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Bouchekhou Z, Hadj Ziane-Zafour A, Lupascu FG, Profire BȘ, Nicolescu A, Bostiog DI, Doroftei F, Dascalu IA, Varganici CD, Pinteala M, Profire L, Pinteala T, Bouzid B. Binary and Ternary Inclusion Complexes of Niflumic Acid: Synthesis, Characterization, and Dissolution Profile. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1190. [PMID: 39339226 PMCID: PMC11435181 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Although niflumic acid (NA) is one of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it suffers from poor solubility, low bioavailability, and significant adverse effects. To address these limitations, the complexation of NA with cyclodextrins (CDs) is a promising strategy. However, complexing CDs with low molecular weight drugs like NA can lead to low CE. This study explores the development of inclusion complexes of NA with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HP-β-CD), including the effect of converting NA to its sodium salt (NAs) and adding hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on complex formation. Inclusion complexes were prepared using co-evaporation solvent and freeze-drying methods, and their CE and Ks were determined through a phase solubility study. The complexes were characterized using physicochemical analyses, including FT-IR, DSC, SEM, XRD, DLS, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, and 1H-ROESY. The dissolution profiles of the complexes were also evaluated. The analyses confirmed complex formation for all systems, demonstrating drug-cyclodextrin interactions, amorphous drug states, morphological changes, and improved solubility and dissolution profiles. The NAs-2HP-β-CD-HPMC complex exhibited the highest CE and Ks values, a 1:1 host-guest molar ratio, and the best dissolution profile. The results indicate that the NAs-2HP-β-CD-HPMC complex has potential for delivering NA, which might enhance its therapeutic effectiveness and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohra Bouchekhou
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Amel Hadj Ziane-Zafour
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Florentina Geanina Lupascu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 Universitaty Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Bianca-Ștefania Profire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Alina Nicolescu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Denisse-Iulia Bostiog
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florica Doroftei
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ioan-Andrei Dascalu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian-Dragoș Varganici
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica-Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lenuta Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iași, 16 Universitaty Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Tudor Pinteala
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Bachir Bouzid
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Process Engineering Department, Faculty of Technology, University of Blida 1, Road of Soumaa, BP 270, Blida 09000, Algeria
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2
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Aree T. Variation of Cyclodextrin (CD) Complexation with Biogenic Amine Tyramine: Pseudopolymorphs of β-CD Inclusion vs. α-CD Exclusion, Deep Atomistic Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7983. [PMID: 39063225 PMCID: PMC11277041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tyramine (TRM) is a biogenic catecholamine neurotransmitter, which can trigger migraines and hypertension. TRM accumulated in foods is reduced and detected using additive cyclodextrins (CDs) while their association characteristics remain unclear. Here, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and density functional theory (DFT) calculation have been performed, demonstrating the elusive pseudopolymorphs in β-CD inclusion complexes with TRM base/HCl, β-CD·0.5TRM·7.6H2O (1) and β-CD·TRM HCl·4H2O (2) and the rare α-CD·0.5(TRM HCl)·10H2O (3) exclusion complex. Both 1 and 2 share the common inclusion mode with similar TRM structures in the round and elliptical β-CD cavities, belong to the monoclinic space group P21, and have similar herringbone packing structures. Furthermore, 3 differs from 2, as the smaller twofold symmetry-related, round α-CD prefers an exclusion complex with the twofold disordered TRM-H+ sites. In the orthorhombic P21212 lattice, α-CDs are packed in a channel-type structure, where the column-like cavity is occupied by disordered water sites. DFT results indicate that β-CD remains elliptical to suitably accommodate TRM, yielding an energetically favorable inclusion complex, which is significantly contributed by the β-CD deformation, and the inclusion complex of α-CD with the TRM aminoethyl side chain is also energetically favorable compared to the exclusion mode. This study suggests the CD implications for food safety and drug/bioactive formulation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thammarat Aree
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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3
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Jansook P, Loftsson T, Stefánsson E. Drug-like properties of tyrosine kinase inhibitors in ophthalmology: Formulation and topical availability. Int J Pharm 2024; 655:124018. [PMID: 38508428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) can inhibit edema and neovascularization, such as in age-related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy. However, their topical administration in ophthalmology is limited by their toxicity and poor aqueous solubility. There are multiple types of TKIs, and each TKI has an affinity to more than one type of receptor. Studies have shown that ocular toxicity can be addressed by selecting TKIs that have a high affinity for specific vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFRs) but a low affinity for epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs). Drugs permeate from the aqueous tear fluid into the eye via passive diffusion. Thus, a sustained high concentration of the dissolved drug in the aqueous tear fluid is essential for a successful delivery to posterior tissues such as the retina. Unfortunately, the aqueous solubility of the TKIs that have the most favorable VEGFR/EGFR affinity ratio, that is, axitinib and cabozantinib, is well below 1 µg/mL, making their topical delivery very challenging. This is a review of the drug-like properties of TKIs that are currently being evaluated or have been evaluated as ophthalmic drugs. These properties include their solubilization, cyclodextrin complexation, and ability to permeate from the aqueous tear fluid to the posterior eye segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Payathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Cyclodextrin Application and Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland
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Abdellatif AAH, Ahmed F, Mohammed AM, Alsharidah M, Al-Subaiyel A, Samman WA, Alhaddad AA, Al-Mijalli SH, Amin MA, Barakat H, Osman SK. Recent Advances in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3247-3281. [PMID: 37337575 PMCID: PMC10277008 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The real problem in pharmaceutical preparation is drugs' poor aqueous solubility, low permeability through biological membranes, and short biological t1/2. Conventional drug delivery systems are not able to overcome these problems. However, cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives can solve these challenges. This article aims to summarize and review the history, properties, and different applications of cyclodextrins, especially the ability of inclusion complex formation. It also refers to the effects of cyclodextrin on drug solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Moreover, it focuses on preparing and applying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as novel drug delivery systems. It also studies the uses and effects of cyclodextrins in this field as novel drug carriers and targeting devices. The system formulated from AuNPs linked with CD molecules combines the advantages of both CD and AuNPs. Cyclodextrins benefit in increasing aqueous drug solubility, loading capacity, stability, and size control of gold NPs. Also, AuNPs are applied as diagnostic and therapeutic agents because of their unique chemical properties. Plus, AuNPs possess several advantages such as ease of detection, targeted and selective drug delivery, greater surface area, high loading efficiency, and higher stability than microparticles. In the present article, we tried to present the potential pharmaceutical applications of CD-derived AuNPs in biomedical applications including antibacterial, anticancer, gene-drug delivery, and various targeted drug delivery applications. Also, the article highlighted the role of CDs in the preparation and improvement of catalytic enzymes, the formation of self-assembling molecular print boards, the fabrication of supramolecular functionalized electrodes, and biosensors formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alsharidah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al-Subaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad A Samman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha A Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hassan Barakat
