: 30457208 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although melanin is a photoprotective pigment, its elevated photochemical reactivity could lead to various phototoxic processes. Photoreactivity of synthetic pheomelanin, derived from 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5SCD-M) and its photodegradation products obtained by subjecting the melanin to aerobic irradiation with UV-visible light, was examined employing an array of advanced physicochemical methods. Extensive photolysis of 5SCD-M was accompanied by partial bleaching of the melanin, modification of its paramagnetic properties, and significant increase in the ability to photogenerate singlet oxygen. The changes correlated with a substantial decrease in the melanin content of benzothiazine (BT) units and increase of modified benzothiazole (BZ) units. Synthetically prepared BZ exhibited higher efficiency to photogenerate singlet oxygen than the synthetic BT, and the free radical form of BZ, unlike that of BT, did not show measurable spin density on nitrogen atom, which was confirmed by quantum chemical calculations. Formation of modified BZ units in the photobleached 5SCD-M is responsible for the paramagnetic and photochemical changes of the melanin and its elevated phototoxic potential. Given a relatively constant pheomelanin-eumelanin ratio, such undesirable changes could occur in individual of all skin types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Jason W Sidabras
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Filip Sagan
- Department of Computational Methods in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Mariusz Mitoraj
- Department of Computational Methods in Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Askes SHC, Bonnet S. Solving the oxygen sensitivity of sensitized photon upconversion in life science applications. Nat Rev Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-018-0057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Glebov EM, Ruban NV, Pozdnyakov IP, Grivin VP, Plyusnin VF, Lvov AG, Zakharov AV, Shirinian VZ. Mechanistic Aspects of Photoinduced Rearrangement of 2,3-Diarylcyclopentenone Bearing Benzene and Oxazole Moieties. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7107-7117. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b05212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evgeni M. Glebov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Ruban
- Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- A. V. Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, 3 Lavrentyev prosp., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ivan P. Pozdnyakov
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Vjacheslav P. Grivin
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Victor F. Plyusnin
- V. V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 3, Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2, Pirogova str., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Andrey G. Lvov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Zakharov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valerii Z. Shirinian
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47, Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
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16
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Szewczyk G, Zadlo A, Sarna M, Ito S, Wakamatsu K, Sarna T. Aerobic photoreactivity of synthetic eumelanins and pheomelanins: generation of singlet oxygen and superoxide anion. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2016; 29:669-678. [PMID: 27505632 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we examined photoreactivity of synthetic eumelanins, formed by autooxidation of DOPA, or enzymatic oxidation of 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid and synthetic pheomelanins obtained by enzymatic oxidation of 5-S-cysteinyldopa or 1:1 mixture of DOPA and cysteine. Electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry and spin trapping were used to measure oxygen consumption and formation of superoxide anion induced by irradiation of melanin with blue light, and time-resolved near-infrared luminescence was employed to determine the photoformation of singlet oxygen between 300 and 600 nm. Both superoxide anion and singlet oxygen were photogenerated by the synthetic melanins albeit with different efficiency. At 450-nm, quantum yield of singlet oxygen was very low (~10-4 ) but it strongly increased in the UV region. The melanins quenched singlet oxygen efficiently, indicating that photogeneration and quenching of singlet oxygen may play an important role in aerobic photochemistry of melanin pigments and could contribute to their photodegradation and photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Szewczyk
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zadlo
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Shosuke Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Fujita Health University School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadeusz Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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17
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18
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Abdel-Shafi AA, Hassanin HA, Al-Shihry SS. Partial charge transfer contribution to the solvent isotope effect and photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen, O2(1Δg), by substituted ruthenium(II) bipyridyl complexes in aqueous media. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2015; 13:1330-7. [PMID: 25026362 DOI: 10.1039/c4pp00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of singlet oxygen photosensitized by some ruthenium(ii) bipyridyl complex ions in aqueous media is reported in this study. Measurements were carried out in H2O and D2O. The effect of the deuterium isotope on the lifetime of (3)MLCT excited states of these complexes is studied in H2O and D2O. The deuterium isotope effect was discussed in terms of the vibronic coupling to the solvent in addition to the charge transfer to the solvent mechanism due to their dependence on the oxidation potential of the sensitizer. Quenching rate constants, kq, for quenching of the (3)MLCT states of these ruthenium complex ions by molecular oxygen were found to be in the range of (2.08-3.84) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in H2O and (1.69-3.48) × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in D2O. The efficiency of singlet oxygen, O2((1)Δg), production as a result of the (3)MLCT quenching by oxygen, f, is reported in D2O and found to be in the range 0.25-0.56. It has been found that the lifetime of the excited state is longer in D2O, τ, than in H2O, τ, which was related to partial charge transfer to the solvent in addition to the vibronic coupling mechanism. Mechanisms by which the excited states of these ruthenium complexes are quenched by molecular oxygen that shows the competition between charge transfer, non-charge transfer deactivation channels or energy transfer assisted charge transfer deactivation mechanisms are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400 Hufof, 31982, Al-Hassa, Saudi Arabia.
