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Parida MR, Aly SM, Alarousu E, Sridharan A, Nagaraju DH, Alshareef HN, Mohammed OF. To what extent can charge localization influence electron injection efficiency at graphene–porphyrin interfaces? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14513-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp02362a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
With careful control of the charge localization of the TMPyP cavity using β-cyclodextrin as an external cage, we successfully improved the interfacial-electron injection efficiency from cationic TMPyP to GC by 120% compared to TMPyP alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas R. Parida
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shawkat M. Aly
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Erkki Alarousu
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aravindan Sridharan
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Doddahalli H. Nagaraju
- Materials Science and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam N. Alshareef
- Materials Science and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F. Mohammed
- Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center
- Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)
- Thuwal 23955-6900
- Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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2
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Aly SM, Goswami S, Alsulami QA, Schanze KS, Mohammed OF. Ultrafast Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a π-Conjugated Oligomer/Porphyrin Complex. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3386-3390. [PMID: 26278449 DOI: 10.1021/jz5018174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlling charge transfer (CT), charge separation (CS), and charge recombination (CR) at the donor-acceptor interface is extremely important to optimize the conversion efficiency in solar cell devices. In general, ultrafast CT and slow CR are desirable for optimal device performance. In this Letter, the ultrafast excited-state CT between platinum oligomer (DPP-Pt(acac)) as a new electron donor and porphyrin as an electron acceptor is monitored for the first time using femtosecond (fs) transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy with broad-band capability and 120 fs temporal resolution. Turning the CT on/off has been shown to be possible either by switching from an organometallic oligomer to a metal-free oligomer or by controlling the charge density on the nitrogen atom of the porphyrin meso unit. Our time-resolved data show that the CT and CS between DPP-Pt(acac) and cationic porphyrin are ultrafast (approximately 1.5 ps), and the CR is slow (ns time scale), as inferred from the formation and the decay of the cationic and anionic species. We also found that the metallic center in the DPP-Pt(acac) oligomer and the positive charge on the porphyrin are the keys to switching on/off the ultrafast CT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawkat M Aly
- †Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Qana A Alsulami
- †Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Kirk S Schanze
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- †Solar and Photovoltaics Engineering Research Center, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Kalume A, George L, Powell AD, Dawes R, Reid SA. Photoinduced electron transfer in donor-acceptor complexes of ethylene with molecular and atomic iodine. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:6838-45. [PMID: 25075444 DOI: 10.1021/jp412212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Building upon our recent studies of radical addition pathways following excitation of the I2 chromophore in the donor-acceptor complex of ethylene and I2 (C2H4···I2), in this article, we extend our studies to examine photoinduced electron transfer. Thus, irradiation into the intense charge-transfer band of the complex (λmax = 247 nm) gave rise to a band at 366 nm that is assigned to the bridged ethylene-I radical complex on the basis of our prior work. The formation of the radical complex is explained by a mechanism that involves rapid back electron transfer leading to I-I bond fission. Excitation into the charge-transfer band of the radical complex led to regeneration of the parent complex and the formation of the final photoproduct, anti- and gauche-1,2-diiodoethane, which confirms that the reaction proceeds ultimately by a radical addition mechanism. This finding is contrasted with our previous study of the C2H4···Br2 complex, where CT excitation led to only one product, anti-1,2-dibromoethane, a result explained by a single electron-transfer mechanism proceeding via a bridged bromonium ion intermediate. For the I2 complex, the breakup of the photolytically generated I2(-•) anion radical is apparently sufficiently slow to render it uncompetitive with back electron transfer. Finally, we report a detailed computational examination of the parent and radical complexes of both bromine and iodine, using high-level single- and multireference methods, which provide insight into the different behaviors of the charge-transfer states of the two radicals and the role of spin-orbit coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimable Kalume
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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Aly SM, Parida MR, Alarousu E, Mohammed OF. Ultrafast electron injection at the cationic porphyrin–graphene interface assisted by molecular flattening. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:10452-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04985c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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5
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Vaida ME, Bernhardt TM. Surface-Aligned Femtochemistry: Molecular Reaction Dynamics on Oxide Surfaces. SPRINGER SERIES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-02051-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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6