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Shaaban K Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Avdeef A, Sugano K. Salt Solubility and Disproportionation - Uses and Limitations of Equations for pH max and the In-silico Prediction of pH max. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:225-246. [PMID: 34863819 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A multiphasic mass action equilibrium model was used to study the phase properties near the critical pH ('pHmax') in an acid-base transformation of a solid drug salt into its corresponding solid free base form in pure water slurries. The goal of this study was to better define the characteristics of disproportionation of pharmaceutical salts, objectively (i) to classify salts as μ-type (microclimate stable) or δ-type (disproportionation prone) based on the relationship between the calculated pHmax and the calculated pH of the saturated salt solution, (ii) to compare the distribution of μ/δ-type salts to predictions from the disproportionation potential equation introduced by Merritt et al.,20 (iii) to determine if the intrinsic solubility of the free base, S0, can be predicted from the measured μ-type salt solubility as a means of estimating the value of pHmax, (iv) to determine S0 directly from the measured δ-type salt solubility, and (v) to address some of the limitations of the equations commonly used to calculate pHmax. When the salt solubility is measured for a basic API (pKa of which is known), but the experimental value of S0 is unavailable, a potentially useful simple screen for disproportionation is still possible, since pHmax can be estimated from a 'μ-predicted' (objective iii) or 'δ-measured' S0 (objective iv). Twelve model weak base API were selected in the study. For each API, 2-17 different salt forms with reported salt solubilities in distilled water were sourced from the literature. In all, 73 salt solubility values based on 29 different salt-forming acids comprise the studied set. All the corresponding free base solubility values were available. The pKa values for all the acids and bases studied are generally well known. For each API salt, an acid-base titration simulation was performed, anchored to the measured salt solubility value, using the general mass action analysis program pDISOL-X. The log S-pH profiles were drawn out by analytic continuity from pH 0 to 13, as described in detail previously.24 Potentially useful in-silico models were developed that correlate pS0 to linear functions of the salt solubility in water, pSw, the partition coefficient of the salt-forming acid (log POCTacid) and the melting point (mp) of the drug salt, thereby enabling the derivation of the approximate pHmax value from the predicted pS0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue, #102, New York, NY, 10128, USA.
| | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
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Sheng TM, Kumar PV. A New Approach for β-Cyclodextrin Conjugated Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:266-300. [PMID: 34620064 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211006103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural cyclodextrins (CDs) are macrocyclic starch molecules discovered a decade ago, in which α-, β-, and γ-CD were commonly used. They originally acted as pharmaceutical excipients to enhance the aqueous solubility and alter the physicochemical properties of drugs that fall under class II and IV categories according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BPS). The industrial significance of CDs became apparent during the 1970s as scientists started to discover more of CD's potential in chemical modifications and the formation of inclusion complexes. CDs can help in masking and prolonging the half-life of drugs used in cancer. Multiple optimization techniques were discovered to prepare the derivatives of CDs and increase their complexation and drug delivery efficiency. In recent years, due to the advancement of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sectors, there has been growing interest in CDs. This review mainly focuses on the formulation of cyclodextrin conjugated nanocarriers using graphenes, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, hydrogels, dendrimers, and polymers to achieve drug-release characteristics specific to cells. These approaches benefit the discovery of novel anti-cancer treatments, solubilization of new drug compounds, and cell specific drug delivery properties. Due to these unique properties of CDs, they are essential in achieving and enhancing tumor-specific cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Meng Sheng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
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Cao KJ, Lyons EF, Smith BE, Denlinger BL, Ma H, Shirian JD, Kramer RH. Cyclodextrin‐Assisted Delivery of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Uniform and Long‐Term Restoration of Light Responses in Degenerated Retinas of Blind Mice. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.202100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J. Cao
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3370 USA
| | - Elijah F. Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
| | - Benjamin E. Smith
- Vision Sciences Graduate Program University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐2020 USA
| | - Bristol L. Denlinger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3370 USA
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
| | - Jonathan D. Shirian
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
| | - Richard H. Kramer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3200 USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐3370 USA
- Vision Sciences Graduate Program University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720‐2020 USA
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8
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Wu HH, Garidel P, Michaela B. HP-β-CD for the formulation of IgG and Ig-based biotherapeutics. Int J Pharm 2021; 601:120531. [PMID: 33775727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main challenge to develop HCF for IgG and Ig-based therapeutics is to achieve essential solubility, viscosity and stability of these molecules in order to maintain product quality and meet regulatory requirement during manufacturing, production, storage, shipment and administration processes. The commonly used and FDA approved excipients for IgG and Ig -based therapeutics may no longer fulfil the challenge of HCF development for these molecules to certain extent, especially for some complex Ig-based platforms. 2-Hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) is one of the promising excipients applied recently for HCF development of IgG and Ig-based therapeutics although it has been used for formulation of small synthesized chemical drugs for more than thirty years. This review describes essential aspects about application of HP-β-CD as excipient in pharmaceutical formulation, including physico-chemical properties of HP-β-CD, supply chain, regulatory, patent landscape, marketed drugs with HP-β-CD, analytics and analytical challenges, stability and control strategies, and safety concerns. It also provides an overview of different studies, and outcomes thereof, regarding formulation development for IgGs and Ig-based molecules in liquid and solid (lyophilized) dosage forms with HP-β-CD. The review specifically highlights the challenges for formulation manufacturing of IgG and Ig-based therapeutics with HP-β-CD and identifies areas for future work in pharmaceutical and formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Haixia Wu
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Blech Michaela
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Innovation Unit, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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9
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Recent developments in pharmaceutical salts: FDA approvals from 2015 to 2019. Drug Discov Today 2020; 26:384-398. [PMID: 33221522 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Around half of the new molecular entities approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are pharmaceutical salts. The pharmaceutical salts have been on a continuous growth trajectory since the approval of the first salt form in 1939. This review aims to provide updates on pharmaceutical salts approved by the FDA between 2015 and 2019. The five-year drug-approval database contains 61 pharmaceutical salts, featuring a diverse range of counterions; however, hydrochlorides are the most abundant. The chemical structures of all pharmaceutical salts in each class are presented here, along with their therapeutic indications and date of approval. The reason behind the selection of a particular counterion and the technical superiority achieved by the salt form over the free active pharmaceutical ingredient base are also discussed.