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Voiciuk V, Redeckas K, Martynaitis V, Steponavičiūtė R, Šačkus A, Vengris M. Redefining the established understanding of excitation dynamics of photochromic oxazines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17828-37. [PMID: 26087921 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of photochromic indolo-benzoxazines, difference absorption of these photoexcited compounds has been assigned to the ground state of the ring-opened isomer. This assignment relies on the alleged resemblance of the spectra of photo- and chemically induced forms. In this paper, we expose the issue of the discrepancy between the absorption spectra of photoproducts and the corresponding chemically opened forms. As a result, a substantial change in the current explanation of photodynamics of photochromic oxazines is proposed. The spectral features earlier ascribed to the photoproduct are suggested to arise due to the absorption of the triplet state. This hypothesis was tested and confirmed in acetonitrile by measuring the effect of oxygen quenching of photoproduct states. In view of this interpretation, light-induced ring opening does not occur in indolo-benzoxazines dissolved in acetonitrile, and, consequently these molecules should no longer be regarded as molecular switches. On the other hand, we show that methanol solution under UV light does produce small amounts of ring-opened form of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Voiciuk
- Department of Quantum Electronics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 9, LT-10222 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Liu Y, Howarth AJ, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Selective Photooxidation of a Mustard-Gas Simulant Catalyzed by a Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:9001-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201503741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Liu Y, Howarth AJ, Hupp JT, Farha OK. Selective Photooxidation of a Mustard-Gas Simulant Catalyzed by a Porphyrinic Metal-Organic Framework. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201503741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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22
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Photochemical studies of new benzothiazole- and benzoselenazole-derived aminosquarylium dyes. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Grewal P, Mallaney M, Lau K, Sreedhara A. Screening Methods to Identify Indole Derivatives That Protect against Reactive Oxygen Species Induced Tryptophan Oxidation in Proteins. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1259-72. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4007375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parbir Grewal
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary Mallaney
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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24
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Ragone F, Saavedra HHM, Gara PMD, Ruiz GT, Wolcan E. Photosensitized Generation of Singlet Oxygen from Re(I) Complexes: A Photophysical Study Using LIOAS and Luminescence Techniques. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:4428-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp402550g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio Ragone
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA,
UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16 (B1906ZAA),
La Plata, Argentina
| | - Héctor H. Martinez Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA,
UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16 (B1906ZAA),
La Plata, Argentina
| | - Pedro M. David Gara
- Centro de Investigaciones Ópticas (CONICET-CIC) and UNLP, C.C. 3 (1897),
La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo T. Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA,
UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16 (B1906ZAA),
La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Wolcan
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA,
UNLP, CCT La Plata-CONICET), Diag. 113 y 64, Sucursal 4, C.C. 16 (B1906ZAA),
La Plata, Argentina
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25