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He TF, Guo L, Guo X, Chang CW, Wang L, Zhong D. Femtosecond dynamics of short-range protein electron transfer in flavodoxin. Biochemistry 2013; 52:9120-8. [PMID: 24289221 PMCID: PMC3909472 DOI: 10.1021/bi401137u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intraprotein electron transfer (ET) in flavoproteins is important for understanding the correlation of their redox, configuration, and reactivity at the active site. Here, we used oxidized flavodoxin as a model system and report our complete characterization of a photoinduced redox cycle from the initial charge separation in 135-340 fs to subsequent charge recombination in 0.95-1.6 ps and to the final cooling relaxation of the product(s) in 2.5-4.3 ps. With 11 mutations at the active site, we observed that these ultrafast ET dynamics, much faster than active-site relaxation, mainly depend on the reduction potentials of the electron donors with minor changes caused by mutations, reflecting a highly localized ET reaction between the stacked donor and acceptor at a van der Waals distance and leading to a gas-phase type of bimolecular ET reaction confined in the active-site nanospace. Significantly, these ultrafast ET reactions ensure our direct observation of vibrationally excited reaction product(s), suggesting that the back ET barrier is effectively reduced because of the decrease in the total free energy in the Marcus inverted region, leading to the accelerated charge recombination. Such vibrationally coupled charge recombination should be a general feature of flavoproteins with similar configurations and interactions between the cofactor flavin and neighboring aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xunmin Guo
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Dongping Zhong
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and Programs of Biophysics, Chemical Physics, and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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Chiu CC, Hung CC, Chen CL, Cheng PY. Ultrafast Time-Resolved Broadband Fluorescence Studies of the Benzene-Tetracyanoethylene Complex: Solvation, Vibrational Relaxation, and Charge Recombination Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:9734-56. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404615u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chung Chiu
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chang Hung
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Lin Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
| | - Po-Yuan Cheng
- Department
of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30043, Republic of China
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Peralta Conde A, Ovejas V, Montero R, Castaño F, Longarte A. Influence of solvation on the indole photophysics: Ultrafast dynamics of indole–water clusters. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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9
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Vaida ME, Bernhardt TM. Surface-aligned femtochemistry: Photoinduced reaction dynamics of CH3I and CH3Br on MgO(100). Faraday Discuss 2012; 157:437-49; discussion 475-500. [DOI: 10.1039/c2fd20104f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Vaida ME, Bernhardt TM. Surface pump-probe femtosecond-laser mass spectrometry: time-, mass-, and velocity-resolved detection of surface reaction dynamics. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2010; 81:104103. [PMID: 21034102 DOI: 10.1063/1.3488098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A detailed account of the experimental methodology of surface pump-probe femtosecond-laser mass spectrometry is presented. This recently introduced technique enables the direct time-resolved investigation of surface reaction dynamics by monitoring the mass and the relative velocity of intermediates and products of a photoinduced surface reaction via multiphoton ionization. As a model system, the photodissociation dynamics of methyl iodide adsorbed at submonolayer coverage on magnesia ultrathin films is investigated. The magnesia surface preparation and characterization as well as the pulsed deposition of methyl iodide are described. The femtosecond-laser excitation (pump) and, in particular, the resonant multiphoton ionization surface detection (probe) schemas are discussed in detail. Results of pump-probe time-resolved methyl and iodine atom detection experiments are presented and the potential of this method for velocity-resolved photofragment analysis is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai E Vaida
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069 Ulm, Germany
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Vaida ME, Bernhardt TM. Surface-Aligned Femtochemistry: Real-Time Dynamics of Photoinduced I2Formation from CD3I on MgO(100). Chemphyschem 2010; 11:804-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Esseffar M, El Messaoudi M, Bouab W. Experimental and theoretical study on 3,5-(oxo/thioxo) derivatives of 2,7-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazepines-iodine molecular complexes. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Tellinghuisen J. Equilibrium Constants from Spectrophotometric Data: Dimer Formation in Gaseous Br2. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:5902-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Tellinghuisen
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235
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14
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Chen WK, Cheng PY. Ultrafast photodissociation dynamics of acetone at 195 nm: II. Unraveling complex three-body dissociation dynamics by femtosecond time-resolved photofragment translational spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2007; 109:6818-29. [PMID: 16834037 DOI: 10.1021/jp0509717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of the preceding paper in this issue (J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 6805), we studied photodissociation dynamics of the acetone S2 (n, 3s) Rydberg state excited at 195 nm using femtosecond time-resolved photofragment translational spectroscopy. The technique, which is implemented by the combination of fs pump-probe ionization spectroscopy and kinetic energy resolved time-of-flight mass spectrometry (KETOF), measured temporal evolutions of the product kinetic energy distributions (KEDs) with a time resolution limited only by the laser pulse widths. Two methyl product KED components were resolved and assigned to the primary and secondary methyl products on the basis of their temporal behaviors. The results support the mechanism in which the primary dissociation occurs on the acetone S1 surface and provide complementary dynamical information to that discussed in the preceding paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Kan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Paik DH, Baskin JS, Kim NJ, Zewail AH. Ultrafast vectorial and scalar dynamics of ionic clusters: Azobenzene solvated by oxygen. J Chem Phys 2006; 