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Loftsson T. Cyclodextrins in Parenteral Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:654-664. [PMID: 33069709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Most drugs have very limited solubility in water and some can be extremely difficult to formulate as parenteral solutions where the dose should preferably be dissolved in couple of ml of aqueous media without use of organic solvents and surface active agents, or application of somewhat extreme techniques such as prodrug formation. Thus, pharmaceutical formulators are constantly looking for new, biologically acceptable, and low-cost armamentarium for parenteral formulation development. Cyclodextrins (CDs) are enabling pharmaceutical excipients that can temporarily camouflage undesirable physiochemical drug properties such as low aqueous solubility through formation of drug/CD inclusion complexes. CDs are cyclic oligosaccharides that have similar physiological and biological properties like linear saccharides of comparable molecular weight. Due to their very favorable toxicological and pharmacokinetic profiles their usage in parenteral drug formulations is frequently preferred over other solubilizing techniques. Here the physiochemical and biological properties of CDs are reviewed as well as their pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration. Their regulatory status is briefly reviewed and their tendency to self-assemble to form clusters or aggregates discussed. Finally, some examples are given of how CDs are applied in aqueous parenteral formulations, how their solubilizing effect has been enhanced and how their target concentration is determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Abruzzo A, Cerchiara T, Luppi B, Bigucci F. Transdermal Delivery of Antipsychotics: Rationale and Current Status. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:849-865. [PMID: 31493244 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00659-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this article is to provide the rationale for the development of transdermal formulations of antipsychotics by highlighting their main advantages, starting with an overview of the antipsychotic formulations that are currently available on the market. Progress regarding transdermal antipsychotic formulations was investigated by performing a search of papers, patents and clinical trials published in the last 10 years. Available data on antipsychotic transdermal formulations are reported and discussed, focusing on the characteristics of the dosage forms and their ability to promote drug absorption. Despite the current availability of a large number of antipsychotics, only a few of these drugs (e.g. aripiprazole, asenapine, blonanserin, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, olanzapine, prochlorperazine, quetiapine, and risperidone) have been developed as transdermal delivery systems. Several papers and patents show that transdermal formulations, such as creams, films, gels, nanosystems, patches, solutions, and sprays, have been evaluated with the aim of expanding the clinical utility of antipsychotic drugs. In particular, the employment of different strategies, such as the use of nanoparticles/vesicles, or permeation enhancers as well as microneedles with iontophoresis, may improve the absorption of antipsychotic drugs through the skin. However, few clinical trials on transdermal delivery of antipsychotic drugs are available and only delivery systems containing asenapine and blonanserin have shown interesting clinical results in terms of pharmacokinetic data, efficacy, and tolerability. Recently, the transdermal patch formulation of blonanserin was approved in Japan for the treatment of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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12
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Atia NN, Tawfeek HM, Rageh AH, El-Zahry MR, Abdelfattah A, Younis MA. Novel sublingual tablets of Atorvastatin calcium/Trimetazidine hydrochloride combination; HPTLC quantification, in vitro formulation and characterization. Saudi Pharm J 2019; 27:540-549. [PMID: 31061623 PMCID: PMC6488851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic heart disorders and accumulation of lipids in blood vessels could contribute to angina pectoris. Therefore, the aim of this study was to formulate sublingual tablets containing a novel combination of Atorvastatin calcium (ATOR) and Trimetazidine HCl (TMZ) for efficient treatment of coronary heart disorders. Methods The dissolution rate of water-insoluble ATOR was enhanced via complexation with sulfobutyl ether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) and addition of soluplus as a polymeric solubilizer excipient. The solubilized ATOR and TMZ were compressed into a sublingual tablets by direct compression technique and evaluated for their tableting characteristics. In addition, a new validated method based on High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was developed for simultaneous determination of both drugs in pure forms and sublingual tablets. Results The developed HPTLC method showed LODs of 0.056 and 0.013 μg/band and LOQs of 0.17, 0.040 μg/band for TMZ and ATOR, respectively and proved to be linear, accurate, precise and robust. The optimum formulation containing mixture of superdisintegrants; Ac-Di-Sol and crospovidone (4.8% w/w, each) showed the shortest disintegration time (65 s) and enhanced release profiles of both drugs. Conclusions The prepared sublingual tablets combining ATOR and TMZ will be a promising dosage form for coronary heart disease patients with an instant action and improved patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha N Atia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Hesham M Tawfeek
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Azza H Rageh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Marwa R El-Zahry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Younis
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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Qian Y, Chen G, Wang J, Ren L. Preparation and Evaluation of Probucol-Phospholipid Complex with Enhanced Bioavailability and No Food Effect. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:3599-3608. [PMID: 30238303 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1157-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To enhance the oral bioavailability and eliminate the food effect of probucol. Probucol-phospholipid complex was prepared using solvent-evaporation method in this research. Several methods were used to validate the formation of complexes, such as FT-IR, SEM, DSC and PXRD, and the solubility of PRO and PRO-PLC was detected by HPLC. Pharmacokinetic testing was conducted in the fasted and fed state. FTIR, SEM, DSC and PXRD validated the existence of PRO-PLC. The solubility of PRO in complexes was 15.05 μg/mL, which was 215-fold of the PRO-API. The dissolution rate was increased by preparing PRO-PLC. Compared with commercial tablets, the PRO-PLC complexes exhibited higher peak plasma concentration (1.69 ± 0.44 μg/mL), increased AUC0-24 h (6.8 ± 1.3 μg/mL h), which mean the bioavailability of PRO was increased. In addition, the absorption of PRO was not interfered with food. In conclusion, an improved solubility and bioavailability was achieved with the preparation of PRO-PLC. Additionally, the dissolution behaviour was good and the food effect was eliminated.
