Inclusion Complexes of Dimethyl 2,6-Naphthalenedicarboxylate with α- and β-Cyclodextrins in Aqueous Medium: Thermodynamics and Molecular Mechanics Studies

Unveiling the synergy: a combined experimental and theoretical study of β-cyclodextrin with melatonin

Melatonin (MT) is a vital hormone controlling biorhythms, and optimizing its release in the human body is crucial. To address MT's unfavorable pharmacokinetics, we explored the inclusion complexes of MT with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). Nano spray drying was applied to efficiently synthesize these complexes in three molar ratios (MT : β-CD = 1 : 1, 2 : 1, and 1 : 2), reducing reagent use and expediting inclusion. The complex powders were characterized through thermal analyses (TGA and DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro MT release measurements via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In parallel, computational studies were conducted, examining the stability of MT : β-CD complexes by means of unbiased semi-empirical conformational searches refined by DFT, which produced a distribution of MT : β-CD binding enthalpies. Computational findings highlighted that these complexes are stabilized by specific hydrogen bonds and non-specific dispersive forces, with stronger binding in the 1 : 1 complex, which was corroborated by in vitro release data. Furthermore, the alignment between simulated and experimental FTIR spectra demonstrated the quality of both the structural model and computational methodology, which was crucial to enhance our comprehension of optimizing MT's release for therapeutic applications.

Towards Rational Chemosensor Design through Improved Understanding of Experimental Parameter Variation and Tolerance in Cyclodextrin-Promoted Fluorescence Detection

We have previously developed a highly efficient fluorescence-based toxicant-detection method that operates in complex environments to detect aromatic toxicants and toxicant metabolites with high sensitivity and selectivity. This method relies on the ability of γ-cyclodextrin to act as a supramolecular scaffold, and uses a variety of non-covalent interactions between the cyclodextrin, toxicant, and fluorophore to enable efficient detection. Reported herein is an investigation of the effect of various experimental parameters, including host concentration, temperature, pH, salt, and solvent, on the observed energy-transfer efficiencies. These results advance our understanding of γ-cyclodextrin-based association complexes and provide crucial information for the development of fluorescence-based sensors using such complexation and the resultant fluorescence-based detection.

Predicting self-assembly and structure in diluted aqueous solutions of modified mono- and bis-β-cyclodextrins that contain naphthoxy chromophore groups

Mono-cyclodextrins, whose appended groups contain a naphthoxy moiety, form tail-to-tail non-covalent dimers in water solution. Bis-CDs do not exhibit self-association.

Reduced migration from flexible poly(vinyl chloride) of a plasticizer containing beta-cyclodextrin derivative

The migration of endocrine-disrupting di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) poses a serious threat to public health and the environment. In this study, we successfully prepared a plasticizerwith reduced DEHP migration by directly incorporating 2,3,6-per-O-benzoyl-beta-cyclodextrin (Bz-beta-CD) into DEHP. Bz-beta-CD was prepared by esterification between the hydroxyl groups of beta-CD and benzoyl chloride. The presence of this cyclodextrin is expected to facilitate formation of stable complexes through pi-pi association with DEHP molecules. The flexible PVC was prepared with a gelation-fusion process that uses the prepared migration-resistant plasticizer, and its properties (flexibility, thermal stability, and clarity) were evaluated by carrying out DSC and tensile testing, TGA, and haze testing, respectively. No significant changes in the physical properties of the flexible PVC were observed when Bz-beta-CD was added. DEHP migration tests were carried out for the flexible PVC according to the ISO 3826:1993(E) test method, and the quantity of migrated DEHP was then determined with UV-vis spectroscopy. It was found that the addition of Bz-beta-CD decreases the levels of DEHP migration from the flexible PVC samples by almost 40%. We investigated the molecular interaction between Bz-beta-CD and DEHP using molecular mechanics simulations, and we conclude that this reduction in DEHP migration is due to the formation of stabilized pi-pi attractive association and inclusion complexes of Bz-beta-CD and DEHP in flexible PVC.

Cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical solubilizers

Cyclodextrins are useful functional excipients that have enjoyed widespread attention and use. The basis for this popularity from a pharmaceutical standpoint, is the ability of these materials to interact with poorly water-soluble drugs and drug candidates resulting in an increase in their apparent water solubility. The mechanism for this solubilization is rooted in the ability of cyclodextrin to form non-covalent dynamic inclusion complexes in solution. Other solubilizing attribute may include the ability to form non-inclusion based complexes, the formation of aggregates and related domains and the ability of cyclodextrins to form and stabilize supersaturated drug solutions. The increase in solubility also can increase dissolution rate and thus improve the oral bioavailability of BCS Class II and IV materials. A number of cyclodextrin-based products have reached the market based on their ability to camouflage undesirable physicochemical properties. This review is intended to give a general background to the use of cyclodextrin as solubilizers as well as highlight kinetic and thermodynamic tools and parameters useful in the study of drug solubilization by cyclodextrins.

Binding of dimethyl 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxylate with alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins in aqueous solution

Fluorescence has been used to investigate the complexes of 2,3-dimethyl naphthalenedicarboxylate with naturally occurring alpha-, beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins. Emission spectra upon excitation of the naphthoate group show two peaks whose ratio of intensities R is the sensitive to the medium polarity. The change of R with cyclodextrin concentration and temperature allows us to obtain the stoichiometry, the formation constants and the changes of enthalpy and entropy upon inclusion. Complexes show 1:1 stoichiometry. R extrapolated at [CD]-->infinity and the analysis of quenching and polarization measurements, as well as, molecular mechanics calculations in the presence of water, permit us to explain the geometry of the complexes, the possible location of the guest in conformity with thermodynamics parameters and the forces responsible for the complexation.

Study on the fluorescence behavior of p-sulfonated calix[4,6]arene in cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide solution and its analytical application

The fluorescence properties of p-sulfonated calix[4,6]arene (SCnA, n=4, 6) in cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution were investigated. It was found that the fluorescence intensity of SCnA could be enhanced markedly by an appropriate amount of CTAB. The results indicate the formation of complex between CTAB and SCnA at a 1:1 complex stoichiometry and their association constants were calculated by applying a deduced equation. Based on the obtained results, a new fluorimetric method has been developed for rapid determination of SCnA with a good linearity in the concentration range of 2x10(-7) to 7x10(-6)mol L-1.

Spectral investigations on 2,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,4- anthraquinone: solvent effects and host–guest interactions

Solvent effects on 2,3-bis(chloromethyl)-1,4-anthraquinone (DCMAQ) and the molecular recognition of DCMAQ in calix[8]arene were investigated using optical absorption and fluorescence emission techniques. Optical absorption spectra show n-->pi(*) band in 350-500 nm region. It also indicates that the dipole-dipole interaction and solvent reorganization energies are responsible for the observed features in different solvents. The observed quantum yield of DCMAQ in different solvents is due to the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bond and reorientation of solvent molecule in the excited state of DCMAQ. Excited state dipole moment of DCMAQ is calculated by solvatochromic data and it shows a higher excited state dipole moment than ground state dipole moment. Optical absorption and fluorescence studies of DCMAQ in calix[8]arene elucidate the evidence for the formation of complex between DCMAQ and calix[8]arene. The inclusion ratios and inclusion constant of the host-guest complexes are also determined.

Thermodynamics of inclusion complexes of natural and modified cyclodextrins with propranolol in aqueous solution at 298K

The association constant, standard Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy for formation of inclusion complexes of propranolol, a beta-blocker, with various natural and modified cyclodextrins have been determined by calorimetry at 298 K. Both natural and methyl-modified alpha-cyclodextrins do not form complexes, while beta- and gamma-cyclodextrins do. Complexing ability of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin depends on the average substitution degree. For gamma-cyclodextrin, hydrophobic interactions play the major role in binding the guest. The association of natural and modified beta-cyclodextrins is ruled by van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonding because of the tighter fit of the guest into the cavity. Decreasing pH determines increasingly negative values of the association enthalpies.