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Shin HS, Okamoto A, Sako Y, Kim SW, Kim SY, Pack CG. Characterization of the triplet state of hybridization-sensitive DNA probe by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2012; 117:27-33. [PMID: 23210598 DOI: 10.1021/jp307018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The nonradiative relaxation mechanism of the newly synthesized hybridized-sensitive DNA probe has not been fully understood until now. In this study, the transient dark state of the probe, which is a double fluorescent dye attached to a specific DNA sequence, was investigated using a fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The transient dark state was measured in various solvents that are known to affect the intersystem crossing or photoisomerization of the DNA probe. On the basis of the experimental results, a simplified two energy state model of the probe was constructed, and this model provides an insight into the nonradiative relaxation mechanism of the fluorophore and the applications for DNA and RNA detection. The transient dark state that was measured in a time scale of a few microseconds is a triplet state and is related to photoisomerization, viscosity, oxygen concentration, and hybridization, all of which are important parameters for cellular microscopy. The transient dark state in a time scale of a sub-microseconds is sensitively changed after the addition of target DNA. The characterization can improve the probe's capability to identify target DNA/RNA by using FCS since the triplet state that occurred after hybridization is distinctive in the time scale with that occurred before hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Sup Shin
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea
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26
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Lambrechts D, Roeffaers M, Kerckhofs G, Roberts SJ, Hofkens J, Van de Putte T, Van Oosterwyck H, Schrooten J. Fluorescent oxygen sensitive microbead incorporation for measuring oxygen tension in cell aggregates. Biomaterials 2012; 34:922-9. [PMID: 23122803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Molecular oxygen is a main regulator of various cell functions. Imaging methods designed as screening tools for fast, in situ, 3D and non-interfering measurement of oxygen tension in the cellular microenvironment would serve great purpose in identifying and monitoring this vital and pivotal signalling molecule. We describe the use of dual luminophore oxygen sensitive microbeads to measure absolute oxygen concentrations in cellular aggregates. Stable microbead integration, a prerequisite for their practical application, was ensured by a site-specific delivery method that is based on the interactions between streptavidin and biotin. The spatial stability introduced by this method allowed for long term measurements of oxygen tension without interfering with the cell aggregation process. By making multiple calibration experiments we further demonstrated the potential of these sensors to measure local oxygen tension in optically dense cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lambrechts
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, Box 2450, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Iqbal Z, Ogunsipe A, Nyokong T, Lyubimtsev A, Hanack M, Ziegler T. Photophysics and photochemistry of octaglucosylated zinc phthalocyanine derivatives. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2012. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612500630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ground state electronic absorption spectra, photophysics and photochemistry of amphiphilic octaglucosylated zinc phthalocyanines containing oxygen or sulfur bridges are presented. Triplet quantum yield values for the two dyes (in DMF and DMSO) vary between 0.71 and 0.84, while singlet quantum yield values lie between 0.63 and 0.75. Fluorescence lifetimes were determined experimentally by time correlated single photon counting and semi-empirically by fluorescence quenching techniques; and values from both methods were within the same range. Kinetic data were obtained for the quenching of the triplet state of the phthalocyanines by ground state molecular oxygen; the bimolecular collisional quenching rate constant range between 2.35 × 108 and 1.13 × 109 M-1.s-1. These values suggest that triplet states of the dyes are effectively quenched by ground molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Abimbola Ogunsipe
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
- School of Science & Technology, National Open University of Nigeria,14/16 Ahmadu Bello Way, P.M.B. 80067, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Alexey Lyubimtsev
- Institut fuer Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Hanack
- Institut fuer Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Ziegler
- Institut fuer Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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28