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Effect of natural and modified cyclodextrins on the excited state proton transfer of 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2018.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Saokham P, Muankaew C, Jansook P, Loftsson T. Solubility of Cyclodextrins and Drug/Cyclodextrin Complexes. Molecules 2018; 23:E1161. [PMID: 29751694 PMCID: PMC6099580 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs), a group of oligosaccharides formed by glucose units bound together in a ring, show a promising ability to form complexes with drug molecules and improve their physicochemical properties without molecular modifications. The stoichiometry of drug/CD complexes is most frequently 1:1. However, natural CDs have a tendency to self-assemble and form aggregates in aqueous media. CD aggregation can limit their solubility. Through derivative formation, it is possible to enhance their solubility and complexation capacity, but this depends on the type of substituent and degree of substitution. Formation of water-soluble drug/CD complexes can increase drug permeation through biological membranes. To maximize drug permeation the amount of added CD into pharmaceutical preparation has to be optimized. However, solubility of CDs, especially that of natural CDs, is affected by the complex formation. The presence of pharmaceutical excipients, such as water-soluble polymers, preservatives, and surfactants, can influence the solubilizing abilities of CDs, but this depends on the excipients' physicochemical properties. The competitive CD complexation of drugs and excipients has to be considered during formulation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phennapha Saokham
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand.
| | - Chutimon Muankaew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University, 38 Petchkasem Road, Phasi Charoen District, Bangkok 10160, Thailand.
| | - Phatsawee Jansook
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Muankaew C, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrin-Based Formulations: A Non-Invasive Platform for Targeted Drug Delivery. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 122:46-55. [PMID: 29024354 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are recognized as promising pharmaceutical excipients due to their unique ability to form water-soluble inclusion complexes with various poorly soluble compounds. The numerous investigations on CDs and their use in nanomedicine have received considerable attention in the last three decades, leading to the rapid development of new CD-containing formulations that significantly facilitate targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release, with consequent improvements in drug bioavailability. This MiniReview highlights the efficacy and recent uses of CDs for non-invasive drug delivery. Using ophthalmic and nasal drug delivery as examples, an overview of chemical properties, mechanisms of CDs on drug solubilization, stabilization and permeation, along with their toxicological profiles relevant to nasal and ocular administration, are provided and discussed. The recent development and application of CD-based nanocarrier systems for targeted drug delivery are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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17
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Jansook P, Ogawa N, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrins: structure, physicochemical properties and pharmaceutical applications. Int J Pharm 2017; 535:272-284. [PMID: 29138045 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery over 100 years ago cyclodextrins (CDs) have been the subject of numerous scientific publications. In 2016 alone CDs were the subject of over 2200 research articles published in peer-reviewed journals and mentioned in over 2300 patents and patent applications, many of which were on pharmaceutical applications. Natural CDs and their derivatives are used as enabling pharmaceutical excipients that enhance aqueous solubility of poorly soluble drugs, increase drug permeability through biological membranes and improve drug bioavailability. Unlike conventional penetration enhancers, their hydrophilic structure and high molecular weight prevents them from penetrate into lipophilic membranes leaving biological membranes intact. The natural CDs and some of their derivatives have monographs in pharmacopeias and are also commonly used as food additives and in toiletry products. CDs form inclusion complexes with lipophilic moieties of hydrophobic drugs. Furthermore, CDs are able to form non-inclusion complexes and self-assembled aggregates; small and large complex aggregates with micellar-like structures that can enhance drug solubility. Excipients commonly used in pharmaceutical formulations may have additive or inhibiting effect on the CD solubilization. Here various methods used to investigate CD aggregate formation are reviewed as well as techniques that are used to increase the solubilizing effects of CDs; methods that enhance the apparent intrinsic solubility of drugs and/or the complexation efficacy and decrease the amount of CD needed to develop CD-containing pharmaceutical formulations. It will be explained how too much or too little CD can hamper drug bioavailability, and the role of CDs in solid dosage forms and parenteral formulations, and examples given on how CDs can enhance drug delivery after ocular, nasal and pulmonary administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phatsawee Jansook
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phyathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Noriko Ogawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8650, Japan
| | - Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Silica encapsulated lipid-based drug delivery systems for reducing the fed/fasted variations of ziprasidone in vitro. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 101:33-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Gad SC, Spainhour CB, Shoemake C, Pallman DRS, Stricker-Krongrad A, Downing PA, Seals RE, Eagle LA, Polhamus K, Daly J. Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility. Int J Toxicol 2016; 35:95-178. [PMID: 26755718 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815622442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Formulation of nonclinical evaluations is a challenge, with the fundamental need to achieve multiples of the clinical exposure complicated by differences in species and routes of administration-specific tolerances, depending on concentrations, volumes, dosing regimen, duration of each administration, and study duration. Current practice to approach these differences is based on individual experience and scattered literature with no comprehensive data source (the most notable exception being our 2006 publication on this same subject). Lack of formulation tolerance data results in excessive animal use, unplanned delays in the evaluation and development of drugs, and vehicle-dependent results. A consulting firm, a chemical company, and 4 contract research organizations conducted a rigorous data mining operation of vehicle data from studies dating from 1991 to 2015, enhancing the data from this author's 2006 publication (3 of the six 2015 contributors were also 2006 contributors). Additional data were found in the published literature. The results identified 108 single-component vehicles (and 305 combination formulations) used in more than 1,040 studies across multiple species (dog, primate, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, minipig, pig, chick embryo, and cat) by multiple routes for a wide range of study durations. The tabulated data include maximum tolerated use levels by species, route, duration of study, dose-limiting toxicity where reported, review of the available literature on each vehicle, guidance on syringe selection, volume and pH limits by route with basic guidance on nonclinical formulation development, and guidance on factors to be considered in nonclinical route selection.