125:133408. [PMID: 17029482 DOI: 10.1063/1.2205855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrafast dynamics of clusters of trans-azobenzene anion (A-) solvated by oxygen molecules was investigated using femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. The time scale for stripping off all oxygen molecules from A- was determined by monitoring in real time the transient of the A- rise, following an 800 nm excitation of A- (O2)n, where n = 1-4. A careful analysis of the time-dependent photoelectron spectra strongly suggests that for n > 1 a quasi-O4 core is formed and that the dissociation occurs by a bond cleavage between A- and conglomerated (O2)n rather than a stepwise evaporation of O2. With time and energy resolutions, we were able to capture the photoelectron signatures of transient species which instantaneously rise (<100 fs) then decay. The transient species are assigned as charge-transfer complexes: A.O2- for A- O2 and A.O4-(O2)n-2 for A-(O2)n, where n = 2-4. Subsequent to an ultrafast electron recombination, A- rises with two distinct time scales: a subpicosecond component reflecting a direct bond rupture of the A- -(O2)n nuclear coordinate and a slower component (1.6-36 ps, increasing with n) attributed to an indirect channel exhibiting a quasistatistical behavior. The photodetachment transients exhibit a change in the transition dipole direction as a function of time delay. Rotational dephasing occurs on a time scale of 2-3 ps, with a change in the sign of the transient anisotropy between A- O2 and the larger clusters. This behavior is a key indicator of an evolving cluster structure and is successfully modeled by calculations based on the structures and inertial motion of the parent clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hern Paik
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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Cheng PY, Baskin JS, Zewail AH. Dynamics of clusters: from elementary to biological structures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10570-6. [PMID: 16740669 PMCID: PMC1502273 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0507114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Between isolated atoms or molecules and bulk materials there lies a class of unique structures, known as clusters, that consist of a few to hundreds of atoms or molecules. Within this range of "nanophase," many physical and chemical properties of the materials evolve as a function of cluster size, and materials may exhibit novel properties due to quantum confinement effects. Understanding these phenomena is in its own rights fundamental, but clusters have the additional advantage of being controllable model systems for unraveling the complexity of condensed-phase and biological structures, not to mention their vanguard role in defining nanoscience and nanotechnology. Over the last two decades, much progress has been made, and this short overview highlights our own involvement in developing cluster dynamics, from the first experiments on elementary systems to model systems in the condensed phase, and on to biological structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J. Spencer Baskin
- Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Arthur Amos Noyes Laboratory of Chemical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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Wei Y, Wang BW, Hu SW, Chu TW, Tang LT, Liu XQ, Wang Y, Wang XY. Theoretical study of the iodination of methoxybenzene by iodine monochloride. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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18
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Asseily GA, Davies RP, Rzepa HS, White AJP. A solid-state structural and theoretical study on the 1 ∶ 1 addition compounds of thioethers with dihalogens and interhalogens I–X (X = I, Br, Cl). NEW J CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b411873a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Paik DH, Kim NJ, Zewail AH. Femtosecond dynamics of solvated oxygen anions. I. Bifurcated electron transfer dynamics probed by photoelectron spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1561433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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El Firdoussi A, Esseffar M, Bouab W, Lamsabhi A, Abboud JLM, Mó O, Yáñez M. Basicity of lactones and cyclic ketones towards I2and ICl. An experimental and theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b305387n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Paik DH, Bernhardt TM, Kim NJ, Zewail AH. Femtochemistry of mass-selected negative-ion clusters of dioxygen: Charge-transfer and solvation dynamics. J Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1384549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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23
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Ananthavel S, Manoharan M. A theoretical study on electron donor–acceptor complexes of Et2O, Et2S and Me3N with interhalogens, I–X (X=Cl and Br). Chem Phys 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0104(01)00363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Brede O, Ganapathi MR, Naumov S, Naumann W, Hermann R. Localized Electron Transfer in Nonpolar Solution: Reaction of Phenols and Thiophenols with Free Solvent Radical Cations. J Phys Chem A 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002701o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ortwin Brede
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstr 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mahalaxmi R. Ganapathi
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstr 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sergej Naumov
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstr 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Naumann
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstr 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hermann
- Interdisciplinary Group Time-Resolved Spectroscopy, University of Leipzig, Permoserstr. 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany, and Institute of Surface Modification, Permoserstr 15, D-04303 Leipzig, Germany
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Zewail A. Femtochemie: Studium der Dynamik der chemischen Bindung auf atomarer Skala mit Hilfe ultrakurzer Laserpulse (Nobel-Aufsatz). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3757(20000804)112:15<2688::aid-ange2688>3.0.co;2-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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