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Liu SJ, Chen Y, Xu WJ, Zhao Q, Huang W. New Trends in the Optical and Electronic Applications of Polymers Containing Transition-Metal Complexes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:461-80. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Iqbal Z, Masilela N, Nyokong T, Lyubimtsev A, Hanack M, Ziegler T. Spectral, photophysical and photochemical properties of tetra- and octaglycosylated zinc phthalocyanines. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:679-86. [PMID: 22286670 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp05348a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical and photochemical properties of a series of tetra- and octaglycosylated zinc phthalocyanines (ZnPcs) substituted with glucose and galactose moieties have been reported. Spectral properties of these phthalocyanines are compared in DMSO. Absorption spectra of the non-peripherally tetra-substituted ZnPcs 2 showed a significant red shift in their Q-band maxima as compared to the peripherally substituted analog 1. All the complexes gave high triplet quantum yields ranging from 0.68 to 0.88, whereas triplet lifetimes were in the range of 100-430 μs in argon-saturated solutions. The octagalactosylated ZnPc 3b showed the highest triplet quantum yield and singlet oxygen quantum yield of 0.88 and 0.69, respectively. The fluorescence quantum yields and lifetimes of all the compounds under investigation were within the range of zinc phthalocyanine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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30
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Levin PP, Aboltin PV, Shevchenko TF, Kalamkarov GR. A laser photolysis study of the quenching kinetics of triplet-state all-trans-retinal by oxygen in aqueous albumin and liposome solutions. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s001814391006010x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Ghosh S, Priyam A, Bhattacharya SC, Saha A. Mechanistic Aspects of Quantum Dot Based Probing of Cu (II) Ions: Role of Dendrimer in Sensor Efficiency. J Fluoresc 2009; 19:723-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-009-0468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Priyam A, Chatterjee A, Bhattacharya SC, Saha A. Conformation and activity dependent interaction of glucose oxidase with CdTe quantum dots: towards developing a nanoparticle based enzymatic assay. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:362-70. [DOI: 10.1039/b815881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Johnsen M, Ogilby PR. Effect of Solvent on Two-Photon Absorption by Vinyl Benzene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:7831-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Johnsen
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Århus, Denmark
| | - Peter R. Ogilby
- Center for Oxygen Microscopy and Imaging, Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Århus, Denmark
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34
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35
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Insińska-Rak M, Sikorska E, Bourdelande JL, Khmelinskii IV, Prukała W, Dobek K, Karolczak J, Machado IF, Ferreira LF, Dulewicz E, Komasa A, Worrall DR, Kubicki M, Sikorski M. New photochemically stable riboflavin analogue—3-Methyl-riboflavin tetraacetate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2006.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Abdel-Shafi AA, Ward MD, Schmidt R. Mechanism of quenching by oxygen of the excited states of ruthenium(ii) complexes in aqueous media. Solvent isotope effect and photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen, O2(1Δg), by [Ru(diimine)(CN)4]2−complex ions. Dalton Trans 2007:2517-27. [PMID: 17563787 DOI: 10.1039/b704895e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report on the photophysical properties of some [RuL(CN)4](2-) complex ions where L = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dmb), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), 1-ethyl-2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole (pbe), 2,2':6',2'''-terpyridine (tpy) and [RuL3](2+) where L = bpy or phen. Measurements were carried out in H2O and D2O. The effect of the deuterium isotope effect on the lifetime of these complexes is discussed. It has also been found that the presence of cyano groups has a pronounced effect on the lifetime of the excited metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) of these complexes. Quenching of the (3)MLCT states by oxygen is reported in H2O and D2O. The rate constants, k(q), for quenching of the (3)MLCT states of these ruthenium complex ions by molecular oxygen are in the range (2.55 to 7.01) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in H2O and (3.38 to 5.69) x 