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Miao Y, Chen G, Ren L, Ouyang P. Preparation and evaluation of ziprasidone–phospholipid complex from sustained-release pellet formulation with enhanced bioavailability and no food effect. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:185-94. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The purpose of this work was to develop ziprasidone–phospholipid complex (ZIP-PLC) in sustained-release pellets to enhance the oral bioavailability and overcome the food effect of ziprasidone.
Methods
Ziprasidone–phospholipid complex was formulated by solvent-evaporation method. The complexes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and solubility testing. The optimized ZIP-PLC was used to prepare ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellets via extrusion–spheronization method. The pellets were characterized by in vitro drug-release studies and administered to fasted and fed beagle dogs, and their pharmacokinetics were compared with commercial formulation Zeldox capsule as a control.
Key findings
The results of FTIR, SEM, DSC and PXRD studies confirmed the formation of phospholipid complex. Solubility studies showed there was a higher solubility in water for ZIP-PLC than monohydrate ziprasidoe. The in vitro release rate of ziprasidone from the ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellet exhibited controlled-release characteristics with over 95% total release in 12 h. Pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs showed ziprasidone with prolong actions, and no food effect was achieved simultaneously in ZIP-PLC sustained-release pellet compared with Zeldox capsule.
Conclusions
The results indicated a sustained release with prolonged actions of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Miao
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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Gidwani B, Vyas A. A Comprehensive Review on Cyclodextrin-Based Carriers for Delivery of Chemotherapeutic Cytotoxic Anticancer Drugs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:198268. [PMID: 26582104 PMCID: PMC4637021 DOI: 10.1155/2015/198268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Most of the cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents have poor aqueous solubility. These molecules are associated with poor physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties, which makes the formulation difficult. An important approach in this regard is the use of combination of cyclodextrin and nanotechnology in delivery system. This paper provides an overview of limitations associated with anticancer drugs, their complexation with cyclodextrins, loading/encapsulating the complexed drugs into carriers, and various approaches used for the delivery. The present review article aims to assess the utility of cyclodextrin-based carriers like liposomes, niosomes, nanoparticles, micelles, millirods, and siRNA for delivery of antineoplastic agents. These systems based on cyclodextrin complexation and nanotechnology will camouflage the undesirable properties of drug and lead to synergistic or additive effect. Cyclodextrin-based nanotechnology seems to provide better therapeutic effect and sustain long life of healthy and recovered cells. Still, considerable study on delivery system and administration routes of cyclodextrin-based carriers is necessary with respect to their pharmacokinetics and toxicology to substantiate their safety and efficiency. In future, it would be possible to resolve the conventional and current issues associated with the development and commercialization of antineoplastic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Gidwani
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
| | - Amber Vyas
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
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22
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23
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Thombre AG, Shamblin SL, Malhotra BK, Connor AL, Wilding IR, Caldwell WB. Pharmacoscintigraphy studies to assess the feasibility of a controlled release formulation of ziprasidone. J Control Release 2015; 213:10-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Russell C, Begum S, Hussain Y, Hussain M, Huen D, Rahman AS, Perrie Y, Mohammed AR. Paediatric drug development of ramipril: reformulation,in vitroandin vivoevaluation. J Drug Target 2015; 23:854-63. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1036275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Supersolubilization by Using Nonsalt-Forming Acid-Base Interaction. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1598-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Ueda K, Higashi K, Yamamoto K, Moribe K. Inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3801-11. [PMID: 24025080 DOI: 10.1021/mp400278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We examined the inhibitory effect of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) on drug recrystallization from a supersaturated solution using carbamazepine (CBZ) and phenytoin (PHT) as model drugs. HPMC-AS HF grade (HF) inhibited the recrystallization of CBZ more strongly than that by HPMC-AS LF grade (LF). 1D-1H NMR measurements showed that the molecular mobility of CBZ was clearly suppressed in the HF solution compared to that in the LF solution. Interaction between CBZ and HF in a supersaturated solution was directly detected using nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY). The cross-peak intensity obtained using NOESY of HF protons with CBZ aromatic protons was greater than that with the amide proton, which indicated that CBZ had hydrophobic interactions with HF in a supersaturated solution. In contrast, no interaction was observed between CBZ and LF in the LF solution. Saturation transfer difference NMR measurement was used to determine the interaction sites between CBZ and HF. Strong interaction with CBZ was observed with the acetyl substituent of HPMC-AS although the interaction with the succinoyl substituent was quite small. The acetyl groups played an important role in the hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. In addition, HF appeared to be more hydrophobic than LF because of the smaller ratio of the succinoyl substituent. This might be responsible for the strong hydrophobic interaction between HF and CBZ. The intermolecular interactions between CBZ and HPMC-AS shown by using NMR spectroscopy clearly explained the strength of inhibition of HPMC-AS on drug recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University , 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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27
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Gamsiz ED, Thombre AG, Ahmed I, Carrier RL. Model predicting impact of complexation with cyclodextrins on oral absorption. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 110:2536-47. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ece D. Gamsiz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University342 Snell Engineering CenterBostonMassachusetts02115
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode Island
| | | | - Imran Ahmed
- Pfizer, Inc.Global Research and DevelopmentGrotonConnecticut
| | - Rebecca L. Carrier
- Department of Chemical EngineeringNortheastern University342 Snell Engineering CenterBostonMassachusetts02115
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28
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Williams HD, Trevaskis NL, Charman SA, Shanker RM, Charman WN, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Strategies to address low drug solubility in discovery and development. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:315-499. [PMID: 23383426 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1003] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs with low water solubility are predisposed to low and variable oral bioavailability and, therefore, to variability in clinical response. Despite significant efforts to "design in" acceptable developability properties (including aqueous solubility) during lead optimization, approximately 40% of currently marketed compounds and most current drug development candidates remain poorly water-soluble. The fact that so many drug candidates of this type are advanced into development and clinical assessment is testament to an increasingly sophisticated understanding of the approaches that can be taken to promote apparent solubility in the gastrointestinal tract and to support drug exposure after oral administration. Here we provide a detailed commentary on the major challenges to the progression of a poorly water-soluble lead or development candidate and review the approaches and strategies that can be taken to facilitate compound progression. In particular, we address the fundamental principles that underpin the use of strategies, including pH adjustment and salt-form selection, polymorphs, cocrystals, cosolvents, surfactants, cyclodextrins, particle size reduction, amorphous solid dispersions, and lipid-based formulations. In each case, the theoretical basis for utility is described along with a detailed review of recent advances in the field. The article provides an integrated and contemporary discussion of current approaches to solubility and dissolution enhancement but has been deliberately structured as a series of stand-alone sections to allow also directed access to a specific technology (e.g., solid dispersions, lipid-based formulations, or salt forms) where required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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29