Study on the inclusion behavior of p-sulphonatocalix[4]arene with 9-amino-acridine by spectrofluorometric titrations

Spectrofluorometric titrations have been performed to investigate the inclusion behavior of p-sulphonatocalix[4]arene (SC4A) and 9-amino-acridine (AA) in citrate buffer solution (pH 5.92). It was found that the fluorescence intensity of AA quenched regularly upon the addition of SC4A. The proposed interaction mechanism between SC4A and AA indicates that AA partially goes into the cavity of SC4A with the help of strong electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding, which formed by the protonated N atom and the amino groups of AA bonding with sulphonyl groups of SC4A, respectively. The inclusion ratio was 1:1 and the inclusion constant was 1.84 x 10(5) L mol(-1) at 25.0 degrees C.

Inclusion complexes of a bichromophoric diester containing anthracene and naphthalene groups with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins: thermodynamics and molecular mechanics

Fluorescence and molecular mechanics have been used to study the inclusion complexes of the (9-anthryl)-COO-(CH2)2-OOC-(2-naphthyl) bichromophoric compound with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins. Emission spectra upon excitation of the naphthalene group denote the presence of non-radiative energy transfer from naphthalene to anthracene, which is influenced by the type of CD. Naphthalene emission also shows two peaks whose ratio of intensities R is sensitive to the medium polarity. The stoichiometry, the formation constants and the changes of enthalpy and entropy upon inclusion of complexes formed were obtained from the change of R with CD concentration and temperature. Both complexes, in agreement with Job's plots, show 1:1 stoichiometry. Quenching, fluorescence depolarization and the analysis of R when all the guests are complexed permit us to explain the possible location of CDs in the complexes formed. Molecular mechanics calculations were also employed to study the formation of 1:1 complexes with both alpha- and betaCDs. The study was mainly performed in the presence of water as a solvent. Results seem to explain the stoichiometries and geometry for both complexes.

Thermodynamics of complexation of dimethyl esters of tere-, iso-, and phthalic acids with alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins

Thermodynamics of inclusion of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins (CDs) with three diester precursors of polyesters, dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) were studied with different fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. The stoichiometry, association constants, and other thermodynamics parameters were investigated from the fluorescence intensity decrease that takes place upon CD addition and temperature changes. Apart from DMP, which did not form a complex with alphaCD, all other systems showed 1:1 stoichiometry complexes with different stabilities. The complexes formed with the DMT guest are the most stable, whereas the stability constant for DMP:betaCD is the lowest. Binding constants are also larger for complexes formed with betaCD than for those formed with alphaCD. Fluorescence polarization, quenching, and lifetime measurements provide information about the structure of the complexes formed. This geometry explains the values of enthalpy and entropy changes during complexation. Van der Waals interactions seem to be involved in the formation of these complexes.

Study on the molecular recognitions of calix[n]arenes to 2,3-diaminonaphthalene by using fluorometric technique

The molecular recognition properties of calixarenes to 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) were investigated. We found that the fluorescence emission of DAN has a blue shift after p-sulfonic sodium calix[4]arece (SSCA) was added to DAN. The proposed mechanism of the molecular recognition between SSCA and DAN indicates that DAN goes into the cavity of SSCA with the help of the hydrogen bonding between the amino group of DAN and sulphonyl group of SSCA. The inclusion ratios and inclusion constants of the host-guest complexes are determined by using the deduced equations.

Thermodynamic insight into the origin of the inclusion of monosulfonated isomers of triphenylphosphine into the beta-cyclodextrin cavity

Formation of inclusion complexes between the beta-cyclodextrin and the potassium salt of o-, m-, and p-substituted monosulfonated triphenylphosphine derivatives was investigated in aqueous solution by NMR spectroscopy. Titration and continuous variation plots obtained from 31P and 1H NMR data indicate the formation of a 1:1 inclusion complex for the three phosphine isomers. T-ROESY NMR experiments show that in all cases a non-sulfonated aromatic ring was included into the hydrophobic cavity of beta-cyclodextrin from the secondary hydroxyl groups side. The standard enthalpy and entropy of the inclusion process were estimated from the temperature dependence of the association constant. All inclusion complexes were enthalpy stabilized, but highly entropy destabilized.