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) in D2O. The efficiency of singlet oxygen, O2((1)Delta(g)), production as a result of the (3)MLCT quenching by oxygen, f(Delta)(T), is reported in D2O and found to be in the range 0.29-0.52. The rate constants, k(q)(Delta), for quenching of singlet oxygen by ground state sensitizers in D2O is also reported and found to be in the range (0.15 to 3.46) x 10(7) M(-1) s(-1). The rate constants and the efficiency of singlet oxygen formation are quantitatively reproduced by a model that assumes the competition of a non-charge transfer (nCT) and a CT deactivation channel. nCT deactivation occurs from a fully established spin-statistical equilibrium of (1)(T1(3)Sigma) and (3)(T1(3)Sigma) encounter complexes by internal conversion (IC) to lower excited complexes that dissociate to yield O2((1)Delta(g)), and O2((3)Sigmag-). The balance between CT and nCT deactivation channels which is described by the relative contribution p(CT) of CT induced deactivation is discussed. The kinetic model proposed for the quenching of pi-pi* triplet states by oxygen can also be applied to the quenching of (3)MLCT states by oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
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37
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Abdel-Shafi AA, Bourdelande JL, Ali SS. Photosensitized generation of singlet oxygen from rhenium(i) and iridium(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2007:2510-6. [PMID: 17563786 DOI: 10.1039/b705524b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photophysical properties in dilute acetonitrile solution are reported for a number of iridium(III) and rhenium(I) complexes. The nature of the lowest excited state of the complexes under investigation is either metal-to-ligand charge transfer ((3)MLCT) or a ligand centred ((3)LC) state. Rate constants, k(q), for quenching of the lowest excited states by molecular oxygen are in the range 1.5 x 10(8) to 1.4 x 10(10) M(-1) s(-1). Efficiency of singlet oxygen production, f(Delta)(T), following oxygen quenching of the lowest excited states of these complexes, are in the range of 0.27-1.00. The rate constants and the efficiency of singlet oxygen formation are quantitatively reproduced by a model that assumes the competition between a non-charge transfer (nCT) and a CT deactivation channel. The balance between CT and nCT deactivation channels, which is described by the relative contribution p(CT) of CT induced deactivation, is discussed. The kinetic model is found to be successfully applied in the case of quenching of the excited triplet states of coordination compounds by oxygen in acetonitrile, as was proposed for the quenching of pi-pi* triplet states by oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayman A Abdel-Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt.
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38
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Gandra N, Frank AT, Le Gendre O, Sawwan N, Aebisher D, Liebman JF, Houk K, Greer A, Gao R. Possible singlet oxygen generation from the photolysis of indigo dyes in methanol, DMSO, water, and ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.08.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Schmidt R. The Effect of Solvent Polarity on the Balance between Charge Transfer and Non-Charge Transfer Pathways in the Sensitization of Singlet Oxygen by ππ* Triplet States. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:5990-7. [PMID: 16671667 DOI: 10.1021/jp060017p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A large set of literature kinetic data on triplet (T(1)) sensitization of singlet oxygen by two series of biphenyl and naphthalene sensitizers in solvents of strongly different polarity has been analyzed. The rate constants and the efficiencies of singlet oxygen formation are quantitatively reproduced by a model that assumes the competition of a non-charge transfer (nCT) and a CT deactivation channel. nCT deactivation occurs from a fully established spin-statistical equilibrium of (1)(T(1)(3)Sigma) and (3)(T(1)(3)Sigma) encounter complexes by internal conversion (IC) to lower excited complexes that dissociate to yield O(2)((1)Sigma(g)(+)), O(2)((1)Delta(g)), and O(2)((3)Sigma(g)(-)). IC of (1,3)(T(1)(3)Sigma) encounter complexes is controlled by an energy gap law that is generally valid for the transfer of electronic energy to and from O(2). (1,3)(T(1)(3)Sigma) nCT complexes form in competition to IC (1)(T(1)(3)Sigma) and (3)(T(1)(3)Sigma) exciplexes if CT interactions between T(1) and O(2) are important. The rate constants of exciplex formation depend via a Marcus type parabolic model on the corresponding free energy change DeltaG(CT), which varies with sensitizer triplet energy, oxidation potential, and solvent polarity. O(2)((1)Sigma(g)(+)), O(2)((1)Delta(g)), and O(2)((3)Sigma(g)(-)) are formed in the product ratio (1/6):(1/12):(3/4) in the CT deactivation channel. The balance between nCT and CT deactivation is described by the relative contribution p(CT) of CT induced deactivation calculated for a sensitizer of known triplet energy from its quenching rate constant. It is shown how the change of p(CT) influences the quenching rate constant and the efficiency of singlet oxygen formation in both series of sensitizers. p(CT) is sensitive to differences of solvent polarity and varies for the biphenyls and the naphthalenes as sigmoidal with DeltaG(CT). This quantitative model represents a realistic and general mechanism for the quenching of pipi triplet states by O(2), surpassing previous advanced models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Str. 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Schmidt R. Quantitative Determination of 1Σg+ and 1Δg Singlet Oxygen in Solvents of Very Different Polarity. General Energy Gap Law for Rate Constants of Electronic Energy Transfer to and from O2 in the Absence of Charge Transfer Interactions. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:2622-8. [PMID: 16494371 DOI: 10.1021/jp0568172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quenching of excited triplet states of sufficient energy by O2 leads to O2(1sigma(g)+) and O2(1delta(g)) singlet oxygen and O2(3sigma(g)-) ground-state oxygen as well. The present work investigates the question whether in the absence of charge transfer (CT) interactions between triplet sensitizer and O2 the rate constants of formation of the three different O2 product states follow a generally valid energy gap law. For that purpose, lifetimes of the upper excited O2(1sigma(g)+) have been determined in a mixture of 7 vol % benzene in carbon tetrachloride, in chloroform, and in perdeuterated acetonitrile. They amount to 1.86, 1.40, and 0.58 ns, respectively. Furthermore, rate constants of O2(1sigma(g)+), O2(1delta(g)), and O2(3sigma(g)-) formation have been measured in these three solvents for five pi pi* triplet sensitizers with negligible CT interactions. The rate constants are independent of solvent polarity. After normalization for the multiplicity of the respective O2 product state, the rate constants follow a common dependence on the excess energies of the respective product channels. This empirical energy gap relation describes also quantitatively the rate constants of quenching of O2(1delta(g)) by 28 carotenoids. Therefore, it represents in the absence of CT interactions a generally valid energy gap law for the rate constants of electronic energy transfer to and from O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Str.11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Shimizu O, Watanabe J, Naito S, Shibata Y. Quenching Mechanism of Rose Bengal Triplet State Involved in Photosensitization of Oxygen in Ethylene Glycol. J Phys Chem A 2006; 110:1735-9. [PMID: 16451002 DOI: 10.1021/jp056073s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The quenching rate constants of the excited triplet state of Rose Bengal (RB) by oxygen (k(obs)) were measured in ethylene glycol (EG) at different temperatures using nanosecond laser flash photolysis. Although a plot of the quenching rate constant k(obs) for RB triplet state vs oxygen concentration is linear at 20 degrees C, the oxygen dependence of k(obs) does not exhibit linearity but upward curvature at high temperatures from 130 to 140 degrees C. The upward curvature at high temperatures is not well-described by a kinetic scheme first postulated by Gijzeman et al., which is characterized by exciplex formation and a unimolecular dissociation of the exciplex to products, but instead by a more comprehensive mechanism involving a bimolecular dissociation in addition to a unimolecular one. The measurements of the oxygen dependence of k(obs) for RB triplet state at different temperatures yielded a reaction enthalpy for the exciplex formation of 150 kJ mol(-1). Due to the large exothermic reaction enthalpy, equilibrium was obtained for the exciplex at 20 degrees C even at low oxygen concentration and the bimolecular quenching by oxygen became the major dissociation process. The equilibrium attainment and bimolecular dissociation provide a linear oxygen dependence of k(obs) to all outward appearances. Therefore, linearity does not always mean that exciplex dissociation proceeds solely through a unimolecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okiyasu Shimizu
- Photobiophysics Laboratories, Graduate School of Natural Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8501, Japan.