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Singh S, Parikh T, Sandhu HK, Shah NH, Malick AW, Singhal D, Serajuddin ATM. Supersolubilization and Amorphization of a Model Basic Drug, Haloperidol, by Interaction with Weak Acids. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1561-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-0994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Kurkov SV, Loftsson T. Cyclodextrins. Int J Pharm 2012; 453:167-80. [PMID: 22771733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although cyclodextrins (CDs) have been studied for over 100 years and can be found in at least 35 pharmaceutical products, they are still regarded as novel pharmaceutical excipients. CDs are oligosaccharides that possess biological properties that are similar to their linear counterparts, but some of their physicochemical properties differ. CDs are able to form water-soluble inclusion complexes with many poorly soluble lipophilic drugs. Thus, CDs are used to enhance the aqueous solubility of drugs and to improve drug bioavailability after, for example, oral administration. Through CD complexation, poorly soluble drugs can be formulated as aqueous parenteral solutions, nasal sprays and eye drop solutions. These oligosaccharides are being recognized as non-toxic and pharmacologically inactive excipients for both drug and food products. Recently, it has been observed that CDs and CD complexes in particular self-assemble to form nanoparticles and that, under certain conditions, these nanoparticles can self-assemble to form microparticles. These properties have changed the way we perform CD research and have given rise to new CD formulation opportunities. Here, the pharmaceutical applications of CDs are reviewed with an emphasis on their solubilizing properties, their tendency to self-assemble to form aggregates, CD ternary complexes, and their metabolism and pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Kurkov
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Hofsvallagata 53, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland
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31
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Wang M, Wen H, Yu S, Yan Z. Determination of Low-ppm Levels of 1,4-Butane Sultone in Sulfobutyl Ether β-Cyclodextrin Using Liquid–Liquid Extraction and GC–MS. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Loftsson T, Brewster ME. Cyclodextrins as functional excipients: methods to enhance complexation efficiency. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3019-32. [PMID: 22334484 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins have gained currency as useful solubilizing excipients with an ever increasing list of beneficial properties and functionalities. Although their use in liquid dosage forms including oral and parenteral solutions is straightforward, their application to solids can be confounded by the added bulk that is contributed to the formulation. This factor has limited the use of cyclodextrin in tablets and relates systems mainly to potent drug substances. Increasing the ability of cyclodextrins to complex with drug through a manipulation of their complexation efficiency (CE) may expand the use of these materials to the increasing list of drug candidates and marketed drugs who may benefit from this technology. This brief review assesses tools and materials that have been suggested for increasing the CE for pharmaceutically useful cyclodextrins and drugs. The relative importance of impacting the drug solubility (S(0) ) and phase-solubility isotherm slope is discussed in the context of drug ionization and salt use; the impact of polymers, charge interactions, and charge shielding; and the coincidental formation of other complex types in the media. The influence of drug form as well as supersaturation is also discussed in the context of the responsible mechanisms along with aggregation, inclusion, and noninclusion complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
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Thombre AG, Shah JC, Sagawa K, Caldwell WB. In vitro and in vivo characterization of amorphous, nanocrystalline, and crystalline ziprasidone formulations. Int J Pharm 2012; 428:8-17. [PMID: 22349051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ziprasidone, commercially available as Geodon capsules, is an atypical antipsychotic used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It is a BCS Class II drug that shows up to a 2-fold increase in absorption in the presence of food. Because compliance is a major issue in this patient population, we developed and characterized solubilized formulations of ziprasidone in an effort to improve absorption in the fasted state, thereby resulting in a reduced food effect. Three formulations utilizing solubilization technologies were studied: (1) an amorphous inclusion complex of ziprasidone mesylate and a cyclodextrin, (2) a nanosuspension of crystalline ziprasidone free base, and (3) jet-milled ziprasidone HCl coated crystals made by spray drying (CCSD) the drug with hypromellose acetate succinate. The formulations were characterized by in vitro methods appropriate to each particular solubilization technology. These studies confirmed that ziprasidone mesylate - cyclodextrin was an amorphous inclusion complex with enhanced dissolution rates. The ziprasidone free base crystalline nanosuspension showed a mean particle size of 274 nm and a monomodal particle size distribution. In a membrane permeation test, the CCSD showed a 1.5-fold higher initial flux compared to crystalline ziprasidone HCl. The three formulations were administered to fasted beagle dogs and their pharmacokinetics compared to Geodon capsules administered in the fed state. The amorphous complex and the nanosuspension showed increased absorption in the fasted state, indicating that solubilized formulations of ziprasidone have the potential to reduce the food effect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash G Thombre
- Pharmaceutical R&D, Worldwide Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Hong J, Shah JC, Mcgonagle MD. Effect of Cyclodextrin Derivation and Amorphous State of Complex on Accelerated Degradation of Ziprasidone. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:2703-16. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Merzlikine A, Abramov YA, Kowsz SJ, Thomas VH, Mano T. Development of machine learning models of β-cyclodextrin and sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin complexation free energies. Int J Pharm 2011; 418:207-16. [PMID: 21497190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new set of 142 experimentally determined complexation constants between sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin and diverse organic guest molecules, and 78 observations reported in literature, were used for the development of the QSPR models by the two machine learning regression methods - Cubist and Random Forest. Similar models were built for β-cyclodextrin using the 233-compound dataset available in the literature. These results demonstrate that the machine learning regression methods can successfully describe the complex formation between organic molecules and β-cyclodextrin or sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin. In particular, the root mean square errors for the test sets predictions by the best models are low, 1.9 and 2.7kJ/mol, respectively. The developed QSPR models can be used to predict the solubilizing effect of cyclodextrins and to help prioritizing experimental work in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Merzlikine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA.
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36
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Drug Salts and Solubilization: Modeling the Influence of Cyclodextrins on Oral Absorption. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 39:455-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Loftsson T, Brewster ME. Pharmaceutical applications of cyclodextrins: basic science and product development. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 62:1607-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01030.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Drug pipelines are becoming increasingly difficult to formulate. This is punctuated by both retrospective and prospective analyses that show that while 40% of currently marketed drugs are poorly soluble based on the definition of the biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS), about 90% of drugs in development can be characterized as poorly soluble. Although a number of techniques have been suggested for increasing oral bioavailability and for enabling parenteral formulations, cyclodextrins have emerged as a productive approach. This short review is intended to provide both some basic science information as well as data on the ability to develop drugs in cyclodextrin-containing formulations.
Key findings
There are currently a number of marketed products that make use of these functional solubilizing excipients and new product introduction continues to demonstrate their high added value. The ability to predict whether cyclodextrins will be of benefit in creating a dosage form for a particular drug candidate requires a good working knowledge of the properties of cyclodextrins, their mechanism of solubilization and factors that contribute to, or detract from, the biopharmaceutical characteristics of the formed complexes.
Summary
We provide basic science information as well as data on the development of drugs in cyclodextrin-containing formulations. Cyclodextrins have emerged as an important tool in the formulator's armamentarium to improve apparent solubility and dissolution rate for poorly water-soluble drug candidates. The continued interest and productivity of these materials bode well for future application and their currency as excipients in research, development and drug product marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsteinn Loftsson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Marcus E Brewster
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse, Belgium
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Elder DP, Delaney E, Teasdale A, Eyley S, Reif VD, Jacq K, Facchine KL, Oestrich RS, Sandra P, David F. The Utility of Sulfonate Salts in Drug Development. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:2948-61. [PMID: 20112423 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David P Elder
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 0DP, United Kingdom.
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Portell A, Barbas R, Font-Bardia M, Dalmases P, Prohens R, Puigjaner C. Ziprasidone malate, a new trimorphic salt with improved aqueous solubility. CrystEngComm 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b813401d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Al Omari MM, Badwan AA, Zughul MB, Davies JED. Fexofenadine/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexation: Phase Solubility, Thermodynamic, Physicochemical, and Computational Analysis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2008; 33:1205-15. [DOI: 10.1080/03639040701377672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Astemizole/Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes: Phase Solubility, Physicochemical Characterization and Molecular Modeling Studies. J SOLUTION CHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-008-9277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Carrier RL, Miller LA, Ahmed I. The utility of cyclodextrins for enhancing oral bioavailability. J Control Release 2007; 123:78-99. [PMID: 17888540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CD) have been utilized extensively in pharmaceutical formulations to enhance oral bioavailability. A critical review of the literature in which cyclodextrins were utilized for this purpose was conducted. The goal of this review was to determine if quantitative guidelines for drug and cyclodextrin properties necessary for bioavailability enhancement using cyclodextrins could be extracted. Twenty-eight studies were examined in which the focus was on the use of cyclodextrins as solubilizers to enhance bioavailability. Commonly observed factors included: utilization of pre-formed complex rather than physical mixtures, drug hydrophobicity (logP > 2.5), low drug solubility (typically< 1 mg/ml), moderate binding constant (< 5000 M(-1)), low dose (< 100 mg), and low CD:drug ratio (< 2:1). These general guidelines, however, did not apply to all studies. Quantitative guidelines useful to a formulation scientist considering the use of cyclodextrins were difficult to develop due to missing information and the complicated manner in which drug and cyclodextrin properties interact to influence key drug delivery processes (e.g., dissolution, absorption). The mechanisms by which cyclodextrins influence these processes, again emphasizing solubilization capabilities, are discussed to provide further insight into why cyclodextrins will increase bioavailability in certain cases but not influence or possibly decrease bioavailability in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 457 Snell Engineering Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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43
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Serajuddin ATM. Salt formation to improve drug solubility. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2007; 59:603-16. [PMID: 17619064 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 822] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Salt formation is the most common and effective method of increasing solubility and dissolution rates of acidic and basic drugs. In this article, physicochemical principles of salt solubility are presented, with special reference to the influence of pH-solubility profiles of acidic and basic drugs on salt formation and dissolution. Non-ideality of salt solubility due to self-association in solution is also discussed. Whether certain acidic or basic drugs would form salts and, if salts are formed, how easily they would dissociate back into their free acid or base forms depend on interrelationships of several factors, such as S0 (intrinsic solubility), pH, pKa, Ksp (solubility product) and pHmax (pH of maximum solubility). The interrelationships of these factors are elaborated and their influence on salt screening and the selection of optimal salt forms for development are discussed. Factors influencing salt dissolution under various pH conditions, and especially in reactive media and in presence of excess common ions, are discussed, with practical reference to the development of solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu T M Serajuddin
- Science, Technology and Outsourcing Section, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ 07936, USA.
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Miller LA, Carrier RL, Ahmed I. Practical considerations in development of solid dosage forms that contain cyclodextrin. J Pharm Sci 2007; 96:1691-707. [PMID: 17243148 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The following is a review of the literature that addresses the use of cyclodextrin in solid dosage forms. Care was taken to exclude physical and chemical characteristics of cyclodextrin, which have been discussed in the literature. A flow diagram is provided to outline the decision-making steps that are involved in the development process. Both preparation of physical mixtures and inclusion complexes are considered. Analytical techniques to determine the presence of inclusion complexes, the effect of other excipients on complex formation, the effect of size limitation of solid dosages forms, powder processing, and storage of solid dosage forms are discussed.
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Gad SC, Cassidy CD, Aubert N, Spainhour B, Robbe H. Nonclinical vehicle use in studies by multiple routes in multiple species. Int J Toxicol 2007; 25:499-521. [PMID: 17132609 DOI: 10.1080/10915810600961531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The laboratory toxicologist is frequently faced with the challenge of selecting appropriate vehicles or developing utilitarian formulations for use in in vivo nonclinical safety assessment studies. Although there are many vehicles available that may meet physical and chemical requirements for chemical or pharmaceutical formulation, there are wide differences in species and route of administration specific to tolerances to these vehicles. In current practice, these differences are largely approached on a basis of individual experience as there is only scattered literature on individual vehicles and no comprehensive treatment or information source. This approach leads to excessive animal use and unplanned delays in testing and development. To address this need, a consulting firm and three contract research organizations conducted a rigorous data mining operation of control (vehicle) data from studies dating from 1991 to present. The results identified 65 single component vehicles used in 368 studies across multiple species (dog, primate, rat, mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, minipig, chick embryo, and cat) by multiple routes. Reported here are the results of this effort, including maximum tolerated use levels by species, route, and duration of study, with accompanying dose limiting toxicity. Also included are basic chemical information and a review of available literature on each vehicle, as well as guidance on volume limits and pH by route and some basic guidance on nonclinical formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayne C Gad
- Gad Consulting Services, Cary, North Carolina 27518, USA.
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Yamamura H, Tashiro H, Kawasaki J, Kawamura K, Masao K. Polysulfonylated cyclodextrins. Part 13: Chemistry of cyclomaltoheptaose tetrasulfonates providing a complete 6-O-sulfonylated cyclomaltoheptaoses library. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Effect of Buffer Species on the Complexation of Basic Drug Terfenadine with β-Cyclodextrin. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-006-9147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Omari MMA, Zughul MB, Davies JED, Badwan AA. Factors Contributing to Solubility Synergism of Some Basic Drugs with β-Cyclodextrin in Ternary Molecular Complexes. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-005-6287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gibaud S, Zirar SB, Mutzenhardt P, Fries I, Astier A. Melarsoprol–cyclodextrins inclusion complexes. Int J Pharm 2005; 306:107-21. [PMID: 16253447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2005] [Revised: 08/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melarsoprol, a water-insoluble drug, is mainly used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis and has demonstrated an in vitro activity on myeloid and lymphoid leukemia derived cell lines. It is marketed as a very poorly tolerated non-aqueous solution (Arsobal). The aim of our work was to develop melarsoprol-cyclodextrin complexes in order to improve the tolerability and the bioavailability of melarsoprol. Phase-solubility analysis showed A(L)-type diagrams with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD), randomly methylated beta-cyclodextrin (RAMEbetaCD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD), which suggested the formation of 1:1 inclusion complexes. The solubility enhancement factor of melarsoprol (solubility in 250 mM of cyclodextrin/solubility in water) was about 7.2x10(3) with both beta-cyclodextrin derivatives. The 1:1 stoichiometry was confirmed in the aqueous solutions by the UV spectrophotometer using Job's plot method. The apparent stability constants K(1:1), calculated from mole-ratio titration plots, were 57 143+/-4 425M(-1) for RAMEbetaCD and 50 761+/-5 070 M(-1) for HPbetaCD. Data from 1H-NMR and ROESY experiments provided a clear evidence of inclusion complexation of melarsoprol with its dithiaarsane extremity inserted into the wide rim of the cyclodextrin torus. Moreover, RAMEbetaCD had a pronounced effect on the drug hydrolysis and the dissolution rate of melarsoprol. However, the cytotoxic properties of melarsoprol on K562 and U937 human leukemia cell lines was not modified by complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gibaud
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, EA 3452, Faculté de Pharmacie, 5 Rue Albert Lebrun, 54000 Nancy, France.
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50
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Challa R, Ahuja A, Ali J, Khar RK. Cyclodextrins in drug delivery: an updated review. AAPS PharmSciTech 2005; 6:E329-57. [PMID: 16353992 PMCID: PMC2750546 DOI: 10.1208/pt060243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 760] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss and summarize some of the interesting findings and applications of cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives in different areas of drug delivery, particularly in protein and peptide drug delivery and gene delivery. The article highlights important CD applications in the design of various novel delivery systems like liposomes, microspheres, microcapsules, and nanoparticles. In addition to their well-known effects on drug solubility and dissolution, bioavailability, safety, and stability, their use as excipients in drug formulation are also discussed in this article. The article also focuses on various factors influencing inclusion complex formation because an understanding of the same is necessary for proper handling of these versatile materials. Some important considerations in selecting CDs in drug formulation such as their commercial availability, regulatory status, and patent status are also summarized. CDs, because of their continuing ability to find several novel applications in drug delivery, are expected to solve many problems associated with the delivery of different novel drugs through different delivery routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Challa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | - Alka Ahuja
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, 110062 New Delhi, India
| | - R. K. Khar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University, 110062 New Delhi, India
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