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Abstract
This work gives an overview of what is currently known about the mechanisms of the photosensitized production of singlet oxygen. Quenching of pi pi* excited triplet states by O2 proceeds via internal conversion of excited encounter complexes and exciplexes of sensitizer and O2. Both deactivation channels lead with different efficiencies to singlet oxygen generation. The balance between the deactivation channels depends on the triplet-state energy and oxidation potential of the sensitizer, and on the solvent polarity. A model has been developed that reproduces rate constants and efficiencies of the competing processes quantitatively. Sensitization by excited singlet states is much more complex and hence only qualitative rules could be elaborated, despite serious efforts of many groups. However, the most important deactivation paths of fluorescence quenching by O2 are again directed by excess energies and charge-transfer interactions similar to triplet-state quenching by O2. Finally, two recent developments in photosensitization of singlet oxygen are reviewed: Two-photon sensitizers with particular application potential for photodynamic therapy and fluorescence imaging of biological samples and singlet oxygen sensitization by nanocrystalline porous silicon, a material with very different photophysics compared to molecular sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7, D60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Belfield KD, Bondar MV, Przhonska OV. Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield Determination for a Fluorene-Based Two-Photon Photosensitizer. J Fluoresc 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00021939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Belfield KD, Bondar MV, Przhonska OV. Singlet Oxygen Quantum Yield Determination for a Fluorene-Based Two-Photon Photosensitizer. J Fluoresc 2005; 16:111-7. [PMID: 16604431 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-005-0001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The quantum yield, Phi(Delta), of singlet oxygen generation under two-photon excitation has been determined for a fluorene derivative. A photochemical method was developed using 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran (DPBF), a chemical quencher of 1O2, and 2-(9,9-didecyl-7-nitrofluoren-2-yl)benzothiazole (1) as a two-photon photosensitizer (PS). The photochemical kinetics of the quencher was measured by two different fluorescence methods. Fluorene 1 exhibited relatively high singlet oxygen quantum yield, Phi(Delta) approximately 0.4 +/- 0.1, and had a two-photon absorption cross-section of 28 +/- 5 GM. Thus, 1 may have potential for use as a two-photon PS in the near-IR spectral region for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Belfield
- Department of Chemistry and College of Optics and Photonics, CREOL and FPCE, University of Central Florida, P.O. Box 162366, Orlando, Florida 32816-2366, USA.
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45
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Mechanism of the excited singlet and triplet states quenching by molecular oxygen in acetonitrile. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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46
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Thomas III SW, Yagi S, Swager TM. Towards chemosensing phosphorescent conjugated polymers: cyclometalated platinum(ii) poly(phenylene)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b503539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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Schmidt R. The balance between charge transfer and non-charge transfer pathways in the sensitization of singlet oxygen by ππ* triplet states. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:481-6. [PMID: 15920632 DOI: 10.1039/b502735g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A charge transfer (CT) channel and a non-CT deactivation channel, both leading to formation of O(2)((1)Sigma (g)(+)), O(2)((1) Delta(g)) and O(2)((3)Sigma(g)(-)), compete in the quenching of triplet states by O(2). Recent studies by our group demonstrated that these channels are described by rather simple and general quantitative relations. In the present paper we use the detailed kinetic data on the quenching by O(2) of pi pi* triplet sensitizers of three homologous aromatic series in CCl(4) to derive a parameter, which describes the balance between CT and non-CT deactivation. This quantity, p(CT), is the relative contribution of CT mediated deactivation and is easily calculated for a sensitizer of known triplet energy from its quenching rate constant. The parameter p(CT) quantitatively describes the balance between both deactivation channels without requiring any knowledge of oxidation potentials. It is shown how the variation of p(CT) influences the efficiencies and the rate constants of O(2)((1)Sigma(g)(+)), O(2)((1)Delta(g)) and O(2)((3)Sigma(g)(-)) formation in the quenching process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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48
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Schmidt R. Deactivation of O2(1Δg) Singlet Oxygen by Carotenoids: Internal Conversion of Excited Encounter Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp048958u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, J. W. Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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49
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Schweitzer C, Schmidt R. Physical mechanisms of generation and deactivation of singlet oxygen. Chem Rev 2003; 103:1685-757. [PMID: 12744692 DOI: 10.1021/cr010371d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1305] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schweitzer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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50
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Schweitzer C, Mehrdad Z, Noll A, Grabner EW, Schmidt R. Mechanism of Photosensitized Generation of Singlet Oxygen during Oxygen Quenching of Triplet States and the General Dependence of the Rate Constants and Efficiencies of O2(1Σg+), O2(1Δg), and O2(3Σg-) Formation on Sensitizer Triplet State Energy and Oxidation Potential. J Phys Chem A 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/jp026189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claude Schweitzer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Zahra Mehrdad
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Astrid Noll
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erich-Walter Grabner
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schmidt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie-Strasse 11, D